Meredith Hughes
The below is reproduced from the January 2014 Status: A report on Women in Astronomy. The 2013 CSWA Demographics Survey, by A. Meredith Hughes, Wesleyan University.
As we consider how best to promote the full participation of women in astronomy, it is important to use quantitative methods to monitor progress and identify problems. Accordingly, collecting demographic data is central to the mission of the AAS Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy (CSWA). For the past 15 years, CSWA has built upon demographic data collection efforts spearheaded by a group of astronomers at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in 1992. The initial STScI survey was the first to investigate astronomy independent of physics. The CSWA's 1999 and 2004 surveys maintained a consistent methodology, and a large body of longitudinal data has resulted. To this day, the STScI/CSWA data set is unique in including not only PhD-granting astronomy departments, but also the astronomy portions of some of the large combined physics and astronomy departments (e.g., Johns Hopkins, MIT, Stony Brook) and a sampling of non-academic institutions where many PhD astronomers are employed (e.g., NRAO, NOAO, and SAO). It also differs from AAS demographics surveys in that it does not depend on membership in the AAS, which can vary substantially by academic level and institution. The results of previous surveys are presented in the proceedings of the Conference on Women in Astronomy (1992) [1] and in past issues of Status (Urry 2000 [2], Hoffman & Urry 2004 [3]).
The current survey marks a decade since the last data collection effort and two decades since the initiation of the STScI demographics survey. With a rich, 20-year-long data set – and nearly 100% participation from the institutions surveyed – we are now able to provide an overview of how the representation of women in astronomy has evolved over the last generation. We obtained the data and contact information for previous surveys from Karen Kwitter, and much of the data collection and initial analysis was conducted with the help of volunteers from the community: Julia Kamenetzky, Brian Morsony, Karly Pitman, Stephanie LaMassa, and Johanna Teske. Surveys were initially sent to department chairs in December 2012, requesting that chairs report the demographics of their department as of January 1, 2013.
Survey Design and Sample Selection
Sample Selection: To maintain consistency with the longitudinal data, we surveyed the same list of 32 universities and four national research centers as previous data collection efforts. The 2013 survey also included three new research institutes and eight new universities, to increase the sample size and correct oversights in the initial choice of institutions. (For example, the Universities of Hawaii, Michigan, and Florida and a number of other prominent institutions are not included in the historical data). The new institutions were chosen partly to include the institutions for which CSWA has been tracking the fraction of tenured women [4] and partly to complete the list of institutions that offer a PhD in astronomy. Table 1S (supplemental on-line material) [5] lists the institutions surveyed and the years for which we have data. In the analysis described below, the new institutions are included in the 2013 snapshot data, to provide a better representation of the field as a whole, while the longitudinal analysis includes only the institutions that participated in all the surveys.
Survey Design: The survey is very simple. Department chairs or administrators are asked to tally the number of men, women, and non-gender-binary astronomers at each level in their department, including graduate students, postdocs, assistant professors, associate professors, and full professors (with an option for “research equivalent” for the latter three categories). In combined physics and astronomy departments, the chair or administrator who completes the survey is asked to include numbers for astronomy personnel only. The decision about whom to include as astronomy personnel was made by individual department chairs, occasionally in consultation with CSWA members.
The 2013 survey included a few new questions: for the first time, we asked about the tenure status of faculty, the number of faculty with current administrative appointments, and the number of full-time and part-time adjunct faculty. The specific wording of the questions is given in Table 2S [6]. Several of the non-academic institutions pointed out to us that their staff hierarchy does not fit neatly into the categories provided by the survey (assistant, associate, full professor). The 2013 categories were constrained to be identical to the previous surveys, in order to maintain consistency in the longitudinal results, but upon request we consulted with staff at the non-academic institutions about how best to align their staff hierarchy with the categories in the table.
Astronomers: 2013 Snapshot and Changes over Time
Figure 1 shows the fractional representation of women at all levels as of January 1, 2013 (including administrators and adjuncts). The raw numbers of men and women at each level are also indicated. The fraction of women decreases monotonically with seniority in the field, as expected due to the historic underrepresentation of women in the physical sciences. The exception is the adjunct faculty level, which does not fit neatly into the academic hierarchy and appears to be more male-dominated than expected for astronomers at similar career stages. The representation of women in administrative appointments is commensurate with their broader representation at the full professor level.
Figures 2 and 3 are snapshots of how women (Fig. 2) and men (Fig. 3) are distributed across seniority levels in each of the four surveys. It is immediately clear that women are still on average far more junior compared to their male counterparts: roughly three quarters of women are junior (i.e., at the graduate or postdoctoral level) while men are more evenly split between junior and senior (typically tenure-track) ranks.
Since most astronomers are still men, Fig. 3 better reflects broader demographic trends in the field as a whole. Several general trends are apparent: in the past decade, the field has been skewing younger as the number of faculty jobs decreases and the number of graduate students increases. The assistant professor level has been particularly squeezed in the 2013 survey, with now roughly half as many positions as at the turn of the century. The more stable numbers for women in Fig. 2 reflect the fact that, even as women have increased their fractional representation at each level, the raw number of positions available has decreased, resulting in only modest (if any) numerical gains at the faculty level over the past ten years.
Table 1 provides the percentage of female astronomers by rank in each of the four surveys. The fraction of women at each stage has been steadily increasing over the past 20 years. A particularly substantial increase has occurred at the assistant professor level: the fractional representation of women increased by 50% in the past 10 years, rising from 17 to 26 percent. The fact that the assistant professor level now approaches (and is in fact statistically indistinguishable from) the 30% mark is notable in part because data collected by the Astro2010 DEM study group shows that for almost 20 years, approximately 30% of the prize postdoctoral fellowships in astronomy have gone to women (Schmelz et al. 2010) [7]. The fraction of female assistant professors now seems to be approaching the fraction of female prize postdocs, a healthy sign that the transition from postdoc to faculty position is now approaching gender equality. To pursue this hypothesis, we turn to a survival analysis of men and women over each of the two decades sampled by this series of surveys.
Rank
% Women '92
% Women '99
% Women '03
% Women '13
Grad student
22
26
30
34
Postdoc
17
20
22
28
Assistant Prof (Total/faculty/research)
17/--/--
18/--/--
20/20/10
26/27/25
Associate Prof (Total/faculty/research)
10/--/--
14/--/--
21/21/19
19/21/18
Full Prof (Total/faculty/research)
5/--/--
7/--/--
9/9/9
14/16/11
Table 1: Percentage of US astronomers who are women, by rank. "Professor" positions are broken down into three categories: total (all data combined), faculty-track, and research equivalent.
Table 2 compares the fractional representation of women at the graduate and the assistant professor levels in two sets of snapshots each separated by ten years. These two levels provide a particularly robust comparison, since the duration of the two career stages are comparable (5-7 years on average), and the elapsed time difference between the average graduate student and the average assistant professor is approximately ten years. For example, to investigate the fractional advancement of men between stages, we compare the number of male graduate students in 1992 to the number of male assistant professors in 2003 and calculate the fraction that advanced between these career stages over the course of a decade. We then perform the same calculation for female graduate students in 1992 and female assistant professors in 2003 and compare the resulting percentage. If women are being promoted and retained at rates comparable to men, then the fraction that advances to the next career stage should be equal for the two groups. We compare the 1992-2003 decade to the 2003-2013 decade to look for changes in the fractional advancement of the two groups. We also make the comparison for postdoctoral and associate professor cohorts in the two decades. More caution should be applied in this comparison, since the duration and elapsed time between the two stages vary far more than for the graduate and assistant professor levels. However, while the absolute values of the fraction of each cohort that advances should be treated with caution, differences between men and women are likely to be robust.
1992 Grad Students
2003 Assistant Profs
% Advancement
# Men
602
182
(30±3)%
# Women
176
31
(18±3)%
% Women
(23±2)%
(15±3)%
1992 Postdocs
2003 Associate Profs
% Advancement
# Men
301
157
(52±5)%
# Women
63
39
(62±13)%
% Women
(17±2)%
(20±4)%
2003 Grad Students
2013 Assistant Profs
% Advancement
# Men
549
106
(19±2)%
# Women
235
37
(16±3)%
% Women
(30±2)%
(26±4)%
2003 Postdocs
2013 Associate Profs
% Advancement
# Men
473
194
(41±3)%
# Women
130
50
(38±6)%
% Women
(22±2)%
(20±3)%
Table 2: Survival analysis of men and women over the two decades of the surveys.
Perhaps the most encouraging result of the survey is that the gap in advancement for women at the graduate student to professor transition is closing. Between 1992 and 2003, (30±3)% of male graduate students advanced to the assistant professor level, while only (18±3)% of female graduate students did (errors are from Poisson counting statistics). In the most recent decade, by contrast, the difference narrowed to become statistically indistinguishable: (19±2)% of male graduate students advanced while (16±3)% of female graduate students did. Of course, the immediately striking trend is that the fractions have decreased for both genders over the past two decades: the job market is bad for everyone. The bottom line: while there is certainly no preference for hiring female assistant professors, the fraction of women that advances from the graduate to the assistant professor level has in the last ten years reached a rate that is statistically indistinguishable from that of their male peers.
One of the crucial transitions in the life cycle of an astronomer is from the (typically) pre-tenure assistant professor level to the (typically) tenured associate professor level. In Table 1 and Table 2, one of the most interesting trends is at the associate professor level. The fraction of female associate professors has not budged in the last 10 years: it has been (20±4)% since 2003. As Table 2 indicates, much of that low fraction can be explained by historically low rates of female postdocs: 17% among the 1992 postdoctoral cohort (and those female postdocs are the ones who filled the 2003 associate professor pipeline), and 20% in 2003 (and those are the postdocs that filled the current associate professor pipeline). Due to the small numbers of individuals involved, the percentage advancement from the postdoc level to the associate professor level over these 10- year timescales are the most uncertain numbers in our table, so it is difficult to determine whether the persistently low fraction of associate professors is due to lack of advancement, or simply lack of supply. But in the meantime, the fraction of women at the postdoctoral level has skyrocketed, providing adequate supply to substantially boost the number of associate professors in the next decade. These data predict that, by 2023, women should make up nearly 30% of the associate professoriate. Future surveys should monitor this trend to decide whether women are leaking from the pipeline at the crucial pre-tenure to tenure transition.
Institutions
In addition to trends across the field as a whole, the survey data allow us to investigate similarities and differences between institutions. Figure 4 plots the fraction of female faculty (on the left) and students and postdocs (on the right) as a function of each individual university’s 2010 National Research Council (NRC) ranking. The methodology of assigning NRC rankings changed substantially in 2010, making it difficult to compare institutions’ rankings over the two decades of the survey; furthermore, because the NRC now ranks according to several different sets of criteria, there is no single number to compare with each institution’s demographic data. For simplicity, we therefore chose to average the high and low range of each institution’s 2010 R- Rank (based on research productivity metrics) to gauge its preeminence in astronomy research.
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