(CNN Money/KRON) – How much should you have saved for retirement? There’s actually a simple answer to that. You’ll need to start with a bunch of basic assumptions, but all you really need to know is your income and your age.
Let’s take a look at hypothetical Joe, who is hired straight out of college. By the time he’s 25 years old, he’s making $40,000 a year. He should have $4,000 socked away in his retirement fund, if he wants to retire at age 65.
In your 20s
In your 30s
Joe finds a new job and at age 35 is now making $55,000 a year. At this point he should have $82,500 saved for retirement.
How to get there: Check in on your portfolio to make sure you’re taking on enough risk to grow your investments. If retirement is 30 years away, you should have about 80% of your assets in the stock market.
When you switch jobs, you must decide what to do with your 401(k) from your old company. To avoid a 10% penalty for cashing out early, think about moving the funds into your new company’s 401(k) or a rollover IRA, or leaving the money where it is.
Joe is promoted to a manager level position by age 45. He’s now bringing home $65,000 a year and should have $240,500 in his nest egg.
How to get there: You can only contribute $18,000 to your 401(k) each year. For extra savings, think about opening an IRA as another place to sock away pre-tax money for retirement. If you have a Roth IRA, you’re taxed now but every penny will go straight to your pocket when you take it out in retirement.
In your 40s
Joe gets a raise and at 55 he’s earning $75,000 a year. By now, he should have $532,500 saved.
How to get there: Start playing catch up. After age 50, you can start contributing more each year to your retirement savings accounts (the cap is lifted). Now you can put an additional $6,000 into your 401(k) — for a total of $24,000 — and an additional $1,000 in your IRA accounts — for a total “catch-up” contribution of $6,500.
This is also a good time to start shifting some of your retirement savings from stocks into less risky assets. At 10 years away from retirement, you should only keep about 70% of your assets in stocks.
In your 50s
Contributing part of your salary to a 401(k) gives you three compelling benefits:
1. You get an immediate tax break, because contributions come out of your paycheck before taxes are withheld.
2. The possibility of a matching contribution from your employer — most commonly 50 cents on the dollar for the first 6% you save.
3. You get tax-deferred growth — meaning you don’t pay taxes each year on capital gains, dividends, and other distributions.
Drawbacks:
For all its tax advantages, the 401(k) is not a penalty-free ride. Pull out money from your account before age 59-1/2, and with few exceptions, you’ll owe income taxes on the amount withdrawn plus an additional 10% penalty.
Also, be aware of your plan’s vesting schedule — the time you’re required to be at the company before you’re allowed to walk away with 100% of your employer matches. Of course, any money you contribute to a 401(k) is yours.
Contributions:
The federal limit on annual contributions has been increasing gradually, and is $18,000 for the 2015 tax year. If you’re 50 or older, you may contribute an additional $6,000.
Keep in mind, however, that while federal law sets the guidelines for what’s permissible in 401(k) plans, your employer may set tighter restrictions.
What’s more, there are other federal non-discrimination tests a 401(k) plan must meet, one of which applies to “highly compensated” employees. So if you make more than $120,000 a year in 2015, you may not be permitted to contribute as high a percentage of your salary as some of your lower paid colleagues.
So how much should you put away? First you need to consider how much you’ll need and how many years you have until retirement. Typically, financial planners recommend you save at least 10% of your income if possible. If you can’t afford to sock away 10%, contribute at least enough to get the full employer match.
Investments:
For starters, figure out what your mix of stocks, bonds, and cash — or asset allocation — should be. There are two key factors to consider when picking your asset allocation: your risk tolerance and how many years you have left before retirement.
But not all 401(k)s are created equal. Some are better than others, particularly when it comes to the breadth of investment choices. There are four things to look for in picking a good fund:
Better-than-average returns: A fund, if it’s worth your while, should have performed in the top half, and ideally the top 25%, of its peer group over a three-, five-, and 10-year time span.
Low price: A fund’s expense ratio — what you are charged annually and what will lower your overall return — should not exceed the average among the fund’s peers.
Solid management: If you’re opting for an actively managed fund (as opposed to an index fund), the manager should have a solid track record of experience.
Reasonable size: Sometimes when a fund becomes too popular, its asset base — the dollars invested in the fund — gets bloated. That means the manager can’t move in and out of a stock too quickly without moving the market.
In picking the right funds for your portfolio, make sure you diversify your investments. That means don’t over-invest in any one sector such as technology or in any one investment style such as growth stocks or value stocks.
It also means you don’t want to invest in funds that share many of the same top 10 holdings. You don’t want to overload on your employer’s stock either.