The lure of building a race car that can accelerate from 0-60mph in less than 4 seconds, and turn corners at 1.5 lateral G’s, taps into the helmet wearing, adrenaline-seeking nature of teenagers’ brains. As exciting as it is, students in Formula SAE programs actually develop career-preparing lessons in project management, critical problem solving, and team building.
Formula SAE FTW!
Since the early 1980’s, the Formula SAE competition (also known as “Formula Student”) has been the perfect compliment to the classroom-focused engineering college curriculum. Originating from the U.S.’s Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Collegiate Design Series, FSAE plunges college engineering students into a 1 year-long team building project to design, build, test, and race a small Formula 1 style (open-wheel) race car.
For many students around the world, Formula Student offers the first opportunity to experience the entire Product Development process for the first time. (Images courtesy of Carnegie Mellon University, National University of Singapore, and ETH Zurich)
Scoring points in the competition requires competency in both static (design judging, cost analysis, business model presentations) and dynamic (acceleration, skidpad, endurance) events. Win or lose, the lessons learned in Formula SAE prepares students for adulthood.
The cars are tested on the track, while the students are tested on the stage. (Images courtesy of Delft University of Technology/Wikipedia, Running Snail Racing Team/Youtube)
I was involved with FSAE from 2000 – 2002 as a student, and recently became a design judge for the competition. As I walked through the Michigan paddock this past summer, I could see that the “on car” technology has advanced quite a bit with more use of composite materials, aerodynamic elements, and comprehensive data acquisition systems. In talking to many teams, it’s apparent some things haven’t changed, however – such as staying up all night to prepare for competition.
FSAE car designs have matured quite a bit over the years, as can be seen here with the University of Pittsburgh’s 2016 and 2005 vehicles. Behind the scenes, the Design Process has changed as well.
Digital Design
One thing that has changed quite a bit, is the use of Digital Design tools like Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). For example, 15 years ago, the frame would take months to build as each tube was individually cut and fit to each other in a jig. Nowadays, the entire frame is designed in CAD, the files are sent to a supplier to be precision bent and laser cut. In the meantime, vehicle subsystems like steering, suspension, drive train, and electronics are packaged and optimized on the computer. For comparison, in 2001 it was typical to have about 10% of the car in CAD. Now, many teams have over 90% of the car in CAD – thus providing critical Weight, Center of Gravity and Moment of Inertia Measurements. This means more accurate “baseline” performance numbers and theoretically less test-and-tune time.
CAD data from anywhere (Autodesk, Onshape, PTC Creo, Siemens NX, Solidworks, etc.) can be brought into SimScale for FEA and CFD simulation. (Image courtesy of Oxford Brookes University/National Instruments)
Of course, making the jump into a Digital Design Process brings about a whole new set of time-consuming tasks, driven by the urge to create the most optimized designs. In talking with teams, I get a lot of questions around how to best utilize Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation into their Formula SAE program. Here are the top 3 questions I’ve gotten from Formula SAE teams:
Which FEA/CFD platform should I choose?
My school doesn’t have a brand new supercomputer, so how can I do simulations?
How do I know what to simulate, vs. what not to simulate?
Let’s discuss the answers to these questions in detail…
Which Simulation Platform?
So, which FEA / CFD platform is best? The one that is within your budget, and has a trustworthy, accessible network of reliable data and current users. The teams in Formula SAE have quite a range of budgets, but they all have one thing in common – spend as little as possible during design, so there is more money left for building, testing, and traveling. SimScale offers free access to their FEA and CFD platform to all current FSAE users. So, no matter what a team’s budget is, the impact of introducing SimScale is $0.00. Nothing. Zero. Zip. Zilch.
Why is the network of current users and reliable data so important? Because more often than not, somebody has already accomplished what you are trying to do. Finding and connecting with that person saves hours of research and potential troubleshooting. SimScale has one of the largest online communities of FEA and CFD users in the world, with over 70,000 users. In SimScale, simulations can be easily shared amongst users, thus enabling them to directly compare methods, settings, and results. No other FEA and CFD software allow direct access to such critical information. With public projects from Formula 1 and World Endurance Championship (LMP1), the knowledge transfer opportunity for Formula SAE teams is endless.
Accessing the Necessary Hardware
Many teams I have talked to do not have the computing power needed to obtain relevant results. This is especially true with CFD analyses, which typically require more computing power than FEA. The “total cost” of owning and maintaining a server is quite high. The hardware itself may be relatively cheap, but the infrastructure needed to manage it requires dedicated IT personnel, which is just not feasible for many schools.
According to the International Data Corporation, the overwhelming majority of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a server, is the people needed to maintain it. Schools should be employing more teachers, not IT specialists.
Let’s say a student wants to get a laptop for school, and use it for FEA or CFD simulation. At the time of this writing, a typical “high performance” laptop comes with 4 cores (i.e. a “quad core” processor) and 8Gb of RAM. In comparison, SimScale gives users access to 32 cores and 60 Gb of RAM. For free. That’s about 8 times the computing power. For free.
On the other hand, many schools have computer labs, which have high-performance machines that are specifically tuned for analytical computation. Unfortunately, these labs are not efficient at managing the “ebb and flow” of student activity. They are either empty or packed. Plus, let’s face it – students just don’t have time to go to a computer lab. With SimScale, students can simulate from anywhere on campus, or even at the track.
Using a velocity plot and streamlines we can visualize the flow over this FSAE rear wing. This Simscale CFD analysis solved in 19 minutes.
To get an idea of how much computing power is needed for simulation here is a CFD analysis of the rear wing of a FSAE car. It is cut in half, to take advantage of symmetry, and has a grid size of about 3 Million elements. On SimScale, this analysis took just 19 minutes to solve. Wonder what the flow over the entire vehicle would be? Expect a grid size over 10 Million elements. A typical laptop would not be able to handle this type of simulation, but on SimScale, it would solve in about an hour.
A high-resolution grid is needed to accurately calculate the drag and lift forces acting on a multi-element rear wing. This small grid of only 3 Million elements pushes the limits of most students’ laptops. SimScale offers up to 32 cores and 60Gb of RAM.
In addition, prudent engineers never conduct just one analysis, they conduct many analyses as they continue to optimize their design, based on the results of the previous simulation. The strategy is simple – the more simulations you do, the more you learn about your design, and the better your design gets. In the real world, professional designers simulate as much as they can – engineering is a knowledge game.
What to Simulate, and What Not to Waste Time on
This one is actually easier than one might think. FEA and CFD “earn their keep” by simulating complex 3D designs. If what you’re working on is not a complex 3D design, then seriously consider using a spreadsheet / hand calculations instead of simulation software. For example, the steel tubes of a space frame chassis, or a suspension “A-arm”, act as two-force members and thus the stresses can easily be predicted using simple spreadsheet calculations. The same can be true for sizing hardware. There is typically little-to-no value in conducting FEA on a bolted joint, as the cost/benefit ratio of trying to accurately model the friction is much too high.
A wheel upright is the perfect candidate for FEA simulation, as it has a complex shape and multiple load paths. It is also easy to measure with strain gauges.
The wheel upright, however, is a great place to utilize FEA. Why? It serves several purposes, such as holding the wheel bearing in place, transferring loads to the suspension, and supporting the brake calipers. As a result, this part has a complex shape with multiple load paths. Since the wheel upright is located outside of the “sprung chassis” it is critical to minimize its mass, in order to increase suspension performance. The perfect balance between performance and reliability is needed, and so FEA is the perfect tool to help the designer. The same holds true for other complex, highly stressed components in the suspension, pedal assembly, and drivetrain.
Never Forget
One thing that has certainly not changed over the last 15 years, is the reality that many Formula SAE teams forget to write things down. In the mad rush to finish the car, and the excitement of being at the competition, critical design documentation and test data go missing. Documentation is such an important part of engineering that many companies have formal design processes specifically focused on documentation. The biggest benefit of SimScale is the fact that everything is documented automatically as you do it. As new members join the team, they can simply access all of the existing FEA and CFD analyses that are in SimScale. All of the geometry, boundary conditions, and results, are at your fingertips. In SimScale, projects can be commented on, allowing for easy, direct communication among teammates. This makes writing reports, and creating design presentations quick and easy, and always with the latest information. This also lets newcomers climb the learning curve quickly, so they can immediately add value to the team.
From you SimScale Dashboard, the project geometry can be viewed in the interactive 3D window, and it may be copied and shared with anybody. The project contains everything needed to rerun the analysis from scratch.
With free access to massive computational power, a vast community of professionals, and industry-leading collaboration tools, SimScale’s web-based FEA and CFD platform is ideally suited for Formula SAE teams. If you want to read more about it, read this blog post on how SimScale was used to optimize a fuel tank: Formula SAE: How to optimize a fuel tank in motorsports?
Based in Boston, USA, Fastway Engineering delivers innovative project-based curricula in a wide range of CAD and CAE applications. With an agnostic approach, the instructor-led, web-based training focuses less on the WHAT, and more on the HOW and the WHY. Class discussions cover a broad range of topics from theory and experimentation to strategy and time management.
Whether it’s a full classroom or one-on-one, on-site or online, Fastway Engineering teaches designers how to become better decision makers. Fastway Engineering merges the best practices and latest software by partnering directly with CAD and CAE Software companies, Academia, and Industry. Specializing in creating custom training solutions for clients, Fastway Engineering also does projects in Design and Analysis. Collaborate with them by filling out the form here. Or learn more directly on the company’s page.
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