May 11 In History
330: Roman Emperor Constantine I changes the name of the ancient city of Byzantium to Nova Roma (New Rome) as it becomes the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. The city will be known as Constantinople (the city of Constantine). The move is indicative of the growing power of Constantine, the emperor who redefinedrelations between Jews and Christains that exists into modern times. The name New Rome also helped to the schism between the Western (Catholic) Christians and their Eastern (Orthodox) co-religionists since the Christian leader of New Rome thought his powers should be equal to the Christian leader (the Pope) at old Rome.
1175: Thirteen assassins were foiled in their attempt to murder Saladin. Thirteen years later Saladin would drive the Crusaders from Jerusalem and allow the Jews to return. Maimonides provided medial services to the great Muslim leader.
1189: Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor set off on the Third Crusade. He would drown before he reached the Holy Land. On balance, Barbarossa’s reign was a positive one for the Jews since he viewed the Jews as his special subjects, which means he afforded them protection because they were a source of financial benefit to the monarch.
1421: At
Styria
,
Austria
, a large number of Jews were burned. Those who were not killed were expelled from the country.
1415: Edict of Benedict XIII: Benedict XIII was enraged by the lack of voluntary conversions after the Christian "victory" at the Tortosa disputation. As a result, he banned the study of the Talmud in any form, instituted forced Christian sermons, and tried to restrict Jewish life completely.
1572(18th of Iyar, 5332): Moses Isserles, “the Rema” passed away today in Cracow, Poland. Moses Isserles, also spelled Moshe Isserlis, who had been born at Cracow in 1520, “was an eminent Ashkenazic rabbi, Talmudist, and posek, renowned for his fundamental work of Halachah (entitled ha-Mapah (lit., "the tablecloth"), an inline commentary on the Shulkhan Aruch ( "the set table"). His work opened up this Sephardic work to the Ashkenazim. “He is also well known for his Darkhei Moshe commentary on the Tur. Isserles is also referred to as the Rema, (or Remo, Rama) (רמ״א), the Hebrew acronym for Rabbi Moses Isserle.” [This brief entry cannot do justice to the life and work of this sage.]
http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/111847/jewish/Rabbi-Moshe-Isserles-The-Remo.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Isserles
1647: Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam to replace Willem Kieft as Director-General of New Netherland, the Dutch colonial settlement in present-day New York City. Seven years later, Stuyvesant will be the governor of New Amsterdam when the first Jews arrive in 1654. He will do everything in his power to keep the Jews from settling there and enjoying the full rights of citizenship.
1836: Alexander Levi advertised in today’s issue of the Dubuque Visitor, one of Iowa’s first newspapers. Levi may have been the first Jew to settle Iowa. He settled in Dubuque, shortly after its founding, and played an active role in its commercial, civic and Jewish life until his death in 1893.
1838: Birthdate of Walter Goodman, British painter, illustrator and author who followed in the footsteps of his mother, Julia (nee Salaman) Goodman, who was a famed painter in her own right.
1847: Adolphus Simeon Solomons received a certificate of discharge from Third Regiment of the Washington Grays, which was part of the New York State Militia. Born in 1826, he had joined the Grays when he was 14 and was promoted to the rank of Sergeant five years later. After leaving the military, he would pursue a successful career in business and politics including playing an active role in the inaugurations of all the Presidents from Lincoln to McKinley. He would also serve in a number of important roles in Jewish communal affairs including serving as acting President of the Jewish Theological Seminary Association.
1852: In the House of Lords, the first reading of a bill designed to remove the disabilities imposed upon persons refusing to take the “oaths of abjuration.” Lord Lyndhurst cited the recent case of David Salomons, the Jew who had refused to take the standard oath and sought to be seated in the House of Commons nonetheless.
1853: A theatre critic for the New York Times pained the performance of “The Merchant of Venice” at Wallack’s Theatre saying that “there is no delineation of internal passion; no metaphysical reading of the Jew’s revengeful soul…”
1858:
Minnesota
is to the
Union
as the 32nd state in the
United States
. The establishment of the Mount Sinai Hebrew Association of St. Paul, in 1857 means that the first synagogue was established before
Minnesota
achieved statehood. The founding of Har Tzion (
Mt.
Zion
) marks the start of the Jewish community in
Minnesota
.
1860: Sir George Jessel, and Amelia Moses gave birth to British barrister and businessman Sir Charles James Jessel, 1st Baronet, Ladham House.
1863: Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of Prussia, initiated written correspondence with socialist and reform leader Ferdinand Lassalle. (Lassalle was Jewish; Bismarck was not)
1865: General Jeremiah Cutler Sullivan resigned from the Union Army. In 1862, Sullivan was serving under General Grant in Tennessee. He “refused to execute Grant’s Order 11 on the grounds that he thought he was an officer of the army and not of a church.” Sarna 20
1867: The independence of Luxembourg which was originally granted in 1839 is finally recognized by all of the European great powers including Prussia and France. The Grand Duchy’s first rabbi had served from 1843 until 1866 when
Luxembourg
had just one synagogue. By 1880, there were approximately 140 Jewish families throughout the Grand Duchy and there were three synagogues in
Luxembourg
by the end of the 19th century.
1869(1st of Sivan, 5629): Rosh Chodesh Sivan
1869: In New York City, Shaaray Tefila (Gates of Prayer) dedicated its new sanctuary located on 44thStreet, between Broadway and 6th Avenue. During the ceremony Leopold Cohn, chairman of the Building Committee gave the keys for the building to Barnet Solomon, the President of the Congregation. Rabbi Samuel Isaacs officiated at the impressive ceremony. The building, which cost $125,000 is smaller than Temple Emanu-El but compares favorably to it in terms of richness and architectural quality.
1869: Birthdate of Henrich Lowe, a German born Zionist who was known as a journalist, linguist and student of folklore.
1878: The Young Men’s Hebrew Association met for the first time in their new facility at 110 West 42ndStreet in New York City. Most of the members were in attendance at this all male affair. Mayor Ely was the guest of honor. I.S. Isaacs, the association’s president, opening remarks included a brief history of the association. The association, which was formed in 1874, has almost a thousand members and boasts a healthy back account. Rabbis Gottheil, Henry Jacobs and H.B. Mendez all addressed the group briefly.
1879: An article published today sub-titled “The Old Pessimists” notes that while there was a strongly pessimistic tone in a few books of the Bible – Job and Ecclesiastes - the “national religion of the Hebrews was optimistic in a high degree.” This stands in stark contrast to the deeply pessimistic religious utterances and literature of the ancient of the Greeks and the Romans While the Jews said “The earth is full of the goodness of the Lord” they were declaring that “the land and the sea are full of evils”
1879: An article published today entitled “Assyrian and Biblical History” described unresolved conflicts in the dating used by these two ancient civilizations. While both seem to agree as to the date of the eclipse that took place in the 8th century BCE, there is disagreement for the dates of subsequent events. For example, the Assyrians say that the invasion of Judea took place in 701 BCE while the Jewish version would have set the date at 713 BCE. Some researches indicate that the discrepancies are the result of a propensity among Assyrian monarchs who had a propensity for not reporting defeats and unsuccessful campaigns. This was left to their successors.
1879: Samuel Gobat, who had been serving as the Protestant Bishop of Jerusalem since 1846, passed away. Unlike his predecessor, Gobat refrained from trying to convert Jews and Moslems and worked among Christians. He and his wife who had also died while living in Jerusalem are buried in Mount Zion Cemetery.
1879(18th of Iyar, 5639):Lag B'Omer
1879(18th of Iyar, 5639): Bernhard Wolff passed away today in Berlin. Born in 1811, he was editor of the Vossische Zeitung, founder of the National Zeitung and founder of Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau one of the first press agencies in Europe and one of the three great European telegraph monopolies until the World War II-era, the other two being the English Reuters and the French Havas. All three of these famous wire-services had a Jewish connection. The second son of a Jewish banker, Wolff lived and died in Berlin, Brandenburg.
1881: Birthdate of Theodore von Kármán the Hungarian-American engineer and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. He is responsible for many key advances in aerodynamics, notably his work on supersonic and hypersonic airflow characterization.
1881: Herzl fights his only duel in the fraternity Albia.
1881: As a wave of pogroms race across Russia Czar Alexander III receives a delegation of Jews led by Baron Horace de Gunzburg. He assures them that the government is opposed to the violence which he blames on socialists and elements following the anti-Christ.
1884: In Bucharest, Zara and Leon Feinsohn gave birth to Reba Fesinsohn who gained fame as the American soprano and recording artist, Alma Gluck.
1886(6 Iyar, 5646): Rabbi Isidor Kalish passed away
http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=KI1
1886(6 Iyar, 5646): Rabbi James Koppel Gutheim passed away today in New Orleans. Born in Westphalia, Germany, he came to the United States in 1843 and became active in the Cincinnati (Ohio) Jewish community, the home of Reform Judaism in the United States. Guttheim moved to New Orleans where he served as Rabbi at Shangarai Chesed. He left the Crescent City after a dispute about a memorial to the late Judah Touro and his refusal to take the Oath of Allegiance to the Union during the Civil War. After serving as rabbi to congregations in Montgomery, Alabama and Columbus, GA, he returned to New Orleans where he served as rabbi at Temple Sinai until his death.
1887: Birthdate of Paul Wittgenstein. The Austrian-born pianist lost his right arm fighting for Austria during World War I. After the war he gained fame for arranging and playing numerous pieces with his left hand. After fleeing the Nazis during the 1930’s he came to the United States where he became a citizen and continued his career.
1888: Birthdate of Irving Berlin. Born Isadore Balin in
Temum Siberia
,
Berlin
was the composer of a wide variety of All American Music. His White Christmasis reported to be the all-time leader in the holiday music category.
1889:Zadoc Kahn the Chief Rabbi of France who helped to found Société des Études Juives in 1879 delivered an address to entitled "La Révolution Française et le Judaïsme" to help mark the centenary (11 of the French Revolution.
1890: It was reported today that former President Grover Cleveland and his wife have accepted an invitation to attend the upcoming Strawberry Festival, a fund-raiser sponsored by the Young Men’s Hebrew Association.
1890: “Barons Alphonse and Nathaniel Rothschild have warned Emperor Franz Joseph and …the Minister of the Interior, that if oppression of the Jews is continued at Vienna, they will be forced to transfer their business” to Budapest. They claim that the leadings banks will follow them in moving their business.
1891: A fire, which was allegedly set by a Jewish immigrant from Poland name Solomon Crizar, broke out at 222 Johnson Avenue in Brooklyn.
1891: Birthdate of Henry Morgenthau Jr. Morgenthau was a neighbor of FDR. It was this friendship rather than his financial wizardry that led to his appointment as
US
Secretary of the Treasury in 1934. He held that post until 1945, when Harry Truman took office. Morgenthau was the author of the so-called Morgenthau Plan which, according to critics, sought to turn
Germany
into one large farm after World War II. After two world wars in less than fifty years, Morgenthau was not alone in thinking that the only way to avoid another German Reich was to demilitarize and de-industrialize the country. The realities of the looming Cold War, among other concerns, derailed any such notions.
1892: Leaders of several congregations met tonight to discuss the possibility of establishing a school that would train men and women to serve as teachers at Jewish Sunday Schools.
1892: “Vaccination Day” published today described the annual springtime program designed to provide vaccination for hundreds of Jewish, Polish and Italian children that takes place at the Health Office on Mulberry Street.
1895: The Young Men’s Hebrew Association hosted a strawberry festival to mark the end of this season’s programs of study and entertainment.
1895: Several Polish Jews were arrested in Kingston, NY on charges of being counterfeiters.
1898: Rabbi Leucht of Newark, NJ, officiated at the wedding of Moses Schloss and Miss Minnie Krieger of Philadelphia. Schloss is the manager of S. Scheurer & Co of Plainfield, NJ.
1899: “De Hirsch Memorial Service” published today described the services held at Temple Emanu-El in honor of the late Baroness Clara de-Hirsch-Gereuth, the widow of the late Baron Hirsch. Among those who address the packed sanctuary were Myer S Isaacs, President of the Baron de Hirsch Fund and William Rhinelander Stewart, President of the State Board of Charities. The service began with Mendelssohn’s Funeral March and ended with a recitation of the Kaddish led by Rabbi William Sparger and a benediction by Rabbi De Sola Menes
1901: Birthdate of Rosalie Beatrice Scherzer who gained fame as the poet Rose Auslander.
1903: The El-Arish project fails. Herzl writes in his diary: "I thought the Sinai plan was such a sure thing that I no longer wanted to buy a family vault in the Döbling cemetery, where my father is provisionally laid to rest. Now I consider the affair so wrecked that I have already been to the district court and am acquiring vault No. 28."
1911: Conservative Young Turks blame Zionists for desecration of the Mosque of Omar.
1912: Birthdate of Phil Silvers. This
Brooklyn
born comedian appeared in vaudeville and films. But his real fame rests on his portrayal of Sgt. Ernie Bilko, the All-American military con artists with the heart of gold, in the popular sit-com called the Phil Silvers Show.
1917: Birthdate of Irving Jay Cohen “who was known as King Cupid of the Catskills for his canny ability to seat just the right nice Jewish boy next to just the right nice Jewish girl during his half-century as the maître d’ of the Concord Hotel…” (As reported by Margalit Fox)
1919: The first Estonian Congress of Jewish congregations held its opening session today. The organization was going to have deal with the new realities of living in an independent Estonia that was no longer part of the old Czarist Russian Empire or its Bolshevik successor.
1921: Tel Aviv became the first all-Jewish municipality under the Mandatory Government.
1922: Birthdate of Tawfik Toubi a Christian Arab politician and who was elected to the Knesset in 1949 when Israel held its first parliamentary elections. Toubi would serve until he retired in 1991. His death in 2011 marked the end of an era since he was the last surviving member of Israel’s First Knesset.
1924: The first conference of the General Zionist movement begins in
Jerusalem
. It decides to establish a General Zionist Federation to amalgamate all centrist factions in
Palestine
.
1924: Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merge their companies to form Mercedes-Benz. The “Mercedes” in Mercedes Benz comes the daughter of Jewish businessman Emil Jellinek who was known as Mercedes.
1926: According to figures released today, 1,650 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine during the month of April
1927: Birthdate of Mort Sahl. Born in Montréal
Canada
, Sahl was one of a new bread of comedians that appeared in the late 1950's. Many of them were more cerebral than slapstick; more likely to have started in coffee houses like the Hungry Eye in
San Francisco
than burlesque theatres. Sahl would come on stage in his trade mark orange sweater, newspaper under his arm and sitting on a stool, begin to take potshots at the political and social leaders of the day.
1927: A cross section of thirty six leaders in the infant movie industry founded the
Academy
of
Motion Picture Arts
and Sciences. The Academy is responsible for honoring the accomplishments of the film industry through the annual Oscar ceremonies. Many of the original 36 were Jewish including Cecil B. DeMille, Louis Mayer, Joseph Schenk, Jake Lasky, Irving Thalberg, George Cohen, Edwin Loeb, Jack Warner and Harry Warner Yes, do the math. The Jewish representation is definitely statistically disproportional.
1928: Morris “Moshe” Baran and his family arrived in the United States. Amongst the three children in the family was Paul Baran, who as an engineer working at RAND Corporation “outlined the basic idea for what has become the Internet.
1928: Birthdate of Joe Schlesinger the Austrian born refugee from Nazi Europe who gained fame as a Canadian television journalist and author.
1928: Birthdate Yaacov Agam. Israeli-born Yaacov Agam was educated at the Bezalel School of Art in
Jerusalem
and the Atelier d'Art Abstrait in
Paris
. Agam has had exhibitions at the
Tel
Aviv
Museum
, the Musee National d'Art Moderne in
Paris
, and the
Stedelijk
Museum
in
Amsterdam
. His work is in the collections of many museums, including the
Museum
of
Modern Art
in
New York
and the Joseph Hirshhorn Collection in
Washington
,
D.C.
(editorial comment - I am no art critic or student of art so I will not even pretend to fake it on this subject. But I happened to have seen some of his work and there is something really interesting about. There are several websites where you can see his work.)
1929: Birthdate of Samuel Charles Cohn. This native of Altoona, PA, would gain fame as Sam Cohn “the powerful talent broker” who founded International Creative Management (ICM) and represented a panoply of top talent including Woody Allen, Robin Williams, Arthur Miller, E.L. Doctorow and Whoopi Goldberg to name but a few. He died in May of 2009 at the age of 79. (As reported by Bruce Weber)
1930: A Zionist youth group gathered in Berehovo, Carpatho-Russia, Czechoslovakia today.
http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/this_month/may/01.asp
1932: During today’s session of the annual convention of the Rabbinical Assembly of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, the assembly’s President, Rabbi Israel Levinthal of Brooklyn, delivered his annual address in which he said many members were suffering financially and serious thought needed to be given to establishing a permanent relief fund. As further proof of the impact of the Great Depression on Jews and Jewish organization, the seminary is expanding its placement service to help its graduates find work.
1932: Professor Louis Finkelstein, President of JTS, Sol M. Stroock, Chairman of the JTS Board of Directors, Professor Louis Ginzberg, and Rabbi Israel Goldstein of Congregation B’nai Jeshurun, were among those who spoke at tonight’s dinner at the Jewish Theological Seminary.
1938: The Palestine Post reported that Hanita beat off another heavy terrorist attack. Arab terrorist gangs continued to enter Arab villages demanding ransom money and valuables. Those villagers who refused such demands were usually kidnapped and their bodies were later found in the neighboring fields. A forest neighboring the Tiberias Hot Springs was set on fire. The Dutch border was closed to refugees after about 2,000 Austrian and 15,000 German Jews succeeded to get in.
Holland
claimed that despite the fact that it suffered from a heavy unemployment, it had offered residence to over 26,000 refugees. During the 1930’s the Jews were caught in two pronged anti-Semitic orgy. In
Europe
they were condemned because they were permanent outsiders even though they desperately tried to fit into the social fabric of the various nations in which they lived. In
Palestine
, the Jews were under attack because they were trying to establish a national home where Jews could live as Jews. The point of this is that anti-Semitism is irrational and those who hate Jews will grab any excuse and those looking for a scapegoat will grab any Jew.
1939: Jews are prohibited from working in travel agencies by Nazi Germany
1941: In the
Warsaw
ghetto, children are seen playing with a corpse in a courtyard. In each of the prior two months, 500 - 600 more Jews died of starvation.
1941: During the Blitz, The Great Synagogue on Dukes Place in London is destroyed in an air raid.
1942: Alter Dworetsky, a member of the Jewish Council at Diatlovo, Belorussia, escapes to a nearby forest, only to be shot to death by Soviet partisans after refusing to hand over his pistol.
1942: Damon Runyon published “Sam Dreben’s Spirit Marches On” a column that uses the career of this Jewish career soldier who won the Distinguished Service Cross to dispel notions of Jewish cowardliness and lack of patriotism. The column was written “on the occasion of the posthumous conferring of the DSC on Lt. Henry D. Mark of Los Angeles. (As reported by Abraham Bloch)
1942: The Biltmore Program is adopted in an emergency meeting (at the Biltmore Hotel in
New York
) of the Conference of American Zionists. The program proposed by Ben Gurion and Abba Hillel Silver totally rejected the British White paper and called for the establishment of a Jewish state. There was opposition to the proposal by the "non- Zionists" and those who believed in a bi-national state (HaShomer HaZair).
1942: “Go Down Moses,” the collection of short stories by William Faulkner is published today. The title is based on the spiritual that compares the slavery experience of African-Americans in the United States with the enslavement of the Jews by Pharoah.
1944: HMCS Beauharnois, a Canadian corvette, was launched today. She would be acquired by the Israelis and was renamed Josiah Wedgwood, in honor of Colonel Josiah Wedgwood, the British M.P. who wanted to remove the obstacles to Jewish immigration to Palestine and opposed the British appeasement of Hitler during the 1930’s.
1944: Anne Frank writes in her diary, "I'd like to publish a book called 'The Secret Annex.' It remains to be seen whether I'll succeed, but my diary can serve as the basis
1944: Dr. Salomon Gluck, a French Army veteran who had been honored with the Croix de Guerre for bravery in facing the Nazis on the Maginot Line and a member of the Resistance was deported from Drancy aboard convoy 73. He was number 21530 and the convoy was unusual in that all of the almost 900 prisoners were men The men did not know that they would meet an ignominious end.
1944: Allied forces begin their final assault on the German lines at Monte Casino, the seizure of which will open the Road to Rome with the concomitant saving of the lives of Italian Jews hiding in and around the eternal city.
1948: Haganah took control of the
port
of
Haifa
.
Haifa
is
Israel
's northern port. In 1948, it had enough of a Jewish majority to have elected the town's mayor. But the city also had a considerable Arab population. The fighting during April to control the city was fierce. However, the three major Arab leaders left the city when they realized they were not going to any more help from the King of Jordan. This demoralized the local Arab population. Despite being urged by the Jews to stay and remain calm, the majority left by sea for
Lebanon
and by land for
Nazareth
. Matters were not helped by the Arab Higher Committee which urged the Arabs to leave, in part, because the committee was sure that
Haifa
would be bombed by Arab air forces thus ending the Jewish presence in
Haifa
.
1949:
Israel
is admitted as the 59th member of the U.N., this, on the anniversary of
Turkey
's declaration, in 1917, of its intention to free Eretz
Israel
of the entire Jewish population.
1950: In a speech given tonight at Madison Square Garden, Governor Dewey declared that Israel must be armed to defend its frontiers against aggression because a strong Israel "is the surest guarantee to peace in the Near East."
1953: The Jerusalem Post reported that restitution negotiations were expected to begin shortly between the Austrian government and various Jewish Community representatives. The Israeli Cabinet decided to impose a "special unemployment relief tax" after the number of jobless reached 16,000. The Jerusalem Labor Exchange which had been closed for a week, following an attack by a mob of unemployed, reopened and offered forestation jobs to 30 workers. Over 550 workers were already employed in forestation projects carried out by Keren Kayemet, the Jewish National Fun. In the first decade of the 21st century people see
Israel
as a place of lush vegetation with a vibrant western style economy. It is quickly forgotten that in the early days of
Israel
’s existence the economy was quite shaky with high unemployment, large numbers of immigrants with limited skills and a land that had been denuded and neglected for centuries.
1955:
Israel
attacked
Gaza
. In 1955,
Gaza
was under control of
Egypt
. It was a base for fedayeen (from
Israel
's point of view, terrorists) who would cross into
Israel
planting roadside bombs and shooting up passing vehicles.
Israel
's move into
Gaza
was temporary, lasting only long enough to destroy the bases from which these people operated. David Ben-Gurion,
Israel
's first Prime Minister, was always adamant that
Israel
should never want to hold on to
Gaza
.
1960: Adolf Eichmann, charged with the implementation of the "final solution", was captured in
Buenos Aires
,
Argentina
. Eichmann was in charge of all transportation required for the shipment of Jews to the extermination camps. The height of his career was reached in
Hungary
in 1944, when he managed to transport 400,000 Jews to the gas chambers in less than five weeks. Eichmann was found guilty and is the only person who ever executed by the Israeli the government.
1961: President John F. Kennedy appointed Walworth Barbour as U.S. Ambassador to Israel.
1963(17th of Iyar, 5723): Seventy-four year old Dr. Herbert S. Gasser, winner of the 1944 Nobel Prize for Medicine passed away tonight in New York City.
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0E1EFC3858137A93C1A8178ED85F478685F9
1967: Abba Eban and his wife tour
Israel
’s northern border area with General David Elazar, commander of the region.
1973: Citing government misconduct, Daniel Ellsberg has his charges for his involvement in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times dismissed. Contrary to a popular misconception, Ellsberg was not Jewish. His parents had been Jewish but they raised their son as a Christian Scientist. However, the following list of people involved with the Pentagon Papers reads like a who’s-who of Jews during the 1970’s. How many of these names ring a bell? “To name just a few, we have Leslie Gelb, the chief author of the Pentagon Papers; Henry Kissinger, Nixon's national security advisor and Ellsberg's former Harvard colleague; Leonard Weinglass and William Kunstler, two of Ellsberg's attorneys; Max Frankel and Arthur O. Sulzberger of The New York Times which first published the secret papers; Sidney Zion, the maverick reporter who named Ellsberg as the leaker; Seymour Hirsh, the investigative journalist and one of Ellsberg's few close friends; Barbra Streisand, who sang to raise money for Ellsberg's legal defense fund; Louis Marx, the toy tycoon and Ellsberg's father-in- law; Bernard Barker, the Watergate burglar; Noam Chomsky, the hard-Left Ellsberg defender; and Ellsberg's countless Jewish colleagues and acquaintances at Harvard, at the
RAND
Corporation, in the government and in the anti-Vietnam War movement.”
1975:
Israel
signed an agreement with European Economic Market. This helped the Israelis to increase their involvement in what was then a new and burgeoning market for its products including fresh flowers and fresh produce. At