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Perception of Non-Vibrato Sung Tones: A Pilot Study
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Randi Wooding
, John Nix
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
Journal of Voice
Accepted: October 7, 2015; Published Online: November 20, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYvt
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives/Hypothesis
Singers are often asked to sing with a non-vibrato production. The term non-vibrato is problematic in that it is not possible for a human to sing a tone without fundamental frequency variation. Whether a singer achieves a quality of tone that is perceived as non-vibrato is an aurally subjective matter. The specific aim of this study was to determine when a tone is perceived as non-vibrato by a population of singers, voice teachers, choir directors, and speech pathologists. Using voice samples that exhibit a variety of vibrato rates and extents, the investigators sought to determine (1) if there is a threshold for the perception of non-vibrato tone with regard to vibrato extent; (2) if vibrato rate, given similar vibrato extent, does affect the perceptual threshold of non-vibrato tone; and (3) if there are differences in the perceptual threshold of non-vibrato tone across the different professions of the research subjects.
Study Design
Survey.
Methods
Participants responded to an online survey featuring 40 randomized samples of soprano voices singing [ɑ] with a variety of vibrato rates and extents. Some samples were repeated to test subject response reliability.
Results and Conclusions
Results indicate that a perceptual threshold exists with regard to vibrato extent. However, vibrato rate significantly affected where this extent threshold occurred for the participants. Vibrato extent and rate work together to affect perception of non-vibrato tone. Significant differences were not found across the different groups.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
The Effects of Hormonal Contraception on the Voice: History of Its Evolution in the Literature
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Jennifer P. Rodney
, Robert Thayer Sataloff
Journal of Voice
Accepted: August 20, 2015; Published Online: November 18, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUD5Y
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives
Women of reproductive age commonly use hormonal contraceptives, the vocal effects of which have been studied. Otolaryngologists should be aware of this relationship to make recommendations on hormonal contraception as it relates to each patient’s voice requirements.
Methods/Design
A comprehensive literature review of PubMed was completed. The terms “contraception,” “vocal folds,” “vocal cords,” and “voice” were searched in various combinations. Articles from 1971 to 2015 that addressed the effects of contraception on the vocal folds were included.
Results
In total, 24 articles were available for review. Historically, contraception was believed to affect the voice negatively. However, more recent studies using low-dose oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) show that they stabilize the voice. However, stabilization generally occurs only during sustained vowel production; connected speech appears unaffected. Therefore, singers may be the only population that experiences clinically increased vocal stability as a result of taking hormonal contraceptives. Only combined OCPs have been studied; other forms of hormonal contraception have not been evaluated for effects on the voice. Significant variability exists between studies in the physical attributes of patients and parameters tested.
Conclusions
Hormonal contraception likely has no clinically perceptible effects on the speaking voice. Singers may experience increased vocal stability with low-dose, combined OCP use. Other available forms of contraception have not been studied. Greater consistency in methodology is needed in future research, and other forms of hormonal contraception require study.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Clinical Usefulness of Ultrasonography-Guided Laryngeal Electromyography
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Hae Sang Park
, Soo Yeon Jung
, Jeong Hyun Yoo
, Hyung Jun Park
, Cha Hee Lee
, Han Su Kim
, Sung Min Chung
Journal of Voice
Accepted: March 18, 2015; Published Online: November 18, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFZzz
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives/Hypothesis
To investigate the proper approach and technical method of ultrasonography-guided laryngeal electromyography (US-guided LEMG).
Study Design
This is a prospective study.
Methods
Twenty patients who underwent US-guided LEMG were enrolled. US-guided LEMG was cooperatively performed by one otolaryngologist, one neurologist, and one radiologist. The location of the needle electrode was confirmed with US after electrode insertion into the laryngeal intrinsic muscle. The US transducer was applied on the neck by a transverse/midline and transverse/oblique approach to identify the cricothyroid (CT), thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles, and the location of the needle electrode.
Results
CT muscles were easily identified on US in all 20 patients. TA muscles were identified in 17 patients (85%). The transverse/oblique approach was helpful to detect TA muscle in case of calcified thyroid cartilage or anatomic variation.
Conclusions
US-guided LEMG, which enables the exact insertion of the needle electrode, improves the reliability of examination and is helpful in early detection and to prevent complications.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
The Prevalence of Teachers’ Vocal Symptoms in Municipal Network of Education in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Elisangela Giroto Carelli Hermes
, Paulo Roberto Haidamus de Oliveira Bastos
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 9, 2015; Published Online: November 17, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUD62
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objective
This study aims to provide an epidemiological overview of the teacher’s voice and to examine the prevalence of voice problems at Municipal Board Education in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative study. Of the 4957 teachers registered with Municipal Board Education (Semed)/2013, 394 participated in this research. All seven urban areas of Campo Grande (Prosa, Bandeira, Anhanduizinho, Lagoa, Segredo, Centro, and Imbirussu) were sampled. The Ferreira et al. protocol was adapted and used for data collection. The Likert scale was used as the measurement method.
Results
There was a high prevalence of vocal symptoms. Teachers had multiple symptoms related to the use of voice at work and acknowledged that the symptoms had adverse effects on their professional performance.
Conclusion
The severity of voice problems that the teachers experienced in daily speech therapy services and in the Municipal Network of Education was found in a significant number of participants in this research.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Some Consensus has been Reached on the Labeling of Harmonics, Formants, and Resonances
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Ingo R. Titze
Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, 330 WJSHC, Iowa City, Iowa 522452.
Journal of Voice
Published Online: November 17, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYvv
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
A group of 22 voice professionals engaged in vigorous debate about symbolic notation and definitions in voice acoustics for a period of about 2 years. The group included singing teachers, speech-language pathologists, and voice scientists from the United States, Europe, and Australia.1 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Article in Press
Respiratory Laryngeal Coordination in Airflow Conservation and Reduction of Respiratory Effort of Phonation
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Zhaoyan Zhang
UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794.
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 22, 2015; Published Online: November 16, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUC1R
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objective
This study evaluates the need of airflow conservation and the effect of glottal resistance on respiratory effort of phonation under different phonation conditions.
Methods
A computational model of the pressure–volume–flow relationship of the respiratory system is developed.
Results
Simulations show that increasing the glottal resistance reduces the glottal airflow and allows phonation to be sustained for a longer breath group duration. For a given breath group duration, the reduced airflow also allows phonation to be sustained within a narrow range of lung volumes, thus lowering the overall respiratory effort.
Conclusions
This study shows that for breath group durations and subglottal pressures typical of normal conversational speech, airflow conservation or maintaining “effortless” respiratory support does not provide a stricter requirement on the glottal resistance than that required for initiating phonation. However, the need for airflow conservation and respiratory effort reduction becomes relevant when the target subglottal pressure and breath group duration increase as in prolonged speech or singing or in conditions of weakened pulmonary function. In those conditions, the glottal resistance is expected to increase proportionally with increasing subglottal pressure to conserve airflow consumption and reduce respiratory effort.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Familial Sulcus Vergeture: Further Evidence for Congenital Origin of Type 2 Sulcus
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Solomon Husain
, Lucian Sulica
Journal of Voice
Accepted: October 2, 2015; Published Online: November 13, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYvx
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
A 29-year-old otherwise healthy woman presented with a lifetime history of hoarseness because it had begun to interfere with her career. Examination of both the woman and her 60-year-old father revealed bilateral sulcus vergeture, without inflammation or lesions attributable to phonotrauma. The woman responded well to injection augmentation; the father declined treatment. Combined with existing descriptions of other family groupings, all with sulcus vergeture without signs of inflammation, clinical progression, and little or no apparent behavioral component, this report further suggests that sulcus vergeture (Ford type 2) and sulcus vocalis (Ford type 3) are entirely different entities, despite architectural similarity.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Behavior, Social Competence, and Voice Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
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Lívia Lima Krohling
, Kely Maria Pereira de Paula
, Mara Suzana Behlau
Journal of Voice
Accepted: August 5, 2015; Published Online: November 12, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUD64
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives/Hypothesis
This study aimed to verify the relationships among voice change complaints, indicators of competence, and behavioral problems in children and adolescents.
Study Design
This is a prospective study.
Methods
A sample of 103 parents/guardians completed the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6–18 years. The mean age and gender were very similar between the participants with and without voice complaints.
Results
Regarding the competences, no differences were found between the participants with and without voice complaints. The group with voice complaints presented higher total scores and T-scores in the both anxiety/depression and somatic complaints domains and in the internalising, externalizing, and total scales. The total scores and T-scores on the internalising, externalizing, and total scales, as well as those of their domains (anxiety/depression, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior), differed between children and adolescents with and without voice complaints.
Conclusions
Children and adolescents with complaints of voice disorder demonstrate a potential risk of developing emotional/behavioral problems.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Voice
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Anthony T. Macari
, Georges Ziade
, Mohannad Khandakji
, Hani Tamim
, Abdul-Latif Hamdan
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 22, 2015; Published Online: November 10, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYvz
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objective
The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies F1–F4.
Study Design
Cross-sectional study.
Materials and Methods
A total of 14 consecutive patients between the ages of 9.6 years and 15 years with a constricted maxilla undergoing RME were included in this study. Measurements were made before (T1) and after treatment (T2). These included maxillary arch length, depth, width, and perimeter in addition to F0, habitual pitch, and formants F1, F2, F3, and F4 for the vowels /ɑ/, /i/, /o/, and /u/.
Results
There was a significant difference in the mean of F1/ɑ/ and F2/ɑ/ before and after treatment (P value of 0.04 and 0.013, respectively). It is worth noting that F1/ɑ/ decreased in 11 and F2/ɑ/ decreased in 10 of the 14 subjects.
Conclusion
The application of RME in the treatment of maxillary constriction leads to a significant lowering of the first and second formants for the vowel /ɑ/ in most subjects. Subjects undergoing rapid maxillary application should be aware of the potential change in voice quality especially in case of professional voice users.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Interactive Augmentation of Voice Quality and Reduction of Breath Airflow in the Soprano Voice
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Martin Rothenberg
, Harm K. Schutte
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 23, 2015; Published Online: November 10, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUC1T
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
In 1985, at a conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, Martin Rothenberg first described a form of nonlinear source-tract acoustic interaction mechanism by which some sopranos, singing in their high range, can use to reduce the total airflow, to allow holding the note longer, and simultaneously enrich the quality of the voice, without straining the voice. (M. Rothenberg, “Source-Tract Acoustic Interaction in the Soprano Voice and Implications for Vocal Efficiency,” Fourth International Conference on Vocal Fold Physiology, New Haven, Connecticut, June 3–6, 1985.) In this paper, we describe additional evidence for this type of nonlinear source-tract interaction in some soprano singing and describe an analogous interaction phenomenon in communication engineering. We also present some implications for voice research and pedagogy.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Article in Press
The Effects of Expiratory Muscle Strength Training on Voice and Associated Factors in Medical Professionals With Voice Disorders
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Yuan-Ching Tsai
, ShihWei Huang
, Wei-Chun Che
, Yi-Ching Huang
, Tsan-Hon Liou
, Yu-Chi Kuo
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 22, 2015; Published Online: November 10, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYvB
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives
This research used expiratory muscle strength training to explore the factors relevant to medical professionals with voice disorders. The maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) improved, which is measured by the maximal contracting force of expiratory muscles. The expiratory muscle strength increased, which can affect the positive pressure of pulmonary volume, thereby influencing subglottal pressure for speech to change the voice performance and vocal-fold vibration.
Methods
Twenty-nine participants with voice disorders who are working in a hospital and who are using their voice for more than 4 hours per day were recruited. The participants were randomly assigned to either the study group (STU) or the control group (CON). All participants underwent aerodynamics analysis, pulmonary function, MEP, and completed a vocal symptoms questionnaire before and after STU was provided. The interventions in the STU were conducted 3 days per week and involved performing 25 expiratory exercises (five cycles, each comprising five breaths) for 5 weeks. The CON did not receive any intervention.
Results
The voiceless /S/ expiratory time, symptom questionnaire scores, and MEP were greater in the STU than in the CON (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference in the results of the pulmonary function was observed between the groups. The STU exhibited a greater percentage change in maximal voiced /Z/ phonation and voiceless /S/ expiratory compared with the CON (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The participants’ voiceless /S/ expiratory time, symptom questionnaire scores, and MEP significantly improved after the intervention. Future studies can increase the number of participants, increase the number of study groups, and examine the effectiveness of long-term treatment.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Vibrato Rate and Extent in College Music Majors: A Multicenter Study
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John Nix
, Nicholas Perna
, Kimberly James
, Sheila Allen
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 9, 2015; Published Online: November 10, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUC1V
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives
To examine differences in vibrato rate and extent according to vowel, production type, gender, voice type, and vocal training.
Study design
Cross-sectional.
Methods
Four collegiate voice teachers used a common protocol to gather data on habitual, best classical, and nonvibrato singing production of five vowels in 78 male and female vocal majors. Subject age, gender, voice type, academic degree program, number of years of training, and most frequent singing style were compared with mean vibrato rate and mean peak-to-peak vibrato extent for each vowel and for each production condition.
Results
The high versus low and female versus male comparisons in this study support results found in the literature. Both vibrato rate and vibrato extent were reduced when the singers sang nonvibrato as compared with their habitual and best classical production.
Conclusions
The mechanisms for reducing vibrato rate and extent need further exploration.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Effects of Bel Canto Training on Acoustic and Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Singing Voice
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Monica A. McHenry
, Joseph Evans
, Eric Powitzky
Journal of Voice
Accepted: November 20, 2014; Published Online: November 07, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFZzF
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives
This study was designed to assess the impact of 2 years of operatic training on acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of the singing voice.
Study Design
This is a longitudinal study.
Methods
Participants were 21 graduate students and 16 undergraduate students. They completed a variety of tasks, including laryngeal videostroboscopy, audio recording of pitch range, and singing of syllable trains at full voice in chest, passaggio, and head registers. Inspiration, intraoral pressure, airflow, and sound pressure level (SPL) were captured during the syllable productions.
Results
Both graduate and undergraduate students significantly increased semitone range and SPL. The contributions to increased SPL were typically increased inspiration, increased airflow, and reduced laryngeal resistance, although there were individual differences. Two graduate students increased SPL without increased airflow and likely used supraglottal strategies to do so.
Conclusions
Students demonstrated improvements in both acoustic and aerodynamic components of singing. Increasing SPL primarily through respiratory drive is a healthy strategy and results from intensive training.
© 2014 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Efficacy of a Single Dose of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor: Clinical Observation for 1 Year
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Hirotaka Suzuki
, Kiyoshi Makiyama
, Ryoji Hirai
, Hiroumi Matsuzaki
, Toru Furusaka
, Takeshi Oshima
Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 29, 2015; Published Online: November 05, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUD66
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objective
Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes wound healing by accelerating healthy granulation and epithelialization. However, the duration of the effects of a single intracordal injection of basic fibroblast growth factor has not been established, and administration intervals and timing have yet to be standardized. Here, we administered a single injection to patients with insufficient glottic closure and conducted follow-up examinations with high-speed digital imaging to determine the duration of the treatment response.
Study Design
Case series.
Methods
For treatment, 20 µg/mL recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor was injected into two vocal cords. The following examinations were performed before the procedure and at 3-month intervals for 12 months starting at 1 month postinjection: Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain (GRBAS) scale assessment, maximum phonation time, acoustic analysis, high-speed digital imaging, glottal wave analysis, and kymographic analysis.
Results
Postinjection, the GRBAS scale score decreased, and the maximum phonation time was prolonged. In addition, the mean minimum glottal area and mean minimum glottal distance decreased. These changes were significant at 12 months postinjection compared with preinjection. However, there were no significant changes in the vibrations of the vocal cord margins.
Conclusions
The intracordal injection of basic fibroblast growth factor improved insufficient glottic closure without reducing the vibrations of the vocal cord margins. This effect remained evident at 12 months postinjection. A single injection can be expected to yield a sufficient and persistent long-term effect.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Occurrence Frequencies of Acoustic Patterns of Vocal Fry in American English Speakers
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Nassima B. Abdelli-Beruh
, Thomas Drugman
, R.H. Red Owl
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 22, 2015; Published Online: November 04, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYLP
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objective
The goal of this study was to analyze the occurrence frequencies of three individual acoustic patterns (A, B, C) and of vocal fry overall (A + B + C) as a function of gender, word position in the sentence (Not Last Word vs. Last Word), and sentence length (number of words in a sentence).
Study Design
This is an experimental design.
Methods
Twenty-five male and 29 female American English (AE) speakers read the Grandfather Passage. The recordings were processed by a Matlab toolbox designed for the analysis and detection of creaky segments, automatically identified using the Kane-Drugman algorithm. The experiment produced subsamples of outcomes, three that reflect a single, discrete acoustic pattern (A, B, or C) and the fourth that reflects the occurrence frequency counts of Vocal Fry Overall without regard to any specific pattern. Zero-truncated Poisson regression analyses were conducted with Gender and Word Position as predictors and Sentence Length as a covariate.
Results
The results of the present study showed that the occurrence frequencies of the three acoustic patterns and vocal fry overall (A + B + C) are greatest at the end of sentences but are unaffected by sentence length. The findings also reveal that AE female speakers exhibit Pattern C significantly more frequently than Pattern B, and the converse holds for AE male speakers.
Conclusions
Future studies are needed to confirm such outcomes, assess the perceptual salience of these acoustic patterns, and determine the physiological correlates of these acoustic patterns. The findings have implications for the design of new excitation models of vocal fry.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Voice Disorders: Etiology and Diagnosis
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Regina Helena Garcia Martins
, Henrique Abrantes do Amaral
, Elaine Lara Mendes Tavares
, Maira Garcia Martins
, Tatiana Maria Gonçalves
, Norimar Hernandes Dias
Journal of Voice
Accepted: September 29, 2015; Published Online: November 04, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1QBUC1Z
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives
Voice disorders affect adults and children and have different causes in different age groups. The aim of the study is to present the etiology and diagnosis dysphonia in a large population of patients with this voice disorder.for dysphonia of a large population of dysphonic patients.
Methods
We evaluated 2019 patients with dysphonia who attended the Voice Disease ambulatories of a university hospital. Parameters assessed were age, gender, profession, associated symptoms, smoking, and videolaryngoscopy diagnoses.
Results
Of the 2019 patients with dysphonia who were included in this study, 786 were male (38.93%) and 1233 were female (61.07). The age groups were as follows: 1–6 years (n = 100); 7–12 years (n = 187); 13–18 years (n = 92); 19–39 years (n = 494); 41–60 years (n = 811); and >60 years (n = 335). Symptoms associated with dysphonia were vocal overuse (n = 677), gastroesophageal symptoms (n = 535), and nasosinusal symptoms (n = 497). The predominant professions of the patients were domestic workers, students, and teachers. Smoking was reported by 13.6% patients. With regard to the etiology of dysphonia, in children (1–18 years old), nodules (n = 225; 59.3%), cysts (n = 39; 10.3%), and acute laryngitis (n = 26; 6.8%) prevailed. In adults (19–60 years old), functional dysphonia (n = 268; 20.5%), acid laryngitis (n = 164; 12.5%), and vocal polyps (n = 156; 12%) predominated. In patients older than 60 years, presbyphonia (n = 89; 26.5%), functional dysphonia (n = 59; 17.6%), and Reinke’s edema (n = 48; 14%) predominated.
Conclusions
In this population of 2019 patients with dysphonia, adults and women were predominant. Dysphonia had different etiologies in the age groups studied. Nodules and cysts were predominant in children, functional dysphonia and reflux in adults, and presbyphonia and Reinke’s edema in the elderly.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Article in Press
Comparing Vocal Fold Contact Criteria Derived From Audio and Electroglottographic Signals
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Laura Enflo
, Christian T. Herbst
, Johan Sundberg
, Anita McAllister
Journal of Voice
Accepted: May 20, 2015; Published Online: November 03, 2015
DOI: http://ift.tt/1XiFYLR
Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
Summary
Objectives
Collision threshold pressure (CTP), that is, the lowest subglottal pressure facilitating vocal fold contact during phonation, is likely to reflect relevant vocal fold properties. The amplitude of an electroglottographic (EGG) signal or the amplitude of its first derivative (dEGG) has been used as criterion of such contact. Manual measurement of CTP is time consuming, making the development of a simpler, alternative method desirable.
Method
In this investigation, we compare CTP values measured manually to values automatically derived from dEGG and to values derived from a set of alternative parameters, some obtained from audio and some from EGG signals. One of the parameters was the novel EGG wavegram, which visualizes sequences of EGG or dEGG cycles, normalized with respect to period and amplitude. Raters with and without previous acquaintance with EGG analysis marked the disappearance of vocal fold contact in dEGG and in wavegram displays of /pa:/-sequences produced with continuously decreasing vocal loudness by seven singer subjects.
Results
Vocal fold contact was mostly identified accurately in displays of both dEGG amplitude and wavegram. Automatically derived CTP values showed high correlation with those measured manually and with those derived from the ratings of the visual displays. Seven other parameters were tested as criteria of such contact. Mainly, because of noise in the EGG signal, most of them yielded CTP values differing considerably from those derived from the manual and the automatic methods, although the EGG spectrum slope showed a high correlation.
Conclusion
The possibility of measuring CTP automatically seems promising for future investigations.
© 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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