Causes in Alphabetical Order
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==Overview==
==Overview==
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Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories, intrinsic diseases and abnormalities of the heart and diseases elsewhere in the body that can affect the heart. Most common causes of atrial flutter are [[coronary artery disease]], [[Hypertension|hypertensive heart disease]] and valve abnormalities of the heart.
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Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left
[[
atrium
]]
. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories, intrinsic diseases and abnormalities of the heart and diseases elsewhere in the body that can affect the heart. Most common causes of atrial flutter are [[coronary artery disease]], [[Hypertension|hypertensive heart disease]] and valve abnormalities of the heart.
==Causes==
==Causes==
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Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
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*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
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*[[
Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|
Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
−
*[[Myocardial
ischemia
]]
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*[[
ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|
Myocardial
infarction
]]
−
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
+
*[[
Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|
Pulmonary embolism]]
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
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* [[Acute coronary syndromes]]
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*[[Acute coronary syndromes]]
−
* [[
Congenital heart disease
]]
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*[[
Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Cardiomyopathy
]]
−
* [[
COPD
]]
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*[[
Congenital heart disease
]]
−
* [[Hypertension]]
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*[[Hypertension]]
−
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
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*[[
Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|
Hyperthyroidism]]
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* [[Mitral stenosis|Mitral valve disease]]<ref name="pmid23280242">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ |title=Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease |journal=Congenit Heart Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23280242 |doi=10.1111/chd.12031 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="Granada-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Granada | first1 = J. | last2 = Uribe | first2 = W. | last3 = Chyou | first3 = PH. | last4 = Maassen | first4 = K. | last5 = Vierkant | first5 = R. | last6 = Smith | first6 = PN. | last7 = Hayes | first7 = J. | last8 = Eaker | first8 = E. | last9 = Vidaillet | first9 = H. | title = Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | pages = 2242-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127467 }}</ref>
+
*[[Mitral stenosis|Mitral valve disease]]<ref name="pmid23280242">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ |title=Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease |journal=Congenit Heart Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23280242 |doi=10.1111/chd.12031 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="Granada-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Granada | first1 = J. | last2 = Uribe | first2 = W. | last3 = Chyou | first3 = PH. | last4 = Maassen | first4 = K. | last5 = Vierkant | first5 = R. | last6 = Smith | first6 = PN. | last7 = Hayes | first7 = J. | last8 = Eaker | first8 = E. | last9 = Vidaillet | first9 = H. | title = Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | pages = 2242-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127467 }}</ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
−
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocardial ischemia]], [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[pericarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[
Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|
cardiomyopathy]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[
ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|
myocardial infarction]], [[myocardial ischemia]], [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[pericarditis]], [[
Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|
rheumatic fever]], [[
Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|
rheumatic heart disease]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
−
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[
Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|
Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
−
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[
Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|
Hyperthyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
−
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]], [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]]
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]], [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[
Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|
rheumatic fever]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
−
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[pneumonia]], [[pulmonary embolism]]
+
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[pneumonia]], [[
Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|
pulmonary embolism]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
−
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
+
|bgcolor="Beige"|
No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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*[[Cardiac surgery]]<ref name="pmid23279349">{{cite journal |author=Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T, ''et al.'' |title=Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry |journal=J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23279349 |doi=10.1111/jce.12059 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cardiac surgery]]<ref name="pmid23279349">{{cite journal |author=Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T, ''et al.'' |title=Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry |journal=J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23279349 |doi=10.1111/jce.12059 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]<ref name="Nevzorov-2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nevzorov | first1 = R. | last2 = Ben-Gal | first2 = T. | last3 = Strasberg | first3 = B. | last4 = Haim | first4 = M. | title = Atrial flutter in a post-transplant recipient. | journal = Isr Med Assoc J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 448-9 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = | PMID = 22953623 }}</ref>
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]<ref name="Nevzorov-2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nevzorov | first1 = R. | last2 = Ben-Gal | first2 = T. | last3 = Strasberg | first3 = B. | last4 = Haim | first4 = M. | title = Atrial flutter in a post-transplant recipient. | journal = Isr Med Assoc J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 448-9 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = | PMID = 22953623 }}</ref>
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*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
+
*[[
Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|
Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
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*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension]]
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*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
+
*[[
Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|
Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
−
*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|
juvenile
idiopathic arthritis]]
+
*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|
Juvenile
idiopathic arthritis]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
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*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
−
*[[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid14246092">{{cite journal| author=JULIAN DG, VALENTINE PA, MILLER GG| title=DISTURBANCES OF RATE, RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 100 CONSECUTIVE UNSELECTED PATIENTS WITH THE AID OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1964 | volume= 37 | issue= | pages= 915-27 | pmid=14246092 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14246092 }} </ref>
+
*[[
ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|
Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid14246092">{{cite journal| author=JULIAN DG, VALENTINE PA, MILLER GG| title=DISTURBANCES OF RATE, RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 100 CONSECUTIVE UNSELECTED PATIENTS WITH THE AID OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1964 | volume= 37 | issue= | pages= 915-27 | pmid=14246092 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14246092 }} </ref>
*[[Myocardial ischemia]]
*[[Myocardial ischemia]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
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*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
−
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
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*[[
Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|
Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]