Causes by Organ System
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West Nile fever infection can present with a variety of manifestation according to the severity of the diseases. West Nile fever infection has three different clinical presentations in humans.
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==Causes==
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* [[Asymptomatic]] infection
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===Common Causes===
−
* Mild [[febrile]] syndrome termed West Nile Fever
(
febrile stage has an [[incubation period]]
of
3-8 days
)
. All symptoms are resolved within 7-10 days, although fatigue can last for some weeks and lymphadenopathy can take up to two months to resolve.<ref>Olejnik E. "Infectious adenitis transmitted by ''Culex molestus''." ''Bull. Res. Counc. Isr.'' 1952; 2:
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Rheumatic heart disease
(
majority
of
the cases
)
−
210-211.</ref>
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Carcinoid heart disease
−
* Neuroinvasive disease termed West Nile [[meningitis]] or [[encephalitis]].<ref>Smithburn K C, Jacobs H R. "Neutralization-tests against neurotropic viruses with sera collected in central Africa." ''Journal of Immunology'' 1942; 44: 923.</ref>
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Congenital
−
In infected individuals the ratio between the three states is roughly 110:30:1.<ref>Tsai T F, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell G L, Nedelcu N I. "West Nile encephalitis epidemic in south eastern Romania." ''Lancet'' 1998; 352: 767-771</ref>
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===Causes by Organ System===
−
It is estimated that approximately
1
in 150 persons infected with the West Nile virus will develop a more severe form of
disease
. Serious illness can occur in people of any age
,
however people over the age of 50 and some immunocompromised persons (for example
,
transplant patients) are at the highest risk for getting severely ill when infected with WNV. The incubation period is usually 3 to 14 days.
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="
1
"
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|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
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|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Congenital heart
disease
]]
,
[[infective endocarditis]]
,
[[rheumatic heart disease]]
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|-
+
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Dental'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Dermatologic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Methysergide]]
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Endocrine'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Environmental'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Gastroenterologic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Genetic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Hematologic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Iatrogenic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pacemaker|Pacemaker infection]]
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Infectious Disease'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infective endocarditis]]
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Neurologic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fabry disease]], [[Whipple's disease]]
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-
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| '''Oncologic'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac tumor]]
+
|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-
+
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Psychiatric'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Pulmonary'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Sexual'''
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|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Trauma'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Urologic'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+
|-
+
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+
| '''Miscellaneous'''
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyst|Giant blood cyst]]
+
|-
+
|}
−
*
Deep tendon reflexes are hyperactive at first, later diminished. There are also
[[
extrapyramidal disorder
]]
s. Recovery is marked by a long convalescence with fatigue. More recent outbreaks have resulted in a deeper study of the
disease
and other, rarer, outcomes have been identified.The spinal cord may be infected, marked by
[[
anterior myelitis
]]
with or without encephalitis.<ref>Sejvar J J, Haddad M B, Tierney B C, Campbell G L, Marfin A A, VanGerpen J A, Fleischauer A, Leis A A, Stokic D S, Petersen L R. "Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection." ''JAMA'' 2003; 290: 511-515.</ref> WNV-associated
[[
Guillain-Barré syndrome
]]
has been identified<ref>Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmed F, Einberg K. "Guillain-Barre syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection." ''Neurology'' 2000; 55: 144-146.</ref>
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===Causes by Alphabetical Order===
−
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* [[
Carcinoid syndrome
]]
−
====West Nile Meningoencephalitis====
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* [[Cardiac tumor]]
−
It is the most common form of severe disease presenting as behavioual changes like confusion, irritability, disorientation along with focal signs like tremor, ataxia , bulbar dysfunction, or focal weakness.
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* [[Congenital heart
disease
]]
−
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*
[[
Fabry disease
]]
−
====Acute Flaccid Paralysis====
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*
[[
Cyst|Giant blood cyst
]]
−
It usually occurs in the subclinical phase presenting as lower limb weakness with flaccid tone, areflexia or hyporeflexia.
+
* [[Infective endocarditis]]
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* [[Infective endocarditis]]
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* [[Methysergide]]
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* [[Pacemaker|Pacemaker infection]]
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* [[Rheumatic heart disease]]
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* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
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* [[Whipple's disease]]