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''The Suburbs of Ajuda and Belem.''—In the extreme west of Lisbon, beyond the Alcantara valley, are Belem (''i.e.'' “Bethlehem”), beside the Tagus, and Ajuda, on the heights above. The {{lang|pt|Paço de Belem}}, built in 1700 for the counts of Aveiro, became the chief royal palace under John V. (1706–1750). The {{lang|pt|Torre de Belem}}, on the foreshore, is a small tower of beautiful design, built in 1520 for the protection of shipping. The finest ecclesiastical building in Portugal except the monasteries of Alcobaça and Batalha also fronts the river. It is the {{lang|pt|Convento dos Jeronymos}}, a Hieronymite convent and church, founded in 1499 to commemorate the discovery of the sea-route to India by Vasco da Gama. It was built of white limestone by João de Castilho (d. 1581), perhaps the greatest of Manoeline architects. Its cloisters form a square with blunted corners, surrounded by a two-storeyed arcade, every available portion of which is covered with exquisite sculptures. Parts of the building have been restored, but the cloisters and the beautiful central gateway remain unspoiled. The interior contains many royal tombs, including that of Catherine of Braganza (d. 1705), the wife of Charles II. of England. The supposed remains of Camoens and Vasco da Gama were interred here in 1880. In 1834, when the convent was secularized, its buildings were assigned to the {{lang|pt|Casa Pia}}, an orphanage founded by Maria I. Since 1903 they have contained the archaeological collections of the Portuguese Ethnological Museum. The royal Ajuda palace, begun (1816–1826) by John VI. but left unfinished, derives its name from the chapel of {{lang|pt|N. S. de Ajuda}} (“Our Lady of Aid”). It contains some fine pictures and historical trophies. In the coach-house there is an unsurpassed collection of state coaches, the cars upon which figures of saints are borne in procession, sedan chairs, old cabriolets and other curious vehicles.
''The Suburbs of Ajuda and Belem.''—In the extreme west of Lisbon, beyond the Alcantara valley, are Belem (''i.e.'' “Bethlehem”), beside the Tagus, and Ajuda, on the heights above. The {{lang|pt|Paço de Belem}}, built in 1700 for the counts of Aveiro, became the chief royal palace under John V. (1706–1750). The {{lang|pt|Torre de Belem}}, on the foreshore, is a small tower of beautiful design, built in 1520 for the protection of shipping. The finest ecclesiastical building in Portugal except the monasteries of Alcobaça and Batalha also fronts the river. It is the {{lang|pt|Convento dos Jeronymos}}, a Hieronymite convent and church, founded in 1499 to commemorate the discovery of the sea-route to India by Vasco da Gama. It was built of white limestone by João de Castilho (d. 1581), perhaps the greatest of Manoeline architects. Its cloisters form a square with blunted corners, surrounded by a two-storeyed arcade, every available portion of which is covered with exquisite sculptures. Parts of the building have been restored, but the cloisters and the beautiful central gateway remain unspoiled. The interior contains many royal tombs, including that of Catherine of Braganza (d. 1705), the wife of Charles II. of England. The supposed remains of Camoens and Vasco da Gama were interred here in 1880. In 1834, when the convent was secularized, its buildings were assigned to the {{lang|pt|Casa Pia}}, an orphanage founded by Maria I. Since 1903 they have contained the archaeological collections of the Portuguese Ethnological Museum. The royal Ajuda palace, begun (1816–1826) by John VI. but left unfinished, derives its name from the chapel of {{lang|pt|N. S. de Ajuda}} (“Our Lady of Aid”). It contains some fine pictures and historical trophies. In the coach-house there is an unsurpassed collection of state coaches, the cars upon which figures of saints are borne in procession, sedan chairs, old cabriolets and other curious vehicles.
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''The Environs of Lisbon.''—The administrative district of Lisbon
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''The Environs of Lisbon.''—The administrative district of Lisbon
has an area of 3065 {{abbr|sq. m.|square miles}}, with a population of 709,509 in 1900. It comprises-the lower parts of the Tagus and Sado; the sea-coast from 5 m. S. of Cape Carvoeiro to within 3 m. of the bluff called the {{lang|pt|Escarpa do Rojo}}; and a strip of territory extending inland for a mean distance of 30 m. This region corresponds with the southern part of {{EB1911 article link|nosc=x|Estremadura}} (''{{abbr|q.v.|quod vide}}''). Its more important towns, {{EB1911 article link|nosc=x|Setubal}}, {{EB1911 article link|nosc=x|Cintra}}, {{EB1911 article link|nosc=x|Torres Vedras}} and {{EB1911 article link|nosc=x|Mafra}}, are described in separate articles. Sines, a small seaport on Cape Sines, was the birthplace of Vasco da Gama. On the left bank of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon, are the small towns of Almada, Barreiro, Aldeia Gallega and Seixal, and the hamlet of Trafaria, inhabited by fishermen. The beautiful strip of coast west of Oeiras and south of Cape Roca is often called the “Portuguese Riviera.” Its fine climate, mineral springs and sea-bathing attract visitor sat all seasons to the picturesque fortified bay of Cascaes, or to Estoril, Mont' Estoril and São João do Estoril, modern towns consisting chiefly of villas, hotels and gardens. The {{lang|pt|Boca do Inferno}} (“Mouth of Hell”) is a cavity in the rocks at Cascaes resembling the Bufador at {{EB1911 article link|nosc=x|Peñiscola}} (''q.v.''). The villages of Carcavellos, Bucellas, Lumiar and Collares produce excellent wines; at Carcavellos is the receiving station for cables, with a large British staff, and a club and grounds where social and athletic meetings are held by the British colony. Alhandra, on the right bank of the Tagus, above Lisbon, was the birthplace of Albuquerque; fighting bulls for the Lisbon arena are bred in the adjacent pastures.
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has an area of 3065 sq. m., with a population of 709,509 in 1900.
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It comprises-the lower parts of the Tagus and Sado; the sea-coast
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from 5 m. S. of Cape Carvoeiro to within 3 m. of the bluff called
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the Escarpa do Rojo; and a strip of territory extending inland for
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a mean distance of 30 m. This region corresponds with the southern
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part of Estremadura (qs:/.). Its more important towns, Setubal,
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Cintra, Torres Vedras and Mafra, 'are described in separate articles.
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Sines, a small sea ort on Cape Sines, was the birthplace of Vasco da
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Gama. On the i;ft bank of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon, are the
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small towns of Almada, Barreiro, Aldeia Gallega and Seixal, and
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the hamlet of Trafaria, inhabited by fishermen. The beautiful strip
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of coast west of Oeiras and south of Cape Roca is often called the
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“Portuguese Riviera.” Its fine climate, mineral springs and sea bathing
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attract visitor sat all seasons to the picturesque fortified bay
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of Cascaes, or to Estoril, l/lont' Estoril and Sao ]o'ao do Estoril,
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modern towns consisting chiefly of villas, hotels and gardens.
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The Boca do Inferno (“ Mouth of Hell ) is a cavity in the rocks at
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Cascaes resembling the Bufador at Peziiscola (q.11.). The villages of
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Carcavellos, Bucellas, Lumiar and Collares produce excellent
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wines; at Carcavellos is the receiving station for cables, with a
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large British staff, and a club and grounds where social and athletic
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meetings are held by the British colony. Alhandra, on the right
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bank of the Tagus, above Lisbon, was the birthplace of Albuquerque;
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fighting bulls for the Lisbon arena are bred in the adjacent pastures.
{{EB1911 fine print/e}}
{{EB1911 fine print/e}}
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''Railways, Shipping and Commerce.''—Lisbon has five railway
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''Railways, Shipping and Commerce.''—Lisbon has five railway
stations—the central (Lisboa-Rocío), for the lines to Cintra, northern and central Portugal, and Madrid via Valencia de Alcántara; the Santa Apolonia or Caes dos Soldados, at the eastern extremity of the quays, for the same lines (excluding Cintra) and for southern Portugal and Andalusia; the Caes do Sodré and Santos, farther west along the quays, for Cascaes; and the Barreiro, on the left bank of the Tagus, for southern Portugal. In 1902 the railways north and south of the Tagus were connected near Lisbon by a bridge. In the previous year an extensive system of electric tramways replaced the old-fashioned cable cars and mule trams. Electric and hydraulic lifts are used where the streets are too steep for trams. Lisbon is lighted by both electricity and gas; it has an admirable telephone service, and is connected by the Carcavellos cable-station with Cornwall (England), Vigo in Galicia, Gibraltar, the Azores and Madeira.
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stations-the central (Lisboa-Rocio), for the lines to Cintra,
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northern and central Portugal, and Madrid via Valencia de
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Alcantara; the Santa Apolonia or Caes dos Soldados, at the
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eastern extremity of the quays, for the same lines (excluding
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Cintra) and for southern Portugal. and Andalusia; the Caes do
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Sodré and Santos, farther west along the quays, for Cascaes;
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and the Barreiro, on the left bank of the Tagus, for southern
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Portugal. In 1902 the railways north and south of the Tagus
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were connected near Lisbon by a bridge. In the previous year
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an extensive system of electric tramways replaced the old fashioned
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cable cars and mule trams. Electric and hydraulic
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lifts are used where the streets are too steep for trams. Lisbon
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is lighted by both electricity and gas; it has an admirable
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telephone service, and is connected by the Carcavellos cable station
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with Cornwall (England), Vigo in Galicia, Gibraltar, the
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Azores and Madeira.
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Ships of the largest size can enter the Tagus, and the Barreiro
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Ships of the largest size can enter the Tagus, and the Barreiro
inlet is navigable at low water by vessels drawing 16 ft. There are extensive quays along the right bank, with hydraulic cranes, two graving docks, a slipway, warehouses and lines of railway. The government and private docks are on the left bank. Loading and discharging are principally effected by means of lighters. The exports are wines, oil, fruit, tinned fish, salt, colonial produce, cork, pitwood, leather and wool. The imports include cotton and woollen goods, linen, ale and porter, butter, tea, hardware, tin plates, coal, iron, machinery, chemical manure, &c., from Great Britain; grain and petroleum from the United States; dried codfish from Norway and Newfoundland; silks, perfumery and fancy goods from France; hemp, flax, grain, petroleum and cloth from Russia; linen, machinery, hardware, sugar, &c., from Germany and Holland; iron, steel, timber, pitch and salt fish from the Baltic; cocoa, coffee, wax and rubber from the Portuguese colonies. Towards the close of the 19th century the tourist traffic from Great Britain and Germany attained considerable importance, and Lisbon has long been one of the principal ports of debarcation for passengers from Brazil and of embarcation for emigrants to South America. Shipbuilding, including the construction of vessels for the national navy, is a growing industry. The fisheries have always been important, and in no European fishmarket is the produce more varied. Sardines and tunny are cured and tinned for export. In addition to a fleet of about 600 sailing boats, the Tagus is the headquarters of a small fleet of steam trawlers. The industries of Lisbon include dyeing, distillation of spirits and manufactures of woollen, cotton, silk and linen fabrics, of pottery, soap, paper, chemicals, cement, corks, tobacco, preserved foods and biscuits.
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inlet is navigable at low water by vessels drawing 16 ft. There
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are extensive quays along the right bank, with hydraulic cranes,
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two graving docks, a slipway, warehouses and lines of railway.
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The government and private docks are on the left bank. Loading
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and discharging are principally effected by means of lighters.
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The exports are wines, oil, fruit, tinned fish, salt, colonial produce,
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cork, pitwood, leather and wool. 'I' he imports include cotton and
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woollen goods, linen, ale and porter, butter, tea, hardware, tin
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plates, coal, iron, machinery, chemical manure, &c., from Great
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Britain; grain and petroleum from the United States; dried
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codfish from Norway and Newfoundland; silks, perfumery and
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fancy goods from France; hemp, Bax, grain, petroleum and
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cloth from Russia; linen, machinery, hardware, sugar, &c.,
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from Germany and Holland; iron, steel, timber, pitch and salt
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fish from the Baltic; cocoa, coffee, wax and rubber from the
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Portuguese colonies. Towards the close of the 10th century the
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tourist trafhc from Great Britain and Germany attained considerable
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importance, and Lisbon has long been one of the
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principal ports of debar cation for passengers from Brazil and of
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embarkation for emigrants to South America. Shipbuilding,
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including the construction of vessels for the national navy, is a
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growing industry. The fisheries have always been important,
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and in no European fish market is the produce more varied.
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Sardines and tunny are cured and tinned for export. In addition
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to a fleet of about 600 sailing boats, the Tagus is the headquarters
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of a small fleet of steam trawlers. The industries of Lisbon include
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dyeing, distillation of spirits and manufactures of woollen,
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cotton, silk and linen fabrics, of pottery, soap, paper, chemicals,
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cement, corks, tobacco, preserved foods and biscuits.
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''Education and Charity.''—Although the seat of the only university
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''Education and Charity.''—Although the seat of the only university
in Portugal was fixed at Coimbra in 1527, Lisbon is the educational centre of the Portuguese world, including Brazil.
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in Portugal was fixed at Coimbra in 1527, Lisbon is the
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educational centre of the Portuguese world, including Brazil.