2014-09-18

‎Causes by Organ System

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West Nile fever infection can present with a variety of manifestation according to the severity of the diseases. West Nile fever infection has three different clinical presentations in humans.

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==Causes==



* [[Asymptomatic]] infection

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===Common Causes===



* Mild [[febrile]] syndrome termed West Nile Fever
(
febrile stage has an [[incubation period]]
of
3-8 days
)
. All symptoms are resolved within 7-10 days, although fatigue can last for some weeks and lymphadenopathy can take up to two months to resolve.<ref>Olejnik E. "Infectious adenitis transmitted by ''Culex molestus''." ''Bull. Res. Counc. Isr.'' 1952; 2:

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Rheumatic heart disease
(
majority
of
the cases
)



210-211.</ref>

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Carcinoid heart disease



* Neuroinvasive disease termed West Nile [[meningitis]] or [[encephalitis]].<ref>Smithburn K C, Jacobs H R. "Neutralization-tests against neurotropic viruses with sera collected in central Africa." ''Journal of Immunology'' 1942; 44: 923.</ref>

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Congenital



In infected individuals the ratio between the three states is roughly 110:30:1.<ref>Tsai T F, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell G L, Nedelcu N I. "West Nile encephalitis epidemic in south eastern Romania." ''Lancet'' 1998; 352: 767-771</ref>

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===Causes by Organ System===



It is estimated that approximately
1
in 150 persons infected with the West Nile virus will develop a more severe form of
disease
. Serious illness can occur in people of any age
,
however people over the age of 50 and some immunocompromised persons (for example
,
transplant patients) are at the highest risk for getting severely ill when infected with WNV. The incubation period is usually 3 to 14 days.

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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="
1
"

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|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''

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|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Congenital heart
disease
]]
,
[[infective endocarditis]]
,
[[rheumatic heart disease]]

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|-

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|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Dental'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Dermatologic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Drug Side Effect'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Methysergide]]

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Ear Nose Throat'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Endocrine'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid syndrome]]

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Environmental'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Gastroenterologic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Genetic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Hematologic'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Iatrogenic'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pacemaker|Pacemaker infection]]

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Infectious Disease'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infective endocarditis]]

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Neurologic'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fabry disease]], [[Whipple's disease]]

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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| '''Oncologic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac tumor]]

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Ophthalmologic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

+

|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

+

|-

+

|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Psychiatric'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

+

|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Pulmonary'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

+

|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''

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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]

+

|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

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| '''Sexual'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

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|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Trauma'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

+

|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Urologic'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes

+

|-

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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"

+

| '''Miscellaneous'''

+

|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyst|Giant blood cyst]]

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|-

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|}



*
Deep tendon reflexes are hyperactive at first, later diminished. There are also
[[
extrapyramidal disorder
]]
s. Recovery is marked by a long convalescence with fatigue. More recent outbreaks have resulted in a deeper study of the
disease
and other, rarer, outcomes have been identified.The spinal cord may be infected, marked by
[[
anterior myelitis
]]
with or without encephalitis.<ref>Sejvar J J, Haddad M B, Tierney B C, Campbell G L, Marfin A A, VanGerpen J A, Fleischauer A, Leis A A, Stokic D S, Petersen L R. "Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection." ''JAMA'' 2003; 290: 511-515.</ref> WNV-associated
[[
Guillain-Barré syndrome
]]
has been identified<ref>Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmed F, Einberg K. "Guillain-Barre syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection." ''Neurology'' 2000; 55: 144-146.</ref>

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===Causes by Alphabetical Order===



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* [[
Carcinoid syndrome
]]



====West Nile Meningoencephalitis====

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* [[Cardiac tumor]]



It is the most common form of severe disease presenting as behavioual changes like confusion, irritability, disorientation along with focal signs like tremor, ataxia , bulbar dysfunction, or focal weakness.

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* [[Congenital heart
disease
]]



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*
[[
Fabry disease
]]



====Acute Flaccid Paralysis====

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*
[[
Cyst|Giant blood cyst
]]



It usually occurs in the subclinical phase presenting as lower limb weakness  with flaccid tone, areflexia or hyporeflexia.

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* [[Infective endocarditis]]

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* [[Infective endocarditis]]

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* [[Methysergide]]

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* [[Pacemaker|Pacemaker infection]]

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* [[Rheumatic heart disease]]

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* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]

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* [[Whipple's disease]]

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