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← Aulder reveision
Reveision as o 20:38, 30 Juin 2016
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'''Timur''' (frae the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] form {{lang|pal-Arab|تیمور}} ''{{lang|pal-Latn|Tīmūr}}'', ultimately frae [[Chagatai leid|Chagatai]] ([[Middle Turkic]]) ''{{lang|trk-Latn|Temür}}'' "[[iron]]"; 8 Aprile 1336 – 18 Februar 1405), normally kent as '''Tamerlane''' (frae ''{{lang|pal-Latn|Tīmūr-e Lang}}'') in Inglis, wis a fowerteent-century conqueror o [[Wast Asie|Wastren]], [[Sooth Asie|South]] an [[Central Asie]], foonder o the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid Empire an Timurid dynasty]] (1370–1405) in Central Asie, an great great grandfaither o [[Babur]], the foonder o the Mughal Dynasty,
which
survived till 1857 as the [[Mughal Empire]] in Indie.<ref>"[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9072544 Timur]", [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Academic Edition, 2007.</ref><ref>"Central Asia, history of [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-73545 Timur]", in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Edition, 2007., Quotation: "...'' Timur first united under his leadership the '''Turko-Mongol''' tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.''..."</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102315/history-of-Central-Asia History of Central Asia], Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 December 2008.</ref><ref name="EI">B.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref><ref>"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timur.html Timur]" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05. Quotation: ''Tamerlane, c.1336–1405, Mongol conqueror, b. Kesh, near Samarkand. He is also called Timur Leng [Timur the lame]. He wis the son o a tribal leader, an he claimed (apparently for the first time in 1370) tae be a descendant o [[Genghis Khan|Jenghiz Khan]]. Wi an airmy composed o Turks an Turkic-speakin Mongols, remnants o the empire o the Mongols, Timur spent his early military career in subduin his rivals in what is nou Turkistan; bi 1369 he firmly controlled the entire area frae his caipital at Samarkand.''</ref>
+
'''Timur''' (frae the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] form {{lang|pal-Arab|تیمور}} ''{{lang|pal-Latn|Tīmūr}}'', ultimately frae [[Chagatai leid|Chagatai]] ([[Middle Turkic]]) ''{{lang|trk-Latn|Temür}}'' "[[iron]]"; 8 Aprile 1336 – 18 Februar 1405), normally kent as '''Tamerlane''' (frae ''{{lang|pal-Latn|Tīmūr-e Lang}}'') in Inglis, wis a fowerteent-century conqueror o [[Wast Asie|Wastren]], [[Sooth Asie|South]] an [[Central Asie]], foonder o the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid Empire an Timurid dynasty]] (1370–1405) in Central Asie, an great great grandfaither o [[Babur]], the foonder o the Mughal Dynasty,
whilk
survived till 1857 as the [[Mughal Empire]] in Indie.<ref>"[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9072544 Timur]", [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Academic Edition, 2007.</ref><ref>"Central Asia, history of [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-73545 Timur]", in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Edition, 2007., Quotation: "...'' Timur first united under his leadership the '''Turko-Mongol''' tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.''..."</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102315/history-of-Central-Asia History of Central Asia], Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 December 2008.</ref><ref name="EI">B.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref><ref>"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timur.html Timur]" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05. Quotation: ''Tamerlane, c.1336–1405, Mongol conqueror, b. Kesh, near Samarkand. He is also called Timur Leng [Timur the lame]. He wis the son o a tribal leader, an he claimed (apparently for the first time in 1370) tae be a descendant o [[Genghis Khan|Jenghiz Khan]]. Wi an airmy composed o Turks an Turkic-speakin Mongols, remnants o the empire o the Mongols, Timur spent his early military career in subduin his rivals in what is nou Turkistan; bi 1369 he firmly controlled the entire area frae his caipital at Samarkand.''</ref>
−
Born intae the [[Turco-Mongol]]<ref name="Manz">B.F. Manz, ''The rise and rule of Tamerlan'', [[Cambridge University|Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge 1989, p. 28: ''"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."''</ref><ref name="UNESCO">M.S. Asimov & [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]], ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', [[UNESCO]] Regional Office, 1998, ISBN 92-3-103467-7, p. 320: ''"… One of his followers was […] Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled […] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …"''</ref> [[Barlas|Barlas tribe]]
who
ruled in Central Asie,<ref name="Secret History of Mongols">[http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm]
+
Born intae the [[Turco-Mongol]]<ref name="Manz">B.F. Manz, ''The rise and rule of Tamerlan'', [[Cambridge University|Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge 1989, p. 28: ''"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."''</ref><ref name="UNESCO">M.S. Asimov & [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]], ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', [[UNESCO]] Regional Office, 1998, ISBN 92-3-103467-7, p. 320: ''"… One of his followers was […] Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled […] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …"''</ref> [[Barlas|Barlas tribe]]
wha
ruled in Central Asie,<ref name="Secret History of Mongols">[http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm]
* "[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26920 Islamic world]", in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: "''Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power.''..."
* "[http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26920 Islamic world]", in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: "''Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power.''..."
* "Central Asia, history of [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-73545 Timur]", in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation:"''...Timur first united under his leadership the Turko-Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.''")
* "Central Asia, history of [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-73545 Timur]", in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation:"''...Timur first united under his leadership the Turko-Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.''")
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* Gérard Chaliand, ''Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube'' translated by A.M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. ([http://books.google.de/books?id=xKVAbb6Tc4wC&pg=PA75&dq=Timur+Turkic+speaking&hl=tr&sig=9Dxl3dFIql2fIK7XMXoIvswcg5o p.75]) Quotation:..."''Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336-1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir."''
* Gérard Chaliand, ''Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube'' translated by A.M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. ([http://books.google.de/books?id=xKVAbb6Tc4wC&pg=PA75&dq=Timur+Turkic+speaking&hl=tr&sig=9Dxl3dFIql2fIK7XMXoIvswcg5o p.75]) Quotation:..."''Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336-1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir."''
* G. R. Garthwaite, ''"The Persians"'', Malden, ISBN 978-1-55786-860-2, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. ([http://books.google.de/books?id=RpiywbMvG5gC&pg=RA1-PA148&dq=Timur+Turkic+speaking&hl=tr&sig=9tWp001dj7GoDBdAjveeJclsQD8 p.148]) Quotation:...''Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking ... However, Barlus tribe is considered one of the original Mongol tribes and there are "Barlus Ovogton" people who belong to Barlus tribe in modern Mongolia.''
* G. R. Garthwaite, ''"The Persians"'', Malden, ISBN 978-1-55786-860-2, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. ([http://books.google.de/books?id=RpiywbMvG5gC&pg=RA1-PA148&dq=Timur+Turkic+speaking&hl=tr&sig=9tWp001dj7GoDBdAjveeJclsQD8 p.148]) Quotation:...''Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking ... However, Barlus tribe is considered one of the original Mongol tribes and there are "Barlus Ovogton" people who belong to Barlus tribe in modern Mongolia.''
−
* K.Z. Ashrafyan, "''Central Asia under Timur from 1370 to the early fifteenth century''", ([http://books.google.de/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA320&dq=Barlas+Mongol&sig=cN44v5xp9_EavlNucAW4Aa-btPo#PPA320,M1 p.320])</ref><ref name="Chaliand">Chaliand, Gérard (2004). ''Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube'' translated by A.M. Berrett. Transaction Publishers, p.75. ISBN 0-7658-0204-X. {{google books|xKVAbb6Tc4wC|Limited preview}}. [http://books.google.de/books?id=xKVAbb6Tc4wC&pg=PA75&dq=Timur+Turkic+speaking&hl=tr&sig=9Dxl3dFIql2fIK7XMXoIvswcg5o p.75]. "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336-1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir."</ref> Timur wis in his lifetime a controversial figure, an remains
so
today
. He
sought
tae restore the Mongol Empire,<ref>Beatrice Forbes Manz, ''Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy'', '''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''', Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1998), 25; "''In his formal correspondance Temur continued throughout his life as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a reimposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers...''".</ref><ref>Michal Biran, ''The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34) '', '''Journal of American Oriental Society''', Vol. 122, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2002), 751; "''Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire.''".</ref> yet his heaviest blow wis
against
the Islamized Tatar [[Golden Horde]]. He wis
more
at
home
in an urban environment than on the [[steppe]]. He styled
himself
a [[Ghazw|ghazi]] yet some Muslim states, e.g. the [[Ottoman Empire]],
wur
severely affectit bi his wars. A great patron o the airts, his campaigns
also
caused vast
destruction
. Timur
told
the [[qadi]]s o [[Aleppo]],
durin
the sack o that newly conquered ceety,"A
am no
a man o
blood
; an God is mi witness that in aw ma wars A hae niver been the aggressor, an that ma enemies hae
always
been the authors o their
awn
calamity."<ref>Gibbon, Edward, ''Decline and Fall on the Roman Empire'', Modern Library, v. iii, p. 665.</ref>
+
* K.Z. Ashrafyan, "''Central Asia under Timur from 1370 to the early fifteenth century''", ([http://books.google.de/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA320&dq=Barlas+Mongol&sig=cN44v5xp9_EavlNucAW4Aa-btPo#PPA320,M1 p.320])</ref><ref name="Chaliand">Chaliand, Gérard (2004). ''Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube'' translated by A.M. Berrett. Transaction Publishers, p.75. ISBN 0-7658-0204-X. {{google books|xKVAbb6Tc4wC|Limited preview}}. [http://books.google.de/books?id=xKVAbb6Tc4wC&pg=PA75&dq=Timur+Turkic+speaking&hl=tr&sig=9Dxl3dFIql2fIK7XMXoIvswcg5o p.75]. "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336-1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir."</ref> Timur wis in his lifetime a controversial figure, an remains
the like the
day
. He
socht
tae restore the Mongol Empire,<ref>Beatrice Forbes Manz, ''Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy'', '''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''', Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1998), 25; "''In his formal correspondance Temur continued throughout his life as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a reimposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers...''".</ref><ref>Michal Biran, ''The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331-34) '', '''Journal of American Oriental Society''', Vol. 122, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2002), 751; "''Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire.''".</ref> yet his heaviest blow wis
again
the Islamized Tatar [[Golden Horde]]. He wis
mair
at
hame
in an urban environment than on the [[steppe]]. He styled
hissel
a [[Ghazw|ghazi]] yet some Muslim states, e.g. the [[Ottoman Empire]],
wis
severely affectit bi his wars. A great patron o the airts, his campaigns caused vast
malafousterin an aw
. Timur
telt
the [[qadi]]s o [[Aleppo]],
in
the sack o that newly conquered ceety,"A
amna
a man o
bluid
; an God is mi witness that in aw ma wars A hae niver been the aggressor, an that ma enemies hae
aye
been the authors o their
ain
calamity."<ref>Gibbon, Edward, ''Decline and Fall on the Roman Empire'', Modern Library, v. iii, p. 665.</ref>
== Name ==
== Name ==
−
''Temür'' means "[[iron]]" in the [[Chagatai leid]] an accordin tae the [[Royal Asiatic Society|Journal o the Royal Asiatic Society o Great Breetain & Ireland]] (1972) the term ''temür'' is likely derived frae a [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]] word ''*čimara'' ("iron").<ref>''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'', Cambridge University Press, 1972. [http://books.google.de/books?id=W_ssAAAAIAAJ&q=babr+babur+tiger&dq=babr+babur+tiger&pgis=1 Snippet, p.104]</ref> As an adult he wis better kent as ''Timūr Gurkānī'' ({{lang|fa|تيمور گوركانى}}), ''Gurkān''
being
the [[Persianization|Persianized]] form o the original [[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] word ''kürügän'', "son-in-law". Ane o Timur's ancestors
who
wis kent bi the name "kara-sharnoban" embraced Islam an
married
the dochter o [[Chagatai Khan]] (son o [[Genghis Khan]]). Timur wis thus referred tae as the son-in-law o [[Chagatai Khan]]. Various Persian sources uise a biname, ''Tīmūr-e Lang'' ({{lang|fa|تیمور لنگ}})
which
translates tae "Timur the Lame", as he wis lame efter sustainin an injury tae his
foot
in battle.
Durin
his lifetime his enemies tauntit him wi this name,
much
tae Timur's discomfort. In the Wast, he is commonly kent as ''Tamerlane'',
which
derives frae his Persian biname.
+
''Temür'' means "[[iron]]" in the [[Chagatai leid]] an accordin tae the [[Royal Asiatic Society|Journal o the Royal Asiatic Society o Great Breetain & Ireland]] (1972) the term ''temür'' is likely derived frae a [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]] word ''*čimara'' ("iron").<ref>''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'', Cambridge University Press, 1972. [http://books.google.de/books?id=W_ssAAAAIAAJ&q=babr+babur+tiger&dq=babr+babur+tiger&pgis=1 Snippet, p.104]</ref> As an adult he wis better kent as ''Timūr Gurkānī'' ({{lang|fa|تيمور گوركانى}}), ''Gurkān''
bein
the [[Persianization|Persianized]] form o the original [[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] word ''kürügän'', "son-in-law". Ane o Timur's ancestors
wha
wis kent bi the name "kara-sharnoban" embraced Islam an
mairried
the dochter o [[Chagatai Khan]] (son o [[Genghis Khan]]). Timur wis thus referred tae as the son-in-law o [[Chagatai Khan]]. Various Persian sources uise a biname, ''Tīmūr-e Lang'' ({{lang|fa|تیمور لنگ}})
whilk
translates tae "Timur the Lame", as he wis lame efter sustainin an injury tae his
fit
in battle.
In
his lifetime
,
his enemies tauntit him wi this name, tae Timur's discomfort. In the Wast, he is commonly kent as ''Tamerlane'',
whilk
derives frae his Persian biname.
== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
−
Timur wis born in [[Transoxiana]], in the Ceety o Kesh (an
area
nou better kent as [[Shahrisabz]], 'the green ceety,'), some 50
miles
sooth o [[Samarkand]] in
modern
[[Uzbekistan]]. His faither, Taraqai, wis a sma-scale landawner an
belonged tae
the [[Barlas]] tribe. The [[Barlas]] wur remnants o the original [[Mongols|Mongol]] hordes o [[Genghis Khan]], who haed bi then embraced [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] an [[Persian leid|Persian]] leids an customs.
+
Timur wis born in [[Transoxiana]], in the Ceety o Kesh (an
aurie
nou better kent as [[Shahrisabz]], 'the green ceety,'), some 50
mile
sooth o [[Samarkand]] in
modren
[[Uzbekistan]]. His faither, Taraqai, wis a sma-scale landawner an
belanged
the [[Barlas]] tribe. The [[Barlas]] wur remnants o the original [[Mongols|Mongol]] hordes o [[Genghis Khan]], who haed bi then embraced [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] an [[Persian leid|Persian]] leids an customs.
−
Timur wis a Muslim, but while his offeecial releegious counselor wis the [[Hanafite]] scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular persuasion is no kent. In Tirmidh, he haed come unner the influence o his spiritual mentor [[Sayyid Barakah]], a Shiite leader frae [[Balkh]]
who
is buried alangside Timur in [[Gur-e Amir]].<ref>The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia by Devin DeWeese Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 115, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1995), pp. 612-634</ref><ref>Four studies on the history of Central Asia, Volume 1 By Vasilij Vladimirovič Bartold p.19</ref><ref>Islamic art By Barbara Brend p.130</ref>
Despite
his Hanafi background, Timur wis kent tae
hold
[[‘Ali]] an the [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shi’i Imams]] in hie regard an haes been notit bi various scholars for his "pro-[[Shia Islam|‘Alid]]" stance.
Despite
this, Timur wis notit for attackin Shi’is on Sunni grunds an
therefore
his
awn
releegious inclinations remain unclear.<ref>Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 114.</ref>
+
Timur wis a Muslim, but while his offeecial releegious counselor wis the [[Hanafite]] scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular persuasion is no kent. In Tirmidh, he haed come unner the influence o his spiritual mentor [[Sayyid Barakah]], a Shiite leader frae [[Balkh]]
wha
is buried alangside Timur in [[Gur-e Amir]].<ref>The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia by Devin DeWeese Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 115, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1995), pp. 612-634</ref><ref>Four studies on the history of Central Asia, Volume 1 By Vasilij Vladimirovič Bartold p.19</ref><ref>Islamic art By Barbara Brend p.130</ref>
In maugre o
his Hanafi background, Timur wis kent tae
haud
[[‘Ali]] an the [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shi’i Imams]] in hie regard an haes been notit bi various scholars for his "pro-[[Shia Islam|‘Alid]]" stance.
In maugre o
this, Timur wis notit for attackin Shi’is on Sunni grunds an
syne
his
ain
releegious inclinations remain unclear.<ref>Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 114.</ref>
== Notes ==
== Notes ==