David Thorpe writes a good blog on The Ecologist website about the recent developments, arguing that hydrogen is set to go from niche to mainstream for not only the transport sector but also for storing surplus renewable energy.
The hydrogen economy is much nearer than we think
Ever thought what will happen to the UK’s gas network when the UK moves towards its target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% of 1990 values by 2050?
The owners of these networks, which serve almost half the UK population, want to ensure it has a life beyond carbon. So they’ve been busy commissioning studies on the options available.
Several of these claim is possible to convert the gas grid to take hydrogen. Yes, one day you could be cooking on hydrogen, and certainly if not that, biogas or syngas.
A UK-wide conversion of the grid to hydrogen gas could, it’s claimed in the H21 Leeds City Gate report, reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with domestic heating and cooking – currently over 30% of the UK’s total emissions – by a minimum of 73%, while supporting decarbonisation of transport and local electricity generation.
Barking up the wrong tree?
However, over 90% of today’s hydrogen is mainly produced by a process called steam reforming, which uses fossil fuels – natural gas, oil or coal – as a source of the hydrogen.
A typical steam methane reforming hydrogen plant with a production rate of one million cubic metres of hydrogen a day produces 0.3-0.4 million standard cubic meters of CO2 a day, which is normally vented into the atmosphere.
Hydrogen produced from gas this way is two to three times the cost of the original fuel. Its global warming potential is 13.7kg CO2-e per kg of hydrogen produced. Coal gasification, another major production method, delivers even worse emission levels.
To fully attain the benefits of using hydrogen, we must therefore either produce it from renewable energy – or capture and store somewhere the carbon dioxide removed during steam reforming – a process called carbon capture and storage. H21 and all the other reports are proposing the latter.
However, ever since CCS was first proposed over 15 years ago the economic and technical case has not been made. Moreover the government has cancelled its £1 billion support programme for the technology. CCS has always seemed to me a get-out-of-jail card to permit business as usual in terms of fossil fuels and energy use while seeming to tackle climate change.
There are two alternatives:
producing hydrogen using electrolysis from renewable energy, dismissed in the reports as too expensive, and
using steam reforming of methane but instead of storing the carbon underground, using it as a feedstock in other industrial processes. This is called Carbon Storage and Utilisation (CCU). None of the reports above mention it.
Carbon Storage and Utilisation (CCU)
Carbon dioxide is valuable as a feedstock in many ways: for fuels, chemistry, foods like fizzy drinks and polymers – even used as a component in a replacement for concrete. So why not make use of it?
“CCS is basically a non-profit technology, where every step is costly”, says Dr Lothar Mennicken, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. “CCU however has the potential to produce value-added products that have a market and can generate a profit.”
The report CCU in the Green Economy from The Centre for Low Carbon Futures shows CCU can be profitable with short payback times on investment. It says: “Although only a partial solution to the CO2 problem, under some conditions using CO2 for CCU rather than storing it underground can add value as well as offsetting some of the CCS costs.”
So that could take care of some of the problem. But to solve the rest we can turn to renewables – and solve another problem along the way – the intermittency of wind and solar.
Towards the hydrogen economy
The reports cited above also dismiss producing hydrogen by electrolysis using renewables as too expensive. But it’s not.
The most recent British source for the cost of producing hydrogen using this method is an apparently reliable one: the Energy Institute of University College London, who produced a report in April last year authored by Samuel L. Weeks about using hydrogen as a fuel source in internal combustion engines. This states: “hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water is extremely expensive, around $1500/kWh.”
The contributing editor of The Ecologist, Oliver Tickell, observed that it struck him as being way too expensive – suggesting that the author had mistakenly multiplied by 100 where he should have divided by 100, to give a figure 10,000 times too high. I tried to get Professor Weeks and the UCL Energy Institute to give me the source for the $1,500 figure but so far have not had a response.
So I turned to a company which is already making hydrogen from renewable electricity for grid balancing and fuel cell powered cars: ITM Power. They provided me with another professor, Marcus Newborough, who is their Development Director. He gave me a much lower figure:
Much, much lower.
“We are currently selling high purity hydrogen at our refuelling stations for fuel cell cars at £10/kg of hydrogen. Each kg contains 39.4kWh of energy, so that’s about 25 pence/kWh or $0.33/kWh. The ambition is to decrease the $/kWh value as more stations are manufactured and more FC cars are in circulation. So yes the $1,500/kWh number looks absurd to us.”
Indeed it does. It is 4,545 times larger than renewable hydrogen currently on the market, if we are comparing like with like – a figure that could easily halve with economies of scale. And I’m still mighty curious as to why UCL Energy Institute got it so wrong.
Not only is ITM using the gas for hydrogen car filling stations, a chain of which it is opening in the UK (on a full tank of hydrogen a fuel cell car can drive up to 300 miles), it is also using it to inject into the grid.
Power-to-gas
The process is called power-to-gas (P2G) and it is useful when too much renewable electricity is being produced compared to the demand which exists at that moment. Instead of it going to waste it could be used to produce hydrogen as a form of energy storage and used when required. As Professor Newborough told me:
“The power-to-gas approach is a form of energy storage and (in the UK) there are various assessments and discussions ongoing (via BEIS (the new UK government department dealing with energy and industry), OFGEM (the British energy regulator), UK National Grid, DG Energy in Brussels (the European Commission’s Department dealing with energy) and The European Association for Storage of Energy (EASE) etc) but no conclusive economic framework yet for energy storage to operate within.”
He said that P2G is particularly advantageous for its following abilities:
to respond to an instruction from the grid operator to charge up or absorb electricity
to hold on to the stored energy for a significant period without incurring energy losses
to discharge energy on demand at a desired rate
to be scaled up in number or capacity as we head towards a much more renewable electricity system.
“P2G is part of this alongside batteries, pumped storage, etcetera”, he continued. “Fundamentally the economic benefit is greatest for those technologies that possess the operational advantages of being able to respond very rapidly and/or hold onto the energy for a long period and/or discharge energy at a controllable rate across a very long period. Now power-to-gas is particularly advantageous in each of these respects.”
ITM has a pilot P2G system operational in Frankfurt with 12 other companies that together form the Thüga group.
At the end of 2013, this plant injected hydrogen for the first time into the Frankfurt gas distribution network. It therefore became the first plant to inject electrolytic generated hydrogen into the German gas distribution network, and possibly anywhere in the world. Final acceptance of the plant was achieved at the end of March 2014. Overall efficiency is said to be over 70% and the plant is now participating in Germany’s secondary control (grid balancing) market.
The conditions for being allowed to do this are extremely stringent. Systems have to respond in under one second when they receive a command to increase to maximum power or decrease to zero power to demonstrate that they are suitable for frequency regulation. The energy is discharged as hydrogen and should be available for as long as required.
The Frankfurt system has been shown to do this and can react to variable loads in the network.
Work is ongoing to see how the plant can be integrated into an increasingly intelligent future energy system. “For the duration of the demonstration, we want to integrate the plant so that it actively contributes to compensating for the differences between renewable energy generation and power consumption”, says Michael Riechel, the CEO of Thüga Aktiengesellschaft.
The regulatory framework is playing catch-up
Professor Newborough told me that the payment levels for providing such services have yet to emerge.
In the UK, the National Grid is introducing an Enhanced Frequency Response service to pay energy storage technology operators to provide sub-second response. “ITM has already pre-qualified to provide such a service”, he says.
They are also introducing a Demand Turn Up service which will pay operators £60/MWh for operating overnight and on summer afternoons to absorb excess wind and solar power.
“Clearly the economics of P2G are a function of such balancing services payments from the grid operator and the electricity tariff”, he continued, “but in addition P2G offers a greening agent to the gas grid operator in the form of injecting hydrogen at low concentrations into natural gas.
“So the economics are also a function of the value placed on greening up the gas grid. By analogy we have seen in recent years in France, Germany and the UK, feed-in tariffs for injecting bio-methane into the gas grid as a greening agent and these have been up to four times the value of a kWh of natural gas.
“The economic case therefore depends on a combination of value propositions and costs – providing services to the electricity grid, the electricity tariff paid, the value of green gas for the gas grid and the capital cost of the plant. In this context it is not possible to state firm figures at this time, but equally it is important to state the underpinning factors as described above.”
It was at this point in our conversation that he gave me the price at which the company is currently selling high purity hydrogen at its fuel cell car refuelling stations (to refresh your memory, £10 per kilo, or 25p per kWh).
And of course if hydrogen producers are buying cheap, free or even negative cost power in the wholesale power market at times of very high wind or solar power production, then the price is only going to get cheaper.
Advantages of hydrogen storage over batteries
A report on energy storage undertaken by McKinsey and Co last year found that using variable renewable electricity this way could use nearly all excess renewable energy in a scenario in the future in which there was a high installed capacity of renewable electricity generation.
Reusing this stored energy in the gas grid, for transport or in industry it said, would provide a valuable contribution to decarbonising these sectors. The European potential, in 2050, of this value would be “in the hundreds of gigawatts”.
That’s massive. This future scenario, in which countries are reliant for much of the electricity on renewables, is likely to be common. The Kinsey report contrasts the use of hydrogen with the use of batteries, which it calls power-to-power or P2P because its electricity rather than gas which comes out.
In this situation hydrogen scores better as a storage medium because batteries can either be emptied (in which case they can’t supply the demand) or full (in which case they can not be charged even if the generator is generating).
By contrast, hydrogen can continue to be pumped into the grid or into vehicles and the limiting factor instead is the limit of local demand for the distance to the demand from the generator. This is shown in the diagram.
Graph: How low energy storage capacity is a limiting factor for the use of batteries. Author provided.
Nevertheless the Kinsey report warns that current regulations lag behind the potential of these technologies. Reviewing them is the key to unlocking this enormous opportunity, something for governments and regulators to look at.
So it now seems that the most likely route to creating the hydrogen that goes into our gas grids could be from electrolysis using renewables after all. Yet, like many cutting-edge low carbon technologies, it’s early days. The Germans are pioneering this method as part of their transition strategy. It’s one part of the picture.
For over 30 years the prophets of green energy have been promoting the idea that the ‘hydrogen age’ is just around the corner. The gas is abundant in the form of water, molecules of which possess two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom.
Making it from water using electrolysis releases only oxygen and no pollutants. It can then be burnt in any suitable boiler, cooker or vehicle and used in fuel cells. All we have to do is get it to the right place at the right time at the right price.
The problem has always been the right price, that provides the market incentive for investment in the necessary infrastructure. Perhaps that time is almost here.
With the UK Met office reporting this month that we have already reached 1.38C temperature rise since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the Paris Agreement aspiring to keeping that rise to 1.5C the task of mainstreaming these technologies becomes even more urgent.
