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Sources particularly useful for country occupations are Arnold’s The Shell Book of Country Crafts (1968), Filbee’s Cottage Industries (1982), Fussell and Fussell’s The English Countrywoman. Her Life in Farmhouse and Field from Tudor Times to the Victorian Age (1953, 1955) Hennell’s British Craftsmen (1943), Manners’ Country Crafts Today (1974), and Wymer’s English Country Crafts. A Survey of Their Development from Early Times to Present Day (1946). Town occupations are dealt with especially well by Burke (The English Townsman As He Was and As He Is, 1946), and Wymer (English Town Crafts. A Survey of Their Development from Early Times to the Present Day, 1949). Another useful type of publication, particularly to the traveller, is that showing the various occupational museums and workplaces open to the public (Hudson 1980, Lansbury). The local occupations are frequently featured in collections of photographs at the local archives, or in publications such as the Batsford series of Victorian and Edwardian [county or town] in Old Photographs.
Sources particularly useful for country occupations are Arnold’s The Shell Book of Country Crafts (1968), Filbee’s Cottage Industries (1982), Fussell and Fussell’s The English Countrywoman. Her Life in Farmhouse and Field from Tudor Times to the Victorian Age (1953, 1955) Hennell’s British Craftsmen (1943), Manners’ Country Crafts Today (1974), and Wymer’s English Country Crafts. A Survey of Their Development from Early Times to Present Day (1946). Town occupations are dealt with especially well by Burke (The English Townsman As He Was and As He Is, 1946), and Wymer (English Town Crafts. A Survey of Their Development from Early Times to the Present Day, 1949). Another useful type of publication, particularly to the traveller, is that showing the various occupational museums and workplaces open to the public (Hudson 1980, Lansbury). The local occupations are frequently featured in collections of photographs at the local archives, or in publications such as the Batsford series of Victorian and Edwardian [county or town] in Old Photographs.
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Bibliographies of Occupations
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Bibliographies of Occupations
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These are lists of books and articles written about particular occupations. Some sources give details about the work itself, some have names and other particulars about people in these occupations, whilst others are indexes of those in certain trades.
These are lists of books and articles written about particular occupations. Some sources give details about the work itself, some have names and other particulars about people in these occupations, whilst others are indexes of those in certain trades.
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Andrew Jewell’s Crafts, Trades and Industries. A Book List for Local Historians is an older book which is still valuable, and Camp’s My Ancestors Moved in England or Wales has a number of excellent and sometimes unusual sources. Trades and Skilled Occupations is a bibliographic index run by George Nicolle where for a small fee he will send you a list of appropriate references.
Andrew Jewell’s Crafts, Trades and Industries. A Book List for Local Historians is an older book which is still valuable, and Camp’s My Ancestors Moved in England or Wales has a number of excellent and sometimes unusual sources. Trades and Skilled Occupations is a bibliographic index run by George Nicolle where for a small fee he will send you a list of appropriate references.
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Dictionaries of Occupations
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Dictionaries of Occupations
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Explanations of the names given to occupations can be found in three popular books for family historians by A. and S. Twining (Dictionary of Old Trades and Occupations, 1993) (over 1,000), Culling (An Introduction to Occupations. A Preliminary List. Federation of Family History Societies, 1999) (about 1,500) and Waters (A Dictionary of Old Trades, Titles and Occupations, 1999) (nearly 4,000). There are thousands more terms and recourse can be made in any library to a larger Oxford English Dictionary.
Explanations of the names given to occupations can be found in three popular books for family historians by A. and S. Twining (Dictionary of Old Trades and Occupations, 1993) (over 1,000), Culling (An Introduction to Occupations. A Preliminary List. Federation of Family History Societies, 1999) (about 1,500) and Waters (A Dictionary of Old Trades, Titles and Occupations, 1999) (nearly 4,000). There are thousands more terms and recourse can be made in any library to a larger Oxford English Dictionary.
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Local dialect words are more problematic, and students can either search Wright’s six-volumed English Dialect Dictionary or email the appropriate county or local archives who should have a dictionary of local terminology. There are a number of mailing lists aimed at discussing specific occupations, particularly on RootsWeb (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/)
Local dialect words are more problematic, and students can either search Wright’s six-volumed English Dialect Dictionary or email the appropriate county or local archives who should have a dictionary of local terminology. There are a number of mailing lists aimed at discussing specific occupations, particularly on RootsWeb (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/)
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How Occupations Have Been Classified
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How Occupations Have Been Classified
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The evolution of occupations in English society can be seen in a series of classifications of jobs over time, and I present six such charts here, ranging from mediaeval to pre-computer 20th century. Most of the classifications also include a catch-all class of inadequately described occupations, unemployed persons etc. which have been ignored here.
The evolution of occupations in English society can be seen in a series of classifications of jobs over time, and I present six such charts here, ranging from mediaeval to pre-computer 20th century. Most of the classifications also include a catch-all class of inadequately described occupations, unemployed persons etc. which have been ignored here.
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CHART
: Mediaeval Occupations (from DOLAN)
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CHART: Mediaeval Occupations (from DOLAN)
Potters Made useful artefacts from clay. Iron smiths Those who worked with iron whether they made tools, horseshoes, anchors, weapons or armour. Non-ferrous smiths Those working in gold, silver, copper, brass, lead, pewter and even horn. Bows and arrows Those who made the components and those who used them. Building trades Stone quarriers and masons, floor and pavement layers, plasterers, carpenters, roofers, painters and glassworkers. Wool industry Everybody from shepherds, shearers, carders and spinners, to bleachers, dyers, loom makers and wool merchants. Linen, silk and other fabrics Included rope, string, canvas, tapestry, clothing, milliners, and all kinds of bags. Leather industry Included producers of rawhide, makers of leather belts, bottles, saddles, gloves, bags, shoes, and bellows as well as the fur business. Farming Those who grew arable crops and orchards, animal herders and producers of dairy products and butchers. Millers and bakers Included sieve-makers, and those who dealt in spices and salt. Shipping and merchants Everyone from ship builders to peddlers. Innkeepers Included all types of beverage makers Specialized wood and metal workers Included coopers, molders, minters, cabinetmakers, and those making baskets, wheels, wagons, tools and bells. Nobility, gentry and their staff Included guards, tax assessors, cooks, and chaplains. Entertainers Whether musicians, poets, jugglers or dancers. Hunters Included falconers, watchmen, and fishermen. Messengers, guards and porters Lawmen and officials Church and monastic Included secular and lay personnel. Other mediaeval occupations A diverse group consisting of doctors, university personnel, bookbinders, mercenaries and military engineers.
Potters Made useful artefacts from clay. Iron smiths Those who worked with iron whether they made tools, horseshoes, anchors, weapons or armour. Non-ferrous smiths Those working in gold, silver, copper, brass, lead, pewter and even horn. Bows and arrows Those who made the components and those who used them. Building trades Stone quarriers and masons, floor and pavement layers, plasterers, carpenters, roofers, painters and glassworkers. Wool industry Everybody from shepherds, shearers, carders and spinners, to bleachers, dyers, loom makers and wool merchants. Linen, silk and other fabrics Included rope, string, canvas, tapestry, clothing, milliners, and all kinds of bags. Leather industry Included producers of rawhide, makers of leather belts, bottles, saddles, gloves, bags, shoes, and bellows as well as the fur business. Farming Those who grew arable crops and orchards, animal herders and producers of dairy products and butchers. Millers and bakers Included sieve-makers, and those who dealt in spices and salt. Shipping and merchants Everyone from ship builders to peddlers. Innkeepers Included all types of beverage makers Specialized wood and metal workers Included coopers, molders, minters, cabinetmakers, and those making baskets, wheels, wagons, tools and bells. Nobility, gentry and their staff Included guards, tax assessors, cooks, and chaplains. Entertainers Whether musicians, poets, jugglers or dancers. Hunters Included falconers, watchmen, and fishermen. Messengers, guards and porters Lawmen and officials Church and monastic Included secular and lay personnel. Other mediaeval occupations A diverse group consisting of doctors, university personnel, bookbinders, mercenaries and military engineers.
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CHART
: Occupational Classification for 1851 Census
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CHART: Occupational Classification for 1851 Census
Imperial or local government employees Defence services Religion, law and medicine Art, literature, science and education Household duties Boarding, lodging, domestic service and dress Commercial pursuits Bankers, merchants etc. Conveyance of people or goods Agriculture Seems to mean crops Breeding, animal tending and fishing Higher branches of mechanical or chemical arts Artisans, mechanics, book-sellers, printers, building trades, makers of tools, ships, coaches, chemicals, dyers etc. Workers or dealers in animal substances Includes butchers, poulterers and woollen and silk operatives. Workers or dealers in plant substances From the brewer to upholsterer, paper manufacturer, cotton spinner and greengrocer. Workers in mineral substances Unskilled labour Persons of rank, property or independent means
Imperial or local government employees Defence services Religion, law and medicine Art, literature, science and education Household duties Boarding, lodging, domestic service and dress Commercial pursuits Bankers, merchants etc. Conveyance of people or goods Agriculture Seems to mean crops Breeding, animal tending and fishing Higher branches of mechanical or chemical arts Artisans, mechanics, book-sellers, printers, building trades, makers of tools, ships, coaches, chemicals, dyers etc. Workers or dealers in animal substances Includes butchers, poulterers and woollen and silk operatives. Workers or dealers in plant substances From the brewer to upholsterer, paper manufacturer, cotton spinner and greengrocer. Workers in mineral substances Unskilled labour Persons of rank, property or independent means
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CHART
: Occupational Classification for 1841-1881 Censuses (from BOOTH)
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CHART: Occupational Classification for 1841-1881 Censuses (from BOOTH)
Agriculture Farmers, labourers, gardeners, nurserymen, drainage, machinery attendants, breeding, dealing Fishing Mining Miners, quarrying, brickmaking, salt and water works. Building Management and operatives, roadmaking. Manufacture Machinery, tools, ships, metals, wooden ware, earthenware, chemicals, animal products, paper, floorcloth, textiles, dying, dress, food, drink, smoking, watches, instruments, toys, printing and bookbinding and various engineers and mechanics. Transport Navigation and docks, railways, roads. Dealing Raw materials, clothing, food, drink and smoking, lodging and coffee houses, furniture and utensils. Industrial service Commercial and general labour Public service and professional Army, navy, police, prisons, law, medicine, art and amusement, literature, science, education, religion. Domestic service Indoor and outdoor, including public and private coachmen, domestic and market gardeners.
Agriculture Farmers, labourers, gardeners, nurserymen, drainage, machinery attendants, breeding, dealing Fishing Mining Miners, quarrying, brickmaking, salt and water works. Building Management and operatives, roadmaking. Manufacture Machinery, tools, ships, metals, wooden ware, earthenware, chemicals, animal products, paper, floorcloth, textiles, dying, dress, food, drink, smoking, watches, instruments, toys, printing and bookbinding and various engineers and mechanics. Transport Navigation and docks, railways, roads. Dealing Raw materials, clothing, food, drink and smoking, lodging and coffee houses, furniture and utensils. Industrial service Commercial and general labour Public service and professional Army, navy, police, prisons, law, medicine, art and amusement, literature, science, education, religion. Domestic service Indoor and outdoor, including public and private coachmen, domestic and market gardeners.
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CHART
: Occupational Classification for 1881-1911 Censuses (from ROUTH)
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CHART: Occupational Classification for 1881-1911 Censuses (from ROUTH)
Public administration Armed forces Professional and subordinate services Domestic and personal service Commerce and finance Transport and communication Agriculture Fishing Mining, quarrying and working in their products Building and construction Manufacture Gas, electricity and water
Public administration Armed forces Professional and subordinate services Domestic and personal service Commerce and finance Transport and communication Agriculture Fishing Mining, quarrying and working in their products Building and construction Manufacture Gas, electricity and water
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CHART
: Occupational Classification for 1911-1951 Censuses (from ROUTH)
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CHART: Occupational Classification for 1911-1951 Censuses (from ROUTH)
Higher professional (the learned professions) Requiring some years study at university or other institutions. Lower professional Artists, draughtsmen, librarians, medical auxiliaries, officials of associations, pharmacists, teachers, actors, aircrew, musicians, professional sportsmen. Employers and proprietors All other employers, and proprietors (business owners having no employees but owning property). Managers and administrators Includes managers in service and production industries, and administrators and other higher officers in public service. Clerical workers All kinds of clerks, bookkeepers (not accountants), insurance agents, canvassers, office machine operators, typists and shorthand typists. Foremen, inspectors, supervisors In all industries except clerical and professional areas. Skilled manual workers Craftsmen who have served their apprenticeship or otherwise acquired theoretical knowledge that backs up their practical skills. Semi-skilled manual workers Perform tasks that can be learnt in months rather than years. Include machine operators, assemblers, ticket collectors and conductors, vehicle drivers, postmen and sorters, telephone operators, waiters, domestic servants, shop assistants, agricultural workers. Unskilled manual workers Do jobs that can be learnt in hours rather than months. Includes labourers whose strength and stamina rather than skill are required; also charwomen, office cleaners, door-keepers, porters, and watchmen.
Higher professional (the learned professions) Requiring some years study at university or other institutions. Lower professional Artists, draughtsmen, librarians, medical auxiliaries, officials of associations, pharmacists, teachers, actors, aircrew, musicians, professional sportsmen. Employers and proprietors All other employers, and proprietors (business owners having no employees but owning property). Managers and administrators Includes managers in service and production industries, and administrators and other higher officers in public service. Clerical workers All kinds of clerks, bookkeepers (not accountants), insurance agents, canvassers, office machine operators, typists and shorthand typists. Foremen, inspectors, supervisors In all industries except clerical and professional areas. Skilled manual workers Craftsmen who have served their apprenticeship or otherwise acquired theoretical knowledge that backs up their practical skills. Semi-skilled manual workers Perform tasks that can be learnt in months rather than years. Include machine operators, assemblers, ticket collectors and conductors, vehicle drivers, postmen and sorters, telephone operators, waiters, domestic servants, shop assistants, agricultural workers. Unskilled manual workers Do jobs that can be learnt in hours rather than months. Includes labourers whose strength and stamina rather than skill are required; also charwomen, office cleaners, door-keepers, porters, and watchmen.
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Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online courses [http://www.genealogicalstudies.com/eng/courses.asp?courseID=191 English: Occupation Records-Professions and Trades] and [http://www.genealogicalstudies.com/eng/courses.asp?courseID=192 English: Occupations-Military and Services] offered by [http://www.genealogicalstudies.com The National Institute for Genealogical Studies]. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. We can be contacted at [mailto:wiki@genealogicalstudies.com wiki@genealogicalstudies.com]
Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online courses [http://www.genealogicalstudies.com/eng/courses.asp?courseID=191 English: Occupation Records-Professions and Trades] and [http://www.genealogicalstudies.com/eng/courses.asp?courseID=192 English: Occupations-Military and Services] offered by [http://www.genealogicalstudies.com The National Institute for Genealogical Studies]. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. We can be contacted at [mailto:wiki@genealogicalstudies.com wiki@genealogicalstudies.com]