Children A Chronological Approach 3rd Canadian Edition by Kail
Children: A Chronological Approach with MyDevelopmentLab, 3rd Canadian edition is an effective textbook for college students studying child development from a chronological approach. Targeted towards students new to the discipline, the organization and structure help students easily understand the evolution of child development without overwhelming them. Consistent in its presentation, it provides students with a book written in an accessible style that they more apt to read. The text is coupled with excellent and useful supplements further enhancing the learning experience. The terminology of the text is very appropriate for a college student.
The third edition contains more Canadian content that is dispersed throughout the text. Also, a new chapter-opening mini vignette traces the development of a child, Sophie, as she grows up to highlight the major developmental stages and themes.
Free Test Bank for Children A Chronological Approach 3rd Canadian Edition Part 2 by Kail
Test Bank for Children A Chronological Approach 3rd Canadian Edition Part 1
According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned
A) when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished.
B) through observational learning.
C) during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour.
D) when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.
When eight-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all As, his parents gave him one dollar for each A. Chris's parents were attempting to use ________ to shape Chris's future behaviour.
A) negative reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) self-efficacy
Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory
A) emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.
B) suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.
C) suggests that behaviour should be considered in context.
D) emphasizes the importance of maturation.
If parents believe that children are tabula rasae at birth, they are likely to
A) leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.
B) be very permissive with their children.
C) assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development.
D) plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.
An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?
A) ecological
B) psychodynamic
C) maturational
D) ethological
James Mark Baldwin, a psychologist in Canada more than 100 years ago, was an important pioneer in the study of child development because
A) he believed that research should come before theories.
B) he established the first psychological laboratory in the British Empire.
C) he proposed studying the mind philosophically rather than empirically.
D) he worked closely with Jean Piaget.
The first of Erikson's stages focuses on the issue of
A) industry vs. inferiority.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) trust vs. mistrust.
D) identity vs. identity confusion.
Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will
A) be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living.
B) establish a loving relationship with another person.
C) develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.
D) have difficulty forming intimate relationships.
Heidi is a strong proponent of Freudian theory. When raising her children, she is most likely to
A) be very indulgent with them.
B) be very strict and demanding.
C) try to meet her children's needs but not overindulge them.
D) set up a system of rewards and punishments for various behaviours.
The "moral agent" in a child's personality is/are the
A) ego.
B) superego.
C) primitive instincts.
D) id.
Erikson proposed a ________ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.
A) biological
B) learning
C) psychosocial
D) cognitive-developmental
Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of
A) realizing that he is an independent person.
B) establishing an intimate relationship with another person.
C) developing a sense of trust in the world.
D) developing a sense of his own identity.
As children pass through the stages in Freud's theory,
A) pleasure is focused on different parts of the body.
B) they are faced with different psychosocial crises.
C) their cognitive structures change radically.
D) they are influenced by different environmental systems.
The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that
A) experience moulds each person into a unique individual.
B) children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.
C) heredity plays a major role in an individual's development.
D) infants cannot think because their minds are blank.
Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behaviour is a result of
A) maturation.
B) a tabula rasa.
C) self-efficacy.
D) imprinting.
Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school, she was excused from setting the table, a chore she detests. Krysia's parents were using ________ to modify her behaviour.
A) self-efficacy
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement
Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store. Eventually, Carol's father gave in and bought Carol some candy. According to theories of operant conditioning, what is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store?
A) Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time that they were in the store.
B) Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time that they were in the store.
C) Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
D) Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.
Nate watched another boy pull a girl's hair. Nate is most likely to imitate the boy's behaviour if
A) the boy is not very popular.
B) a teacher sends Nate to time-out.
C) the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair.
D) the boy is not very smart.
Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class, their teacher seemed to get mad at them. Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help, even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her. Amanda's behaviour was shaped by
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) observational learning.
D) self-efficacy.
Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeann's beliefs fit most closely with ________ theory.
A) maturational
B) psychodynamic
C) learning
D) ethological
A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behaviour that it follows is called
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) self-efficacy.
D) punishment.
Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good, do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her
A) ego.
B) imprinting.
C) superego.
D) id.
Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that
A) learning is more important than maturation.
B) early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life.
C) learned, adaptive behaviours influence later development.
D) children's cognitive development influences later behaviour.
Nehama believes that we could understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they've received for their behaviours in the past. Nehama looks at child development as a(n) ________ theorist does.
A) ecological
B) cognitive-developmental
C) psychodynamic
D) learning
Your friend finds out that you are studying child development and asks you whether his one-year-old should know "right" from "wrong" yet. Having just studied Freud, you tell your friend,
A) "Yes, infants are born with a superego."
B) "Maybe, babies usually develop a superego around one year of age."
C) "Probably not, most babies don't develop a superego until the preschool years."
D) "No, the superego does not emerge until adolescence."
Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as a cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cognitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated
A) observational learning or imitation.
B) punishment for aggressive behaviour.
C) reinforcement for sharing toys.
D) imprinting.
Viewing infants as tabula rasae suggests that
A) infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.
B) experience will mould infants into unique individuals.
C) nature is more important than nurture.
D) infants are born with a sense of morality.
Psychosocial theory is associated with
A) Arnold Gesell.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) Albert Bandura.
A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) punishment.
Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?
A) Freud's psychosexual theory
B) Bandura's social cognitive theory
C) Gesell's maturational theory
D) Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
The French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed that
A) the human infant is born a tabula rasa.
B) infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.
C) experience moulds each human into a unique individual.
D) parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.
Psychodynamic theorists believe the developmental path
A) is typically filled with many conflicts.
B) has many conflicts only for those who are maladjusted.
C) follows a very individualized route, with different people facing different challenges.
D) is predetermined by biological factors.
If an ego could talk, it might say
A) "I want to eat NOW!"
B) "Do you think that is the right and honourable way to act?"
C) "Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally."
D) "Is that what your mother would do?"
Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of
A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
B) Urie Bronfenbrenner.
C) John Locke.
D) John Watson.
Dr. Christopher Green at York University in Ontario, Canada, developed a website which focuses on which of the following aspects of psychology in Canada?
A) history of psychology
B) child development research
C) neuroscience
D) theories of child development
Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) John Watson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Konrad Lorenz
Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories?
A) maturational
B) cognitive-developmental
C) ethological
D) learning
Erikson emphasized
A) psychological and social aspects of development.
B) biological and physical aspects of development.
C) environmental influences on development.
D) cognitive development.
The id
A) wants immediate gratification of bodily desires.
B) provides a sense of morality.
C) works to resolve conflicts.
D) presses for socially acceptable actions.
Freud based his psychodynamic theory on
A) his patients' case histories.
B) observations of his children.
C) correlational research studies.
D) experimental research studies.
An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a
A) theory.
B) critical period.
C) tabula rasa.
D) case history.
Seth failed to put away his bicycle at night as he was supposed to do. His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week. Seth's father tried to change Seth's behaviour by using
A) punishment.
B) extinction.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) negative reinforcement.
In Erikson's psychosocial theory,
A) outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages.
B) each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages.
C) physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development.
D) the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.
According to Freud, psychosexual development is determined by
A) how a child satisfies the need for pleasure that is focused on various areas of the body.
B) improvements in mental hardware and mental software.
C) children's efforts to understand their physical and social worlds.
D) the reinforcements and punishments in one's environment.
An emotional bond between human children and their parents is sometimes called
A) imprinting.
B) adapting.
C) attachment.
D) maturation.
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, development is
A) the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans.
B) determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong.
C) the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds.
D) determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.
When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.
A) instinct
B) critical period
C) blank slate
D) emotional bond
B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?
A) imprinting
B) self-efficacy
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning
Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child-rearing are most similar to those of
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Urie Bronfenbrenner.
C) John Locke.
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.
A) Psychodynamic
B) Ecological
C) Maturational
D) Cognitive developmental