← Aulder reveision
Reveision as o 17:09, 13 Apryle 2016
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The '''
East–Wast
Schism''' is the break o [[communion (Christian)|communion]]
atween
whit
is
nou
the [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox]] an [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]] Kirks which began in the 11t century.<ref>{{Citation | type = article | contribution = Great Schism | title = Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3}}.</ref>
+
The '''
East–West
Schism''' is the break o [[communion (Christian)|communion]]
between
what
is
now
the [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox]] an [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic]] Kirks which began in the 11t century.<ref>{{Citation | type = article | contribution = Great Schism | title = Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3}}.</ref>
There haed lang been [[Eastren Orthodox – Roman Catholic theological differences|ecclesiastical differences an theological disputes]] atween the [[Greek East an Laitin Wast]].<ref name="Cross">{{cite book|editor-last =Cross | editor-first = FL |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|location=New York|publisher = Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-19-280290-9 | type = article | contribution = Great Schism (1)}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = MG | last = D'Agostino | title = Il Primato della Sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049–1054). Studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano | trans_title = The primacy of the Roman see in Leo IX (1049–54). Study of the Latin texts in the Greek-Roman controversy in the pre-Gregorian period | publisher = San Paolo | place = Cinisello Balsamo | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Axel | last = Bayer | title = Spaltung der Christenheit. Das sogennante Morgenländische Schisma von 1054 | place = Köln-Weimar-Wien | year = 2002 | language = German}}.</ref> Prominent amang these war the issues o the soorce o the [[Holy Spirit]] ("''[[Filioque]]''"), whether leavened or [[unleavened bread]] should be uised in the [[Eucharist]],{{Efn | A late 11t-century pamphlet, ''Against the Franks'',<ref>{{Citation | url = http://loki.stockton.edu/~papadema/Syndey_Palatianos.pdf | title = Syndey Palatiano | publisher = Stockton | format = [[Portable document format|PDF]]}}.</ref> falsely attributed tae [[Photios I o Constantinople|Photios]], leets this as seicont point, richt efter the Filioque.<ref>{{Citation | first = J | last = Hergenröther | title = Monumenta Graeca ad Photium eiusque historiam pertinentiam | language = Latin | place = Regensburg | year = 1869 | pages = 62–71}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Hans-Georg | last = Beck | title = Byzantinisches Lesebuch| language = German | place = München | year = 1982 | pages = 245–47}}.</ref>}} the Pape's claim tae [[Papal supremacy|universal jurisdiction]], an the place o [[Constantinople]] in relation tae the [[Pentarchy]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Martin | last = Lembke | type = lecture | title = Meetings with the World's Religions | publisher = Centre for Theology and Religious Studies | place = Lund University |date=Spring 2010}}.</ref>
There haed lang been [[Eastren Orthodox – Roman Catholic theological differences|ecclesiastical differences an theological disputes]] atween the [[Greek East an Laitin Wast]].<ref name="Cross">{{cite book|editor-last =Cross | editor-first = FL |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|location=New York|publisher = Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-19-280290-9 | type = article | contribution = Great Schism (1)}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = MG | last = D'Agostino | title = Il Primato della Sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049–1054). Studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano | trans_title = The primacy of the Roman see in Leo IX (1049–54). Study of the Latin texts in the Greek-Roman controversy in the pre-Gregorian period | publisher = San Paolo | place = Cinisello Balsamo | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Axel | last = Bayer | title = Spaltung der Christenheit. Das sogennante Morgenländische Schisma von 1054 | place = Köln-Weimar-Wien | year = 2002 | language = German}}.</ref> Prominent amang these war the issues o the soorce o the [[Holy Spirit]] ("''[[Filioque]]''"), whether leavened or [[unleavened bread]] should be uised in the [[Eucharist]],{{Efn | A late 11t-century pamphlet, ''Against the Franks'',<ref>{{Citation | url = http://loki.stockton.edu/~papadema/Syndey_Palatianos.pdf | title = Syndey Palatiano | publisher = Stockton | format = [[Portable document format|PDF]]}}.</ref> falsely attributed tae [[Photios I o Constantinople|Photios]], leets this as seicont point, richt efter the Filioque.<ref>{{Citation | first = J | last = Hergenröther | title = Monumenta Graeca ad Photium eiusque historiam pertinentiam | language = Latin | place = Regensburg | year = 1869 | pages = 62–71}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Hans-Georg | last = Beck | title = Byzantinisches Lesebuch| language = German | place = München | year = 1982 | pages = 245–47}}.</ref>}} the Pape's claim tae [[Papal supremacy|universal jurisdiction]], an the place o [[Constantinople]] in relation tae the [[Pentarchy]].<ref>{{Citation | first = Martin | last = Lembke | type = lecture | title = Meetings with the World's Religions | publisher = Centre for Theology and Religious Studies | place = Lund University |date=Spring 2010}}.</ref>
−
In 1053, the first step
wis
taken in the process which led tae formal schism. [[Patriarch o Constantinople]] [[Michael Cerularius]] ordered the closur o aw Laitin kirks in Constantinople, in response tae the Greek kirks in soothren Italy havin been forced tae either close or conform tae Latin practices.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mlM1SRCdXtkC&pg=PA44 | first =Anthony | last = Dragani| title= Adrian Fortescue and the Eastern Christian Churches |isbn= 978-1-59333345-4|page= 44|publisher= Gorgias |year= 2007|accessdate= 23 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=JqgNAQAAMAAJ | first1 =Karl | last1 = Bihlmeyer | first2 = Hermann | last2 = Tüchle|title= Church History: The Middle Ages |page= 102 | publisher = Newman Press|year=1967|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Bury>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1522 | first =John Bagnell | last = Bury|title= The Cambridge Medieval Histories |volume=4|page=267|publisher=Plantagenet Publishing|year=1923|accessdate= 23 February 2013}}</ref> Accordin tae the historian [[John Bagnell Bury]], Cerularius' purpose in closin the Laitin kirks wis "tae cut short ony attempt at conciliation".<ref name=Bury />
+
In 1053, the first step
was
taken in the process which led tae formal schism. [[Patriarch o Constantinople]] [[Michael Cerularius]] ordered the closur o aw Laitin kirks in Constantinople, in response tae the Greek kirks in soothren Italy havin been forced tae either close or conform tae Latin practices.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mlM1SRCdXtkC&pg=PA44 | first =Anthony | last = Dragani| title= Adrian Fortescue and the Eastern Christian Churches |isbn= 978-1-59333345-4|page= 44|publisher= Gorgias |year= 2007|accessdate= 23 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=JqgNAQAAMAAJ | first1 =Karl | last1 = Bihlmeyer | first2 = Hermann | last2 = Tüchle|title= Church History: The Middle Ages |page= 102 | publisher = Newman Press|year=1967|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Bury>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1522 | first =John Bagnell | last = Bury|title= The Cambridge Medieval Histories |volume=4|page=267|publisher=Plantagenet Publishing|year=1923|accessdate= 23 February 2013}}</ref> Accordin tae the historian [[John Bagnell Bury]], Cerularius' purpose in closin the Laitin kirks wis "tae cut short ony attempt at conciliation".<ref name=Bury />
In 1054, the [[Papal legate]] traveled tae Constantinople for purposes that included refusin tae Cerularius the title o "[[Ecumenical Patriarch]]" an insistin that he recognise Roum's claim tae be the heid an mither o the kirks.<ref name="Cross"/> The main purpose o the papal legation wis tae seek help frae the Byzantine Emperor in view o the [[Norman conquest o soothren Italy]] an tae deal wi recent attacks bi [[Leo o Ohrid]] against the uise o unleavened bread an ither Wastren customs,<ref>{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C&pg=PA113 | first = A Edward | last = Siecienski | title = The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy | publisher = Oxford University Press | date=2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-537204-5 | page = 113}}.</ref> attacks that haed the support o Cerularius; Axel Bayer says the legation wis sent in response tae twa letters, ane frae the Emperor seekin assistance in arrangin a common militar campaign bi the eastren an wastren empires against the Normans, an the ither frae Cerularius.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LYD7XoGwafAC&pg=PA80 | first = Axel | last = Bayer | title = Spaltung der Christenheit | language = German | publisher = Böhlau | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-3-41214204-9 | page = 80}}.</ref> On the refusal o Cerularius tae accept the demand, the leader o the legation, [[Cardinal Humbert]], [[Excommunication|excommunicatit]] him, an in return Cerularius excommunicatit Cardinal Humbert an the ither legates.<ref name="Cross"/> This wis anly the first act in a centuries-lang process that eventually acame a complete schism.{{Sfn | Runciman | 1955}}
In 1054, the [[Papal legate]] traveled tae Constantinople for purposes that included refusin tae Cerularius the title o "[[Ecumenical Patriarch]]" an insistin that he recognise Roum's claim tae be the heid an mither o the kirks.<ref name="Cross"/> The main purpose o the papal legation wis tae seek help frae the Byzantine Emperor in view o the [[Norman conquest o soothren Italy]] an tae deal wi recent attacks bi [[Leo o Ohrid]] against the uise o unleavened bread an ither Wastren customs,<ref>{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C&pg=PA113 | first = A Edward | last = Siecienski | title = The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy | publisher = Oxford University Press | date=2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-537204-5 | page = 113}}.</ref> attacks that haed the support o Cerularius; Axel Bayer says the legation wis sent in response tae twa letters, ane frae the Emperor seekin assistance in arrangin a common militar campaign bi the eastren an wastren empires against the Normans, an the ither frae Cerularius.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LYD7XoGwafAC&pg=PA80 | first = Axel | last = Bayer | title = Spaltung der Christenheit | language = German | publisher = Böhlau | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-3-41214204-9 | page = 80}}.</ref> On the refusal o Cerularius tae accept the demand, the leader o the legation, [[Cardinal Humbert]], [[Excommunication|excommunicatit]] him, an in return Cerularius excommunicatit Cardinal Humbert an the ither legates.<ref name="Cross"/> This wis anly the first act in a centuries-lang process that eventually acame a complete schism.{{Sfn | Runciman | 1955}}