2013-12-19

THE GOD DELUSION

Published on Jun 16, 2012


The Root of All Evil?, later retitled The God Delusion, is a television documentary written and presented by Richard Dawkins in which he argues that humanity would be better off without religion or belief in God.

The documentary was first broadcast in January 2006, in the form of two 45-minute episodes (excluding advertisement breaks), on Channel 4 in the UK.

Dawkins has said that the title The Root of All Evil? was not his preferred choice, but that Channel 4 had insisted on it to create controversy. The sole concession from the producers on the title was the addition of the question mark. Dawkins has stated that the notion of anything being the root of all evil is ridiculous. Dawkins’ book The God Delusion, released in September 2006, goes on to examine the topics raised in the documentary in greater detail. The documentary was rebroadcast on the More4 channel on the 25th August 2010 under the title of The God Delusion. (Wikipedia)

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Enemies Of Reason

Published on Jun 20, 2012

http://www.facebook.com/ScientificUnity

The Enemies of Reason is a two-part television documentary, written and presented by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, in which he seeks to expose “those areas of belief that exist without scientific proof, yet manage to hold the nation under their spell”, including mediumship, acupuncture and psychokinesis.

The documentary was first broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK, styled as a loose successor to Dawkins’ documentary of the previous year, The Root of All Evil?, as seen through the incorporation of brief clips from said documentary during the introduction of the first part by Dawkins. The first part aired 13 August 2007 and the second on 20 August 2007.

It includes interviews with Steve Fuller, Deepak Chopra, Satish Kumar, and Derren Brown.

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All Religions are based on ‘Hear-Say’!

Hearsay is information gathered by one person from another person concerning some event, condition, or thing of which the first person had no direct experience.

Thomas Paine and The Age of Reason: Part 1

TO MY FELLOW-CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:



I PUT the following work under your protection. It contains my

opinions upon Religion. You will do me the justice to remember, that I

have always strenuously supported the Right of every Man to his own

opinion, however different that opinion might be to mine. He who

denies to another this right, makes a slave of himself to his

present opinion, because he precludes himself the right of changing

it.

The most formidable weapon against errors of every kind is Reason.

I have never used any other, and I trust I never shall.

Your affectionate friend and fellow-citizen,

THOMAS PAINE

Luxembourg, 8th Pluvoise,

Second Year of the French Republic, one and indivisible.

January 27, O. S. 1794.

PART FIRST

IT has been my intention, for several years past, to publish my

thoughts upon religion. I am well aware of the difficulties that

attend the subject, and from that consideration, had reserved it to

a more advanced period of life. I intended it to be the last

offering I should make to my fellow-citizens of all nations, and

that at a time when the purity of the motive that induced me to it,

could not admit of a question, even by those who might disapprove

the work.

The circumstance that has now taken place in France of the total

abolition of the whole national order of priesthood, and of everything

appertaining to compulsive systems of religion, and compulsive

articles of faith, has not only precipitated my intention, but

rendered a work of this kind exceedingly necessary, lest in the

general wreck of superstition, of false systems of government, and

false theology, we lose sight of morality, of humanity, and of the

theology that is true.

As several of my colleagues and others of my fellow-citizens of

France have given me the example of making their voluntary and

individual profession of faith, I also will make mine; and I do this

with all that sincerity and frankness with which the mind of man

communicates with itself.

I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life.

I believe in the equality of man; and I believe that religious

duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make

our fellow-creatures happy.

But, lest it should be supposed that I believe in many other

things in addition to these, I shall, in the progress of this work,

declare the things I do not believe, and my reasons for not

believing them.

I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by

the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the

Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.

All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian

or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to

terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.

I do not mean by this declaration to condemn those who believe

otherwise; they have the same right to their belief as I have to mine.

But it is necessary to the happiness of man, that he be mentally

faithful to himself. Infidelity does not consist in believing, or in

disbelieving; it consists in professing to believe what he does not

believe.

It is impossible to calculate the moral mischief, if I may so

express it, that mental lying has produced in society. When a man

has so far corrupted and prostituted the chastity of his mind, as to

subscribe his professional belief to things he does not believe, he

has prepared himself for the commission of every other crime. He takes up the trade of a priest for the sake of gain, and in order to qualify himself for that trade, he begins with a perjury. Can we conceive any thing more destructive to morality than this?

Soon after I had published the pamphlet Common Sense, in

America, I saw the exceeding probability that a revolution in the

system of government would be followed by a revolution in the system

of religion. The adulterous connection of church and state, wherever

it had taken place, whether Jewish, Christian, or Turkish, had so

effectually prohibited by pains and penalties, every discussion upon

established creeds, and upon first principles of religion, that

until the system of government should be changed, those subjects could not be brought fairly and openly before the world; but that whenever this should be done, a revolution in the system of religion would follow. Human inventions and priestcraft would be detected; and man would return to the pure, unmixed and unadulterated belief of one God, and no more.

Every national church or religion has established itself by

pretending some special mission from God, communicated to certain

individuals. The Jews have their Moses; the Christians their Jesus

Christ, their apostles and saints; and the Turks their Mahomet, as

if the way to God was not open to every man alike.

Each of those churches show certain books, which they call

revelation, or the word of God. The Jews say, that their word of God

was given by God to Moses, face to face; the Christians say, that

their word of God came by divine inspiration: and the Turks say,

that their word of God (the Koran) was brought by an angel from

Heaven. Each of those churches accuse the other of unbelief; and for

my own part, I disbelieve them all.

As it is necessary to affix right ideas to words, I will, before I

proceed further into the subject, offer some other observations on the

word revelation. Revelation, when applied to religion, means something communicated immediately from God to man.

No one will deny or dispute the power of the Almighty to make such

a communication, if he pleases. But admitting, for the sake of a case,

that something has been revealed to a certain person, and not revealed to any other person, it is revelation to that person only. When he tells it to a second person, a second to a third, a third to a fourth,

and so on, it ceases to be a revelation to all those persons. It is

revelation to the first person only, and hearsay to every other, and

consequently they are not obliged to believe it.

It is a contradiction in terms and ideas, to call anything a

revelation that comes to us at second-hand, either verbally or in

writing. Revelation is necessarily limited to the first

communication- after this, it is only an account of something which

that person says was a revelation made to him; and though he may

find himself obliged to believe it, it cannot be incumbent on me to

believe it in the same manner; for it was not a revelation made to me,

and I have only his word for it that it was made to him.

When Moses told the children of Israel that he received the two

tables of the commandments from the hands of God, they were not

obliged to believe him, because they had no other authority for it

than his telling them so; and I have no other authority for it than

some historian telling me so. The commandments carry no internal

evidence of divinity with them; they contain some good moral precepts, such as any man qualified to be a lawgiver, or a legislator, could produce himself, without having recourse to supernatural

intervention.*

*It is, however, necessary to except the declaration which says

that God visits the sins of the fathers upon the children; it is

contrary to every principle of moral justice.

When I am told that the Koran was written in Heaven and brought to Mahomet by an angel, the account comes too near the same kind of

hearsay evidence and second-hand authority as the former. I did not

see the angel myself, and, therefore, I have a right not to believe

it.

When also I am told that a woman called the Virgin Mary, said,

or gave out, that she was with child without any cohabitation with a

man, and that her betrothed husband, Joseph, said that an angel told

him so, I have a right to believe them or not; such a circumstance

required a much stronger evidence than their bare word for it; but

we have not even this- for neither Joseph nor Mary wrote any such

matter themselves; it is only reported by others that they said

so- it is hearsay upon hearsay, and I do not choose to rest my belief

upon such evidence.

It is, however, not difficult to account for the credit that was

given to the story of Jesus Christ being the son of God. He was born

when the heathen mythology had still some fashion and repute in the

world, and that mythology had prepared the people for the belief of

such a story. Almost all the extraordinary men that lived under the

heathen mythology were reputed to be the sons of some of their gods.

It was not a new thing, at that time, to believe a man to have been

celestially begotten; the intercourse of gods with women was then a

matter of familiar opinion. Their Jupiter, according to their

accounts, had cohabited with hundreds: the story, therefore, had

nothing in it either new, wonderful, or obscene; it was conformable to

the opinions that then prevailed among the people called Gentiles,

or Mythologists, and it was those people only that believed it. The

Jews who had kept strictly to the belief of one God, and no more,

and who had always rejected the heathen mythology, never credited

the story.

It is curious to observe how the theory of what is called the

Christian church sprung out of the tail of the heathen mythology. A

direct incorporation took place in the first instance, by making the

reputed founder to be celestially begotten. The trinity of gods that

then followed was no other than a reduction of the former plurality,

which was about twenty or thirty thousand: the statue of Mary

succeeded the statue of Diana of Ephesus; the deification of heroes

changed into the canonization of saints; the Mythologists had gods for

everything; the Christian Mythologists had saints for everything;

the church became as crowded with one, as the Pantheon had been with the other, and Rome was the place of both. The Christian theory is little else than the idolatry of the ancient Mythologists,

accommodated to the purposes of power and revenue; and it yet

remains to reason and philosophy to abolish the amphibious fraud.

Nothing that is here said can apply, even with the most distant

disrespect, to the real character of Jesus Christ. He was a virtuous

and an amiable man. The morality that he preached and practised was of the most benevolent kind; and though similar systems of morality had been preached by Confucius, and by some of the Greek philosophers, many years before; by the Quakers since; and by many good men in all ages, it has not been exceeded by any.

Jesus Christ wrote no account of himself, of his birth, parentage,

or any thing else; not a line of what is called the New Testament is

of his own writing. The history of him is altogether the work of other

people; and as to the account given of his resurrection and ascension,

it was the necessary counterpart to the story of his birth. His

historians having brought him into the world in a supernatural manner,

were obliged to take him out again in the same manner, or the first

part of the story must have fallen to the ground.

The wretched contrivance with which this latter part is told

exceeds every thing that went before it. The first part, that of the

miraculous conception, was not a thing that admitted of publicity; and

therefore the tellers of this part of the story had this advantage,

that though they might not be credited, they could not be detected.

They could not be expected to prove it, because it was not one of

those things that admitted of proof, and it was impossible that the

person of whom it was told could prove it himself.

But the resurrection of a dead person from the grave, and his

ascension through the air, is a thing very different as to the

evidence it admits of, to the invisible conception of a child in the

womb. The resurrection and ascension, supposing them to have taken

place, admitted of public and ocular demonstration, like that of the

ascension of a balloon, or the sun at noon-day, to all Jerusalem at

least. A thing which everybody is required to believe, requires that

the proof and evidence of it should be equal to all, and universal;

and as the public visibility of this last related act was the only

evidence that could give sanction to the former part, the whole of

it falls to the ground, because that evidence never was given. Instead

of this, a small number of persons, not more than eight or nine, are

introduced as proxies for the whole world, to say they saw it, and all

the rest of the world are called upon to believe it. But it appears

that Thomas did not believe the resurrection, and, as they say,

would not believe without having ocular and manual demonstration

himself. So neither will I, and the reason is equally as good for

me, and for every other person, as for Thomas.

It is in vain to attempt to palliate or disguise this matter.

The story, so far as relates to the supernatural part, has every

mark of fraud and imposition stamped upon the face of it. Who were the authors of it is as impossible for us now to know, as it is for us

to be assured that the books in which the account is related were

written by the persons whose names they bear; the best surviving

evidence we now have respecting that affair is the Jews. They are

regularly descended from the people who lived in the times this

resurrection and ascension is said to have happened, and they say,

it is not true. It has long appeared to me a strange inconsistency

to cite the Jews as a proof of the truth of the story. It is just

the same as if a man were to say, I will prove the truth of what I

have told you by producing the people who say it is false.

That such a person as Jesus Christ existed, and that he was

crucified, which was the mode of execution at that day, are historical

relations strictly within the limits of probability. He preached

most excellent morality and the equality of man; but he preached

also against the corruptions and avarice of the Jewish priests, and

this brought upon him the hatred and vengeance of the whole order of

priesthood. The accusation which those priests brought against him was that of sedition and conspiracy against the Roman government, to which the Jews were then subject and tributary; and it is not improbable that the Roman government might have some secret apprehensions of the effects of his doctrine, as well as the Jewish priests; neither is it improbable that Jesus Christ had in contemplation the delivery of the Jewish nation from the bondage of the Romans. Between the two, however, this virtuous reformer and revolutionist lost his life.

It is upon this plain narrative of facts, together with another

case I am going to mention, that the Christian Mythologists, calling

themselves the Christian Church, have erected their fable, which,

for absurdity and extravagance, is not exceeded by anything that is to

be found in the mythology of the ancients.

The ancient Mythologists tell us that the race of Giants made

war against Jupiter, and that one of them threw a hundred rocks

against him at one throw; that Jupiter defeated him with thunder,

and confined him afterward under Mount Etna, and that every time the

Giant turns himself Mount Etna belches fire.

It is here easy to see that the circumstance of the mountain, that

of its being a volcano, suggested the idea of the fable; and that

the fable is made to fit and wind itself up with that circumstance.

The Christian Mythologists tell us that their Satan made war

against the Almighty, who defeated him, and confined him afterward,

not under a mountain, but in a pit. It is here easy to see that the

first fable suggested the idea of the second; for the fable of Jupiter

and the Giants was told many hundred years before that of Satan.

Thus far the ancient and the Christian Mythologists differ very

little from each other. But the latter have contrived to carry the

matter much farther. They have contrived to connect the fabulous

part of the story of Jesus Christ with the fable originating from

Mount Etna; and in order to make all the parts of the story tie

together, they have taken to their aid the traditions of the Jews; for

the Christian mythology is made up partly from the ancient mythology

and partly from the Jewish traditions.

The Christian Mythologists, after having confined Satan in a

pit, were obliged to let him out again to bring on the sequel of the

fable. He is then introduced into the Garden of Eden, in the shape

of a snake or a serpent, and in that shape he enters into familiar

conversation with Eve, who is no way surprised to hear a snake talk;

and the issue of this tete-a-tete is that he persuades her to eat an

apple, and the eating of that apple damns all mankind.

After giving Satan this triumph over the whole creation, one would

have supposed that the Church Mythologists would have been kind enough to send him back again to the pit; or, if they had not done this, that they would have put a mountain upon him (for they say that their faith can remove a mountain), or have put him under a mountain, as the former mythologists had done, to prevent his getting again among the women and doing more mischief. But instead of this they leave him at large, without even obliging him to give his parole- the secret of which is, that they could not do without him; and after being at the trouble of making him, they bribed him to stay. They promised him ALL the Jews, ALL the Turks by anticipation, nine-tenths of the world beside, and Mahomet into the bargain. After this, who can

doubt the bountifulness of the Christian Mythology?

Having thus made an insurrection and a battle in Heaven, in

which none of the combatants could be either killed or wounded- put

Satan into the pit- let him out again- giving him a triumph over the

whole creation- damned all mankind by the eating of an apple, these

Christian Mythologists bring the two ends of their fable together.

They represent this virtuous and amiable man, Jesus Christ, to be at

once both God and Man, and also the Son of God, celestially

begotten, on purpose to be sacrificed, because they say that Eve in

her longing had eaten an apple.

Putting aside everything that might excite laughter by its

absurdity, or detestation by its profaneness, and confining

ourselves merely to an examination of the parts, it is impossible to

conceive a story more derogatory to the Almighty, more inconsistent

with his wisdom, more contradictory to his power, than this story is.

In order to make for it a foundation to rise upon, the inventors

were under the necessity of giving to the being whom they call

Satan, a power equally as great, if not greater than they attribute to

the Almighty. They have not only given him the power of liberating

himself from the pit, after what they call his fall, but they have

made that power increase afterward to infinity. Before this fall

they represent him only as an angel of limited existence, as they

represent the rest. After his fall, he becomes, by their account,

omnipresent. He exists everywhere, and at the same time. He occupies the whole immensity of space.

Not content with this deification of Satan, they represent him

as defeating, by stratagem, in the shape of an animal of the creation,

all the power and wisdom of the Almighty. They represent him as having compelled the Almighty to the direct necessity either of

surrendering the whole of the creation to the government and

sovereignty of this Satan, or of capitulating for its redemption by

coming down upon earth, and exhibiting himself upon a cross in the

shape of a man.

Had the inventors of this story told it the contrary way, that is,

had they represented the Almighty as compelling Satan to exhibit

himself on a cross, in the shape of a snake, as a punishment for his

new transgression, the story would have been less absurd- less

contradictory. But instead of this, they make the transgressor

triumph, and the Almighty fall.

That many good men have believed this strange fable, and lived

very good lives under that belief (for credulity is not a crime), is

what I have no doubt of. In the first place, they were educated to

believe it, and they would have believed anything else in the same

manner. There are also many who have been so enthusiastically

enraptured by what they conceived to be the infinite love of God to

man, in making a sacrifice of himself, that the vehemence of the

idea has forbidden and deterred them from examining into the

absurdity and profaneness of the story. The more unnatural anything

is, the more it is capable of becoming the object of dismal admiration.

But if objects for gratitude and admiration are our desire, do

they not present themselves every hour to our eyes? Do we not see a

fair creation prepared to receive us the instant we are born- a world

furnished to our hands, that cost us nothing? Is it we that light up

the sun, that pour down the rain, and fill the earth with abundance?

Whether we sleep or wake, the vast machinery of the universe still

goes on. Are these things, and the blessings they indicate in

future, nothing to us? Can our gross feelings be excited by no other

subjects than tragedy and suicide? Or is the gloomy pride of man

become so intolerable, that nothing can flatter it but a sacrifice

of the Creator?

I know that this bold investigation will alarm many, but it

would be paying too great a compliment to their credulity to forbear

it on their account; the times and the subject demand it to be done.

The suspicion that the theory of what is called the Christian Church

is fabulous is becoming very extensive in all countries; and it will

be a consolation to men staggering under that suspicion, and

doubting what to believe and what to disbelieve, to see the object

freely investigated. I therefore pass on to an examination of the

books called the Old and New Testament.

These books, beginning with Genesis and ending with Revelation

(which, by the by, is a book of riddles that requires a revelation

to explain it), are, we are told, the word of God. It is, therefore,

proper for us to know who told us so, that we may know what credit

to give to the report. The answer to this question is, that nobody can

tell, except that we tell one another so. The case, however,

historically appears to be as follows:

When the Church Mythologists established their system, they

collected all the writings they could find, and managed them as they

pleased. It is a matter altogether of uncertainty to us whether such

of the writings as now appear under the name of the Old and New

Testament are in the same state in which those collectors say they

found them, or whether they added, altered, abridged, or dressed

them up.

Be this as it may, they decided by vote which of the books out

of the collection they had made should be the WORD OF GOD, and which should not. They rejected several; they voted others to be doubtful, such as the books called the Apocrypha; and those books which had a majority of votes, were voted to be the word of God. Had they voted otherwise, all the people, since calling themselves Christians, had believed otherwise- for the belief of the one comes from the vote of the other. Who the people were that did all this, we know nothing of; they called themselves by the general name of the Church, and this is all we know of the matter.

As we have no other external evidence or authority for believing

these books to be the word of God than what I have mentioned, which is no evidence or authority at all, I come, in the next place, to examine the internal evidence contained in the books themselves.

In the former part of this Essay, I have spoken of revelation; I

now proceed further with that subject, for the purpose of applying

it to the books in question.

Revelation is a communication of something which the person to

whom that thing is revealed did not know before. For if I have done

a thing, or seen it done, it needs no revelation to tell me I have

done it, or seen it, nor to enable me to tell it, or to write it.

Revelation, therefore, cannot be applied to anything done upon

earth, of which man himself is the actor or the witness; and

consequently all the historical and anecdotal parts of the Bible,

which is almost the whole of it, is not within the meaning and compass

of the word revelation, and, therefore, is not the word of God.

When Samson ran off with the gate-posts of Gaza, if he ever did so

(and whether he did or not is nothing to us), or when he visited his

Delilah, or caught his foxes, or did any thing else, what has

revelation to do with these things? If they were facts, he could

tell them himself, or his secretary, if he kept one, could write them,

if they were worth either telling or writing; and if they were

fictions, revelation could not make them true; and whether true or

not, we are neither the better nor the wiser for knowing them. When we contemplate the immensity of that Being who directs and governs the incomprehensible WHOLE, of which the utmost ken of human sight can discover but a part, we ought to feel shame at calling such paltry

stories the word of God.

As to the account of the Creation, with which the Book of

Genesis opens, it has all the appearance of being a tradition which

the Israelites had among them before they came into Egypt; and after

their departure from that country they put it at the head of their

history, without telling (as it is most probable) that they did not

know how they came by it. The manner in which the account opens

shows it to be traditionary. It begins abruptly; it is nobody that

speaks; it is nobody that hears; it is addressed to nobody; it has

neither first, second, nor third person; it has every criterion of

being a tradition; it has no voucher. Moses does not take it upon

himself by introducing it with the formality that he uses on other

occasions, such as that of saying, “The Lord spake unto Moses,

saying.”

Why it has been called the Mosaic account of the Creation, I am at

a loss to conceive. Moses, I believe, was too good a judge of such

subjects to put his name to that account. He had been educated among The Egyptians, who were a people as well skilled in science, and particularly in astronomy, as any people of their day; and the silence and caution that Moses observes in not authenticating the account, is a good negative evidence that he neither told it nor believed it The case is, that every nation of people has been world-makers, and the Israelites had as much right to set up the trade of world-making as any of the rest; and as Moses was not an Israelite, he might not choose to contradict the tradition. The account, however, is harmless; and this is more than can be said of many other parts of the Bible.

Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and torturous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness, with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we called it the word of a demon, than the word of God. It is a history of wickedness, that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel.

We scarcely meet with anything, a few phrases excepted, but what

deserves either our abhorrence or our contempt, till we come to the

miscellaneous parts of the Bible. In the anonymous publications, the

Psalms, and the Book of Job, more particularly in the latter, we

find a great deal of elevated sentiment reverentially expressed of the

power and benignity of the Almighty; but they stand on no higher

rank than many other compositions on similar subjects, as well

before that time as since.

The Proverbs which are said to be Solomon’s, though most

probably a collection (because they discover a knowledge of life which

his situation excluded him from knowing), are an instructive table

of ethics. They are inferior in keenness to the proverbs of the

Spaniards, and not more wise and economical than those of the American Franklin.

All the remaining parts of the Bible, generally known by the

name of the Prophets, are the works of the Jewish poets and

itinerant preachers, who mixed poetry,* anecdote, and devotion

together- and those works still retain the air and style of poetry,

though in translation.

*As there are many readers who do not see that a composition is

poetry unless it be in rhyme, it is for their information that I add

this note.

Poetry consists principally in two things- imagery and

composition. The composition of poetry differs from that of prose in

the manner of mixing long and short syllables together. Take a long

syllable out of a line of poetry, and put a short one in the room of

it, or put a long syllable where a short one should be, and that line

will lose its poetical harmony. It will have an effect upon the line

like that of misplacing a note in a song. The imagery in these books,

called the Prophets, appertains altogether to poetry. It is

fictitious, and oft en extravagant, and not admissible in any other

kind of writing than poetry. To show that these writings are composed

in poetical numbers, I will take ten syllables, as they stand in the

book, and make a line of the same number of syllables, (heroic

measure) that shall rhyme with the last word. It will then be seen

that the composition of these books is poetical measure. The instance

I shall produce is from Isaiah:

“Hear, O ye heavens, and give ear, O earth!”

‘Tis God himself that calls attention forth.

Another instance I shall quote is from the mournful Jeremiah, to

which I shall add two other lines, for the purpose of carrying out the

figure, and showing the intention the poet:

“O! that mine head were waters and mine eyes”

Were fountains flowing like the liquid skies;

Then would I give the mighty flood release,

And weep a deluge for the human race.

There is not, throughout the whole book called the Bible, any word

that describes to us what we call a poet, nor any word that

describes what we call poetry. The case is, that the word prophet,

to which latter times have affixed a new idea, was the Bible word

for poet, and the word prophesying meant the art of making poetry.

It also meant the art of playing poetry to a tune upon any

instrument of music.

We read of prophesying with pipes, tabrets, and horns- of

prophesying with harps, with psalteries, with cymbals, and with

every other instrument of music then in fashion. Were we now to

speak of prophesying with a fiddle, or with a pipe and tabor, the

expression would have no meaning or would appear ridiculous, and to

some people contemptuous, because we have changed the meaning of the word.

We are told of Saul being among the prophets, and also that he

prophesied; but we are not told what they prophesied, nor what he

prophesied. The case is, there was nothing to tell; for these prophets

were a company of musicians and poets, and Saul joined in the concert, and this was called prophesying.

The account given of this affair in the book called Samuel is,

that Saul met a company of prophets; a whole company of them! coming down with a psaltery, a tabret, a pipe and a harp, and that they prophesied, and that he prophesied with them. But it appears

afterward, that Saul prophesied badly; that is, he performed his

part badly; for it is said, that an “evil spirit from God”* came

upon Saul, and he prophesied.

*As those men who call themselves divines and commentators, are

very fond of puzzling one another, I leave them to contest the meaning of the first part of the phrase, that of an evil spirit from God. I keep to my text- I keep to the meaning of the word prophesy.

Now, were there no other passage in the book called the Bible than

this, to demonstrate to us that we have lost the original meaning of

the word prophesy, and substituted another meaning in its place,

this alone would be sufficient; for it is impossible to use and

apply the word prophesy, in the place it is here used and applied,

if we give to it the sense which latter times have affixed to it.

The manner in which it is here used strips it of all religious

meaning, and shows that a man might then be a prophet, or he might

prophesy, as he may now be a poet or a musician, without any regard to the morality or immorality of his character. The word was originally a term of science, promiscuously applied to poetry and to music, and not restricted to any subject upon which poetry and music might be

exercised.

Deborah and Barak are called prophets, not because they

predicted anything, but because they composed the poem or song that

bears their name, in celebration of an act already done. David is

ranked among the prophets, for he was a musician, and was also reputed to be (though perhaps very erroneously) the author of the Psalms. But Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are not called prophets; it does not appear from any accounts we have that they could either sing, play music, or make poetry.

We are told of the greater and the lesser prophets. They might

as well tell us of the greater and the lesser God; for there cannot be

degrees in prophesying consistently with its modern sense. But there

are degrees in poetry, and therefore the phrase is reconcilable to the

case, when we understand by it the greater and the lesser poets.

It is altogether unnecessary, after this, to offer any

observations upon what those men, styled prophets, have written. The

axe goes at once to the root, by showing that the original meaning

of the word has been mistaken and consequently all the inferences that have been drawn from those books, the devotional respect that has been paid to them, and the labored commentaries that have been written upon them, under that mistaken meaning, are not worth disputing about. In many things, however, the writings of the Jewish poets deserve a better fate than that of being bound up, as they now are with the trash that accompanies them, under the abused name of the word of God.

If we permit ourselves to conceive right ideas of things, we

must necessarily affix the idea, not only of unchangeableness, but

of the utter impossibility of any change taking place, by any means or

accident whatever, in that which we would honor with the name of the

word of God; and therefore the word of God cannot exist in any written or human language.

The continually progressive change to which the meaning of words

is subject, the want of a universal language which renders translation

necessary, the errors to which translations are again subject, the

mistakes of copyists and printers, together with the possibility of

willful alteration, are of themselves evidences that the human

language, whether in speech or in print, cannot be the vehicle of

the word of God. The word of God exists in something else.

Did the book called the Bible excel in purity of ideas and

expression all the books that are now extant in the world, I would not

take it for my rule of faith, as being the word of God, because the

possibility would nevertheless exist of my being imposed upon. But

when I see throughout the greater part of this book scarcely

anything but a history of the grossest vices and a collection of the

most paltry and contemptible tales, I cannot dishonor my Creator by

calling it by his name.

Thus much for the Bible; I now go on to the book called the New

Testament. The New Testament! that is, the new will, as if there could

be two wills of the Creator.

Had it been the object or the intention of Jesus Christ to

establish a new religion, he would undoubtedly have written the system himself, or procured it to be written in his life-time. But there is no publication extant authenticated with his name. All the books

called the New Testament were written after his death. He was a Jew by birth and by profession; and he was the son of God in like manner that every other person is- for the Creator is the Father of All.

The first four books, called Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, do not

give a history of the life of Jesus Christ, but only detached

anecdotes of him. It appears from these books that the whole time of

his being a preacher was not more than eighteen months; and it was

only during this short time that these men became acquainted with him. They make mention of him at the age of twelve years, sitting, they say, among the Jewish doctors, asking and answering them questions. As this was several years before their acquaintance with him began, it is most probable they had this anecdote from his parents. From this time there is no account of him for about sixteen years. Where he lived, or how he employed himself during this interval, is not known. Most probably he was working at his father’s trade, which was that of a carpenter. It does not appear that he had any school education, and the probability is, that he could not write, for his parents were extremely poor, as appears from their not being able to pay for a bed when he was born.

It is somewhat curious that the three persons whose names are

the most universally recorded, were of very obscure parentage. Moses

was a foundling; Jesus Christ was born in a stable; and Mahomet was

a mule driver. The first and last of these men were founders of

different systems of religion; but Jesus Christ founded no new system.

He called men to the practice of moral virtues and the belief of one

God. The great trait in his character is philanthropy.

The manner in which he was apprehended shows that he was not

much known at that time; and it shows also, that the meetings he

then held with his followers were in secret; and that he had given

over or suspended preaching publicly. Judas could not otherwise betray him than by giving information where he was, and pointing him out to the officers that went to arrest him; and the reason for employing and paying Judas to do this could arise only from the cause already mentioned, that of his not being much known and living concealed.

The idea of his concealment not only agrees very ill with his

reputed divinity, but associates with it something of pusillanimity;

and his being betrayed, or in other words, his being apprehended, on

the information of one of his followers, shows that he did not

intend to be apprehended, and consequently that he did not intend to

be crucified.

The Christian Mythologists tell us, that Christ died for the

sins of the world, and that he came on purpose to die. Would it not

then have been the same if he had died of a fever or of the small-pox,

of old age, or of anything else?

The declaratory sentence which, they say, was passed upon Adam,

in case he eat of the apple, was not, that thou shall surely be

crucified, but thou shalt surely die- the sentence of death, and not

the manner of dying. Crucifixion, therefore, or any other particular

manner of dying, made no part of the sentence that Adam was to suffer, and consequently, even upon their own tactics, it could make no part of the sentence that Christ was to suffer in the room of Adam. A fever would have done as well as a cross, if there was any occasion for either.

The sentence of death, which they tell us was thus passed upon

Adam must either have meant dying naturally, that is, ceasing to live,

or have meant what these Mythologists call damnation; and,

consequently, the act of dying on the part of Jesus Christ, must,

according to their system, apply as a prevention to one or other of

these two things happening to Adam and to us.

That it does not prevent our dying is evident, because we all die;

and if their accounts of longevity be true, men die faster since the

crucifixion than before; and with respect to the second explanation

(including with it the natural death of Jesus Christ as a substitute

for the eternal death or damnation of all mankind), it is

impertinently representing the Creator as coming off, or revoking

the sentence, by a pun or a quibble upon the word death. That

manufacturer of quibbles, St. Paul, if he wrote the books that bear

his name, has helped this quibble on by making another quibble upon

the word Adam. He makes there to be two Adams; the one who sins in

fact, and suffers by proxy; the other who sins by proxy, and suffers

in fact. A religion thus interlarded with quibble, subterfuge, and pun

has a tendency to instruct its professors in the practice of these

arts. They acquire the habit without being aware of the cause.

If Jesus Christ was the being which those Mythologists tell us

he was, and that he came into this world to suffer, which is a word

they sometimes use instead of to die, the only real suffering he could

have endured, would have been to live. His existence here was a

state of exilement or transportation from Heaven, and the way back

to his original country was to die. In fine, everything in this

strange system is the reverse of what it pretends to be. It is the

reverse of truth, and I become so tired of examining into its

inconsistencies and absurdities, that I hasten to the conclusion of

it, in order to proceed to something better.

How much or what parts of the books called the New Testament, were written by the persons whose names they bear, is what we can know nothing of; neither are we certain in what language they were

originally written. The matters they now contain may be classed

under two beads- anecdote and epistolary correspondence.

The four books already mentioned, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,

are altogether anecdotal. They relate events after they had taken

place. They tell what Jesus Christ did and said, and what others did

and said to him; and in several instances they relate the same event

differently. Revelation is necessarily out of the question with

respect to those books; not only because of the disagreement of the

writers, but because revelation cannot be applied to the relating of

facts by the person who saw them done, nor to the relating or

recording of any discourse or conversation by those who beard it.

The book called the Acts of the Apostles (an anonymous work) belongs

also to the anecdotal part.

All the other parts of the New Testament, except the book of

enigmas called the Revelations, are a collection of letters under

the name of epistles; and the forgery of letters has been such a

common practice in the world, that the probability is at least

equal, whether they are genuine or forged. One thing, however, is much less equivocal, which is, that out of the matters contained in those books, together with the assistance of some old stories, the Church has set up a system of religion very contradictory to the character of the person whose name it bears. It has set up a religion of pomp and revenue, in pretended imitation of a person whose life was humility and poverty.

The invention of purgatory, and of the releasing of souls

therefrom by prayers bought of the church with money; the selling of

pardons, dispensations, and indulgences, are revenue laws, without

bearing that name or carrying that appearance. But the case

nevertheless is, that those things derive their origin from the

paroxysm of the crucifixion and the theory deduced therefrom, which

was that one person could stand in the place of another, and could

perform meritorious service for him. The probability, therefore, is

that the whole theory or doctrine of what is called the redemption

(which is said to have been accomplished by the act of one person in

the room of another) was originally fabricated on purpose to bring

forward and build all those secondary and pecuniary redemptions

upon; and that the passages in the books, upon which the idea or

theory of redemption is built, have been manufactured and fabricated

for that purpose. Why are we to give this Church credit when she tells

us that those books are genuine in every part, any more than we give

her credit for everything else she has told us, or for the miracles

she says she had performed? That she could fabricate writings is

certain, because she could write; and the composition of the

writings in question is of that kind that anybody might do it; and

that she did fabricate them is not more inconsistent with

probability than that she could tell us, as she has done, that she

could and did work miracles.

Since, then no external evidence can, at this long distance of

time, be produced to prove whether the Church fabricated the doctrines called redemption or not (for such evidence, whether for or against, would be subject to the same suspicion of being fabricated), the case can only be referred to the internal evidence which the thing carries within itself; and this affords a very strong presumption of its being a fabrication. For the internal evidence is that the theory or doctrine of redemption bas for its base an idea of pecuniary Justice, and not that of moral Justice.

If I owe a person money, and cannot pay him, and he threatens to

put me in prison, another person can take the debt upon himself, and

pay it for me; but if I have committed a crime, every circumstance

of the case is changed; moral Justice cannot take the innocent for the

guilty, even if the innocent would offer itself. To suppose Justice to

do this, is to destroy the principle of its existence, which is the

thing itself; it is then no longer Justice, it is indiscriminate

revenge.

This single reflection will show, that the doctrine of

redemption is founded on a mere pecuniary idea corresponding to that

of a debt which another person might pay; and as this pecuniary idea

corresponds again with the system of second redemption, obtained

through the means of money given to the Church for pardons, the

probability is that the same persons fabricated both the one and the

other of those theories; and that, in truth there is no such thing

as redemption- that it is fabulous, and that man stands in the same

relative condition with his Maker as he ever did stand since man

existed, and that it is his greatest consolation to think so.

Let him believe this, and he will live more consistently and

morally than by any other system; it is by his being taught to

contemplate himself as an outlaw, as an outcast, as a beggar, as a

mumper, as one thrown, as it were, on a dunghill at an immense

distance from his Creator, and who must make his approaches by

creeping and cringing to intermediate beings, that he conceives either

a contemptuous disregard for everything under the name of religion, or becomes indifferent, or turns what he calls devout. In the latter

case, he consumes his life in grief, or the affectation of it; his

prayers are reproaches; his humility is ingratitude; he calls

himself a worm, and the fertile earth a dunghill; and all the

blessings of life by the thankless name of vanities; he despises the

choicest gift of God to man, the GIFT OF REASON; and having endeavored to force upon himself the belief of a system against which reason revolts, he ungratefully calls it human reason, as if man could give reason to himself.

Yet, with all this strange appearance of humility and this

contempt for human reason, he ventures into the boldest

presumptions; he finds fault with everything; his selfishness is never

satisfied; his ingratitude is never at an end. He takes on himself

to direct the Almighty what to do, even in the government of the

universe; he prays dictatorially; when it is sunshine, he prays for

rain, and when it is rain, he prays for sunshine; he follows the

same idea in everything that he prays for; for what is the amount of

all his prayers but an attempt to make the Almighty change his mind,

and act otherwise than he does? It is as if he were to say: Thou

knowest not so well as I.

But some, perhaps, will say: Are we to have no word of God- no

revelation? I answer, Yes; there is a word of God; there is a

revelation.

THE WORD OF GOD IS THE CREATION WE BEHOLD and it is in this

word, which no human invention can counterfeit or alter, that God

speaketh universally to man.

Human language is local and changeable, and is therefore incapable

of being used as the means of unchangeable and universal

information. The idea that God sent Jesus Christ to publish, as they

say, the glad tidings to all nations, from one end of the earth to the

other, is consistent only with the ignorance of those who knew nothing

of the extent of the world, and who believed, as those

world-saviours believed, and continued to believe for several

centuries (and that in contradiction to the discoveries of

philosophers and the experience of navigators), that the earth was

flat like a trencher, and that man might walk to the end of it.

But how was Jesus Christ to make anything known to all nations? He could speak but one language which was Hebrew, and there are in the world several hundred languages. Scarcely any two nations speak the same language, or understand each other; and as to translations, every man who knows anything of languages knows that it is impossible to translate from one language to another, not only without losing a great part of the original, but frequently of mistaking the sense; and besides all this, the art of printing was wholly unknown at the time Christ lived.

It is always necessary that the means that are to accomplish any

end be equal to the accomplishment of that end, or the end cannot be

accomplished. It is in this that the difference between finite and

infinite power and wisdom discovers itself. Man frequently fails in

accomplishing his ends, from a natural inability of the power to the

purpose, and frequently from the want of wisdom to apply power

properly. But it is impossible for infinite power and wisdom to fail

as man faileth. The means it useth are always equal to the end; but

human language, more especially as there is not an universal language, is incapable of being used as an universal means of unchangeable and uniform information, and therefore it is not the means that God useth in manifesting himself universally to man.

It is only in the CREATION that all our ideas and conceptions of a

word of God can unite. The Creation speaketh an universal language,

independently of human speech or human language, multiplied and

various as they may be. It is an ever-existing original, which every

man can read. It cannot be forged; it cannot be counterfeited; it

cannot be lost; it cannot be altered; it cannot be suppressed. It does

not depend upon the will of man whether it shall be published or

not; it publishes itself from one end of the earth to the other. It

preaches to all nations and to all worlds; and this word of God

reveals to man all that is necessary for man to know of God.

Do we want to contemplate his power? We see it in the immensity of the Creation. Do we want to contemplate his wisdom? We see it in the unchangeable order by which the incomprehensible whole is governed! Do we want to contemplate his munificence? We see it in the abundance with which he fills the earth. Do we want to contemplate his mercy? We see it in his not withholding that abundance even from the unthankful. In fine, do we want to know what God is? Search not the book called the Scripture, which any human hand might make, but the Scripture called the Creation.

The only idea man can affix to the name of God is that of a

first cause, the cause of all things. And incomprehensible and

difficult as it is for a man to conceive what a first cause is, he

arrives at the belief of it from the tenfold greater difficulty of

disbelieving it. It is difficult beyond description to conceive that

space can have no end; but it is more difficult to conceive an end. It

is difficult beyond the power of man to conceive an eternal duration

of what we call time; but it is more impossible to conceive a time

when there shall be no time.

In like manner of reasoning, everything we behold carries in

itself the internal evidence that it did not make itself Every man

is an evidence to himself that he did not make himself; neither

could his father make himself, nor his grandfather, nor any of his

race; neither could any tree, plant, or animal make itself; and it

is the conviction arising from this evidence that carries us on, as it

were, by necessity to the belief of a first cause eternally

existing, of a nature totally different to any material existence we

know of, and by the power of which all things exist; and this first

cause man calls God.

It is only by the exercise of reason that man can discover God.

Take away that reason, and he would be incapable of understanding

anything; and, in this case, it would be just as consistent to read

even the book called the Bible to a horse as to a man. How, then, is

it that those people pretend to reject reason?

Almost the only parts in the book called the Bible that convey

to us any idea of God, are some chapters in Job and the 19th Psalm;

I recollect no other. Those parts are true deistical compositions, for

they treat of the Deity through his works. They take the book of

Creation as the word of God, they refer to no other book, and all

the inferences they make are drawn from that volume.

I insert in this place the 19th Psalm, as paraphrased into English

verse by Addison. I recollect not the prose, and where I write this

I have not the opportunity of seeing it.

“The spacious firmament on high,

With all the blue ethereal sky,

And spangled heavens, a shining frame,

Their great original proclaim.

The unwearied sun, from day to day,

Does his Creator’s power display;

And publishes to every land

The work of an Almighty hand.

“Soon as the evening shades prevail,

The moon takes up the wondrous tale,

And nightly to the list’ning earth

Repeats the story of her birth;

While all the stars that round her burn,

And all the planets, in their turn,

Confirm the tidings as they roll,

And spread the truth from pole to pole.

“What though in solemn silence all

Move round this dark terrestrial ball?

What though no real voice, or sound,

Amidst their radiant orbs be found?

In reason’s ear they all rejoice

And utter forth a glorious voice,

Forever singing, as they shine,

THE HAND THAT MADE US IS DIVINE.”

What more does man want to know than that the hand or power that made these things is divine, is omnipotent? Let him believe this

with the force it is impossible to repel, if he permits his reason

to act, and his rule of moral life will follow of course.

The allusions in Job have, all of them, the same tendency with

this Psalm; that of deducing or proving a truth that would be

otherwise unknown, from truths already known.

I recollect not enough of the passages in Job to insert them

correctly; but there is one occurs to me that is applicable to the

subject I am speaking upon. “Canst thou by searching find out God?

Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection?”

I know not how the printers have pointed this passage, for I

keep no Bible; but it contains two distinct questions that admit of

distinct answers.

First,- Canst thou by searching find out God? Yes because, in the

first place, I know I did not make myself, and yet I have existence;

and by searching into the nature of other things, I find that no other

thing could make itself; and yet millions of other things exist;

therefore it is, that I know, by positive conclusion resulting from

this search, that there is a power superior to all those things, and

that power is God.

Secondly,- Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection? No;

not only because the power and wisdom He has manifested in the

structure of the Creation that I behold is to me incomprehensible, but

because even this manifestation, great as it is, is probably but a

small display of that immensity of power and wisdom by which

millions of other worlds, to me invisible by their distance, were

created and continue to exist.

It is evident that both these questions were put to the reason

of the person to whom they are supposed to have been addressed; and it is only by admitting the first question to be answered

affirmatively, that the second could follow. It would have been

unnecessary and even absurd, to have put a second question, more

difficult than the first, if the first question had been answered

negatively. The two questions have different objects; the first refers

to the existence of God, the second to his attributes; reason can

discover the one, but it falls infinitely short in discovering the

whole of the other.

I recollect not a single passage in all the writings ascribed to

the men called apostles, that conveys any idea of what God is. Those

writings are chiefly controversial; and the subjects they dwell

upon, that of a man dying in agony on a cross, is better suited to the

gloomy genius of a monk in a cell, by whom it is not impossible they

were written, than to any man breathing the open air of the

Creation. The only passage that occurs to me, that has any reference

to the works of God, by which only his power and wisdom can be

known, is related to have been spoken by Jesus Christ as a remedy

against distrustful care. “Behold the lilies of the field, they toil

not, neither do they spin.” This, however, is far inferior to the

allusions in Job and in the 19th Psalm; but it is similar in idea, and

the modesty of the imagery is correspondent to the modesty of the man.

As to the Christian system of faith, it appears to me as a species

of Atheism- a sort of religious denial of God. It professes to

believe in a man rather than in God. It is a compound made up

chiefly of Manism with but little Deism, and is as near to Atheism

as twilight is to darkness. It introduces between man and his Maker an

opaque body, which it calls a Redeemer, as the moon introduces her

opaque self between the earth and the sun, and it produces by this

means a religious, or an irreligious, eclipse of light. It has put the

whole orbit of reason into shade.

The effect of this obscurity has been that of turning everything

upside down, and representing it in reverse, and among the revolutions it has thus magically produced, it has made a revolution in theology.

That which is now called natural philosophy, embracing the whole

circle of science, of which astronomy occupies the chief place, is the

study of the works of God, and of the power and wisdom of God in his

works, and is the true theology.

As to the theology that is now studied in its place, it is the

study of human opinions and of human fancies concerning God. It is not the study of God himself in the works that he has made, but in the

works or writings that man has made; and it is not among the least

of the mischiefs that the Christian system has done to the

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