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{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{lowercase|title=arXiv}}
{{Infobox Website
|name = arXiv
|logo =
|screenshot =
|caption =
|url = [http://arXiv.org/ arXiv.org]
|alexa = {{IncreaseNegative}} 11,380 ({{as of|2012|8|2|alt=August 2012}})
{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/arxiv.org |title= Arxiv.org Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2012-08-02 }}
|commercial = No
|type = Science
|language = English
|registration =
|owner = [[Cornell University Library]]
|author = [[Paul Ginsparg]]
|launch date = 1991
|current status = Online
|revenue =
|slogan =
}}
:''Not to be confused with the [[Internet Archive]].''
The '''arXiv''' (pronounced "[[archive]]", as if the "X" were the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] ''[[Chi (letter)|Chi]]'', χ) is an archive for electronic [[preprint]]s of [[scientific paper]]s in the fields of [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[computer science]], quantitative [[biology]], statistics, and quantitative finance which can be accessed online. In many fields of mathematics and physics, almost all scientific papers are [[self-archiving|self-archived]] on the arXiv. On October 3, 2008, arXiv.org passed the half-million article milestone.
[http://news.library.cornell.edu/content/online-scientific-repository-hits-milestone Online Scientific Repository Hits Milestone – With 500,000 Articles, arXiv Established as Vital Library Resource]
The preprint archive turned 20 years old on August 14, 2011.
{{cite arXiv |last=Ginsparg |first=Paul |eprint=1108.2700 |title=It was twenty years ago today .. |class= cs.DL|year=2011 |version= }}
By 2012 the submission rate has grown to more than 7000 per month.
[http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions arXiv monthly submission rate statistics]
== History ==
The arXiv was originally developed by [[Paul Ginsparg]], in part to supersede a multinational email
distribution list for preprints that had been operated manually by Joanne Cohn for about two years. It started in August 1991 as a [[Repository (publishing)|repository]] for preprints in physics and later expanded to include astronomy, mathematics, computer science, [[nonlinear]] science, quantitative [[biology]] and, most recently, statistics.
Paul Ginsparg [http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/35983 "The global-village pioneers"] ''[[Physics World]]'' October 1, 2008
It soon became obvious that there was a demand for long term preservation of preprints. The term [[e-print]] was adopted to describe the articles. Ginsparg was awarded a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] in 2002 for his establishment of arXiv.
It was originally [[web hosting service|hosted]] at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and called the '''LANL preprint archive'''. Its original domain name was xxx.lanl.gov. It is now hosted and operated by [[Cornell University]],
{{cite journal
| last = Butler | first = Declan
| title = Los Alamos Loses Physics Archive as Preprint Pioneer Heads East
| journal = Nature
| date = 5 July 2001
| pages = 3–4
| volume = 412 | issue = 6842
| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/ginsparg.html
| doi = 10.1038/35083708
| pmid = 11452262
}}
with 14 [[mirror (computing)|mirrors]] around the world.
{{cite web|title=Mirror sites and other servers|url=http://arxiv.org/servers.html|publisher=arXiv|accessdate=2011-09-02| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110725024219/http://arxiv.org/servers.html| archivedate= July 25 2011
| deadurl= no}}
It changed its name and address to arXiv.org in 1999 for greater flexibility.
Its existence was one of the precipitating factors that led to the current movement in [[scientific publishing]] known as [[open access (publishing)|open access]]. [[Mathematician]]s and scientists regularly upload their papers to arXiv.org for worldwide access and sometimes for reviews before they are published in [[peer review|peer-review]]ed [[academic journal|journal]]s.
The operation of arXiv is currently funded by Cornell University Library. In 2010, Cornell has sought to broaden the financial funding of the project by asking institutions to make annual voluntary contributions based on the amount of downloading utilization by each institution. Annual donations will vary in size between $2,300 to $4,000, based on each institution’s usage. {{As of|2010|02|16}}, 27 institutions have pledged support on this basis.
{{cite news|url=http://www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/02182010/cornell-seeks-sustainable-arxiv-support|work=American Libraries|title=Cornell Seeks Sustainable arXiv Support|first=Greg |last=Landgraf|date=17 February 2010|accessdate=2010-03-03}}
The annual budget for arXiv is $400,000 for 2010.
{{cite web |url=http://arxiv.org/help/support |title=arXiv Support |accessdate=August 31, 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110718130524/http://arxiv.org/help/support| archivedate= July 18 2011
| deadurl= no}}
It has been announced that, beginning in September 2011, Cornell will completely take responsibility for the operation of the project, without the further participation of Ginsparg, who is quoted in the ''[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' as saying it "was supposed to be a three-hour tour, not a life sentence".
{{cite news | url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/the-first-free-research-sharing-site-arxiv-turns-20/32778?sid=wc&utm_source=wc&utm_medium=en | title=The First Free Research-Sharing Site, arXiv, Turns 20 With an Uncertain Future | work=Chronicle of Higher Education | date=August 10, 2011 | accessdate=August 12, 2011 | author=Fischman, Joah}}
== Peer review ==
Although the arXiv is not [[peer review]]ed, a collection of moderators for each area review the [[Electronic submission|submissions]] and may recategorize any that are deemed off-topic. The lists of moderators for many sections of the arXiv are publicly available
[http://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses Computing Research Repository Subject Areas and Moderators]; [http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/categories/math Mathematics categories];
[http://arxiv.org/new/stat.html Statistics archive]; [http://arxiv.org/new/q-bio.html Quantitative Biology archive]; [http://arxiv.org/new/physics.html Physics archive]
but moderators for most of the physics sections remain unlisted.
Additionally, an "endorsement" system was introduced in January 2004 as part of an effort to ensure content that is relevant and of interest to current research in the specified disciplines. The new system has attracted its own share of criticism for allegedly restricting inquiry. Under the system, an author must first get endorsed. Endorsement comes from either another arXiv author who is an ''endorser'' or is automatic, depending on various evolving criteria, which are not publicly spelled out. Endorsers are not asked to review the paper for errors, but to check if the paper is appropriate for the intended subject area. New authors from recognized academic institutions generally receive automatic endorsement, which in practice means that they do not need to deal with the endorsement system at all.
A majority of the [[e-print]]s are also submitted to [[scientific journal|journal]]s for publication, but some work, including some very influential papers, remain purely as e-prints and are never published in a peer-reviewed journal. A well-known example of the latter is an outline of a proof of [[Thurston's geometrization conjecture]], including the [[Poincaré conjecture]] as a particular case, uploaded by [[Grigori Perelman]] in November 2002. Perelman appears content to forgo the traditional peer-reviewed journal process, stating "If anybody is interested in my way of solving the problem, it's all there [on the arXiv] – let them go and read about it."
Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst, [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/maths-genius-living-in-poverty/2006/08/20/1156012411120.html "Maths genius living in poverty"], Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006
While the arXiv does contain some dubious e-prints, such as those claiming to refute famous theorems or proving famous conjectures such as [[Fermat's last theorem]] using only high-school mathematics, they are "surprisingly rare".
{{cite journal
| last = Jackson | first = Allyn
| title = From Preprints to E-prints: The Rise of Electronic Preprint Servers in Mathematics
| journal = Notices of the American Mathematical Society
| volume = 49
| issue = 1
| year = 2002
| pages = 23–32
| url = http://www.ams.org/notices/200201/fea-preprints.pdf
| format = PDF
}}
The arXiv generally re-classifies these works, e.g. in "General mathematics", rather than deleting them.
[http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/ifaq#7.1 Front: (In)frequently asked questions
]
== Criticism ==
The arXiv has been criticized for [[blacklist|blacklisting]] by some researchers leading to the creation of an alternative electronic preprint archive named [[viXra]]. [[Paul Ginsparg]] has denied the existence of a blacklist and has argued that arXiv's filtering system seeks to accommodate the interests of people within the research community rather than outsiders.
{{citation|title=Fledgling site challenges arXiv server|publisher=[[Physics World]]|date=Jul 15, 2009|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/39845}}.
== Submission formats ==
Papers can be submitted in any of several formats, including [[LaTeX]], and [[PDF]] printed from a [[word processor]] other than [[TeX]] or LaTeX. The [[Electronic submission|submission]] is rejected by the arXiv software if generating the final PDF file fails, if any image file is too large, or if the total size of the submission is too large. arXiv now allows one to store and modify an incomplete submission, and only finalize the submission when ready. The time stamp on the article is set when the submission is finalized.
== Access ==
The standard access route is through the arXiv.org website or one of several mirrors. Several other interfaces and access routes have also been created by other un-associated organisations. These include the [[University of California, Davis]]'s ''front'', a [[web portal]] that offers additional search functions and a more self-explanatory interface for arXiv.org, and is referred to by some mathematicians as (the) Front.
[http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/ Front for the arXiv
]
A similar function is offered by eprintweb.org, launched in September 2006 by the [[Institute of Physics]]. [[Google Scholar]] and [[Windows Live Academic]] can also be used to search for items in arXiv.
[http://eprintweb.org eprintweb]
Finally, researchers can select sub-fields and receive daily e-mailings or [[RSS feed]]s of all [[Electronic submission|submissions]] in them.
==Copyright==
Files on arXiv can have a number of different copyright statuses:
[http://arxiv.org/help/license arXiv License Information]
#Some are [[public domain]], in which case they will have a statement saying so.
#Some are available under either the [[Creative Commons]] 3.0 [[Creative Commons licenses|Attribution-Share alike license]] or the Creative Commons 3.0 [[Creative Commons licenses|Attribution-non-commercial-Share Alike license]].
#Some are copyright to the publisher, but the author has the right to distribute them and has given arXiv a non-exclusive irrevocable license to distribute them.
#Most are copyright to the author, and arXiv has only a non-exclusive irrevocable license to distribute them.
==See also==
* [[List of academic databases and search engines]]
* [[List of academic journals by preprint policy]]
* [[Public Library of Science]]
* [[BioMed Central]]
* [[Open access (publishing)]]
* [[viXra]]
* [[Science 2.0]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
{{more footnotes|date=December 2010}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Butler | first = Declan
| year = 2003
| title = Biologists Join Physics Preprint Club
| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6958/full/425548b.html
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 425 | issue = 6958 | pages = 548
| doi = 10.1038/425548b
| pmid = 14534551
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Choi | first = Charles Q.
| year = 2003
| title = Biology's New Online Archive
| journal = [[The Scientist]]
| url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20030930/03/
| bibcode=
| pmid=
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Giles | first = Jim
| year = 2003
| title = Preprint Server Seeks Way to Halt Plagiarists
| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v426/n6962/full/426007a.html
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 426 | issue = 6962 | pages = 7
| pmid = 14603280
| doi = 10.1038/426007a
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Ginsparg | first = Paul
| year = 1997
| title = Winners and Losers in the Global Research Village
| url = http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg96unesco.html
| journal = The Serials Librarian
| volume = 30 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 83–95
| doi = 10.1300/J123v30n03_13
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Halpern | first = Joseph Y.
| year = 1998
| title = A Computing Research Repository
| url = http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november98/11halpern.html
| journal = [[D-Lib Magazine]]
| volume = 4 | issue = 11 | doi = 10.1045/november98-halpern
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Halpern | first = Joseph Y.
| year = 2000
| title = CoRR: A Computing Research Repository
| journal = [[Journal of Computer Documentation]]
| volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 41–48
| arxiv = cs.DL/0005003
| bibcode =
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Luce | first = Richard E.
| year = 2001
| title = E-Prints Intersect the Digital Library: Inside the Los Alamos arXiv
| url = http://www.istl.org/01-winter/article3.html
| journal = Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship
| issue = 29 | arxiv =
| bibcode =
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = McKiernan | first = Gerry
| year = 2000
| title = arXiv.org: The Los Alamos National Laboratory E-Print Server
| url = http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/arXiv.org.pdf
| journal = [[The International Journal on Grey Literature]]
| volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 127–138
| arxiv =
| bibcode =
| doi = 10.1108/14666180010345564
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Pinfield | first = Stephen
| year = 2001
| title = How Do Physicists Use an E-Print Archive? Implications for Institutional E-Print Services
| journal = [[D-Lib Magazine]]
| volume = 7 | issue = 12 | arxiv =
| bibcode =
| doi = 10.1045/december2001-pinfield
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Quigley | first = Brian
| year = 2000
| title = Physics Databases and the Los Alamos e-Print Archive
| url = http://www.allbusiness.com/technology/internet-search-engines/1149636-1.html
| journal = [[EContent]]
| volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 22–26
| arxiv =
| bibcode =
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Taubes | first = Gary
| year = 1993
| title = Publication by Electronic Mail Takes Physics by Storm
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
| volume = 259 | issue = 5099 | pages = 1246–1248
| bibcode = 1993Sci...259.1246T
| doi = 10.1126/science.259.5099.1246
| pmid = 17732237
}}
* {{cite arxiv
| last = Warner | first = Simeon
| year = 2001
| title = Open Archives Initiative Protocol Development and Implementation at arXiv
| class= cs
| eprint = cs/0101027
}}
* {{cite journal
| year = 2004
| title = What Is q-bio?
| url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/openaccess/www/?issue=19
| journal = [[Open Access Now]]
| arxiv =
| bibcode =
| pmid =
}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
* {{official website|http://arXiv.org}}
*{{cite news |first=James |last=Glanz |title=The World of Science Becomes a Global Village; Archive Opens a New Realm of Research |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E7D71F39F932A35756C0A9679C8B63 |work=New York Times |date=May 1, 2001 }}
* [http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg01unesco.html 'Creating a global knowledge network']: a talk by Paul Ginsparg
* [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm Open Access Overview] by [[Peter Suber]]
* [http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/tragic.loss.txt Tragic loss or good riddance? The impending demise of traditional scholarly journals] by [[Andrew Odlyzko]]
* [http://front.math.ucdavis.edu Front: a portal to mathematics on arXiv.org through UC Davis]
*[http://xstructure.inr.ac.ru Arxiv structure : Tool to view Arxiv articles in a structured way]
* [http://eprintweb.org/ eprintweb.org] Web front for Arxiv
* [http://www.physorg.com/news142785151.html arXiv online scientific repository hits milestone]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arxiv}}
[[Category:EPrint archives]]
[[Category:Open access archives]]
[[Category:Discipline-oriented digital libraries]]
[[Category:Open science]]
[[Category:Physics websites]]
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