January 17 In History
395: Emperor Theodosius I passed away in Milan. During his reign he instituted several laws that directly impacted his Jewish subject. One “dealt with the obligation of Jews and Samaritans to acts as shipmasters over goods being transported.” A second law “gave the Jewish patriarchs the right to judicial autonomy in their communities…” A third law enacted in 393 forbade the destruction of synagogues. (As reported by Daniel O. McClellan)
1287: King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca, making Minorca a part of Spain, a status that has survived into the 21st century, despite a brief period of British rule in 18th century. Judah Bonsenyor, Notary-general of Aragon, whose language skill enabled him to serve as an interpreter, was among those who accompanied the king during the invasion. Minorca has had a large Jewish population The Letter on the Conversion of the Jews by a fifth century bishop named Severus tells of the conversion of the island's Jewish community in AD 418. A number of Jews, including Theodore, a rich representative Jew who stood high in the estimation of his coreligionists and of Christians alike, underwent baptism. An act of conversion brought about, in fact, within a previously peaceful coexisting community by means of the expulsion of the ruling Jewish elite into the bleak hinterlands, the burning of synagogues, and the gradual reinstatement of certain Jewish families after the coerced acceptance of Christianity and its supremacy and rule in order to allow survival for those who had not already perished. Many Jews remained within the Jewish faith while outwardly professing Christian faith. Some of these Jews form part of the Xueta community. When Minorca became an English possession in 1713, the English willingly proffered an asylum to thousands of Jews from African cities[citation needed]. A synagogue was soon erected in Mahon.
1377: Pope Gregory XI, the prelate who had ordered the burning of Jewish books a year earlier, ended the Avignon Papacy when he moves the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.
1466: King John of Sicily gave formal permission to Benjamin Romano to establish a Jewish University in medicine and law at Syracuse. The idea was not acted upon and 1492 the Jews were expelled by order of the Spanish crown including the 5000 Jews of Syracuse which was approximately 40% of the town’s population.
1565: “Æquum reputamus” (We consider it equal) was issued by Pius V, the Pope who restored all of the anti-Semitic bulls of his predecessors, persecuted the Jews throughout the Christian world under his influence and eventually banished them from the dominions under his direct control.
1658: Birthdate of Samson Wertheimer. Born at Worms he would become chief rabbi of Hungary and Moravia, and rabbi of Eisenstadt. He would gain fame as an Austrian financier, court Jew and Shtadlan to Austrian Emperor Leopold I. He passed away in Vienna in 1724.
1670 In
Metz
, Burghers of the city decided that it was financially beneficial to expel the Jews, and so concocted a ritual murder libel. Raphael Levy, a respected member of the community, was arrested, tortured and burned alive. The Royal Council later called it "Judicial Murder" and the Jews were not expelled.
1747: Birthdate of Marcus Herz, the native of Berlin who was a pupil of philosopher Emmanuel Kant before becoming a prominent German physician and lecturer.
1763: Birthdate of John Jacob Astor, fur trader and one of early America’s most successful businessmen. There is some question as to whether or not Astor was Jewish or just of "Jewish stock."
1766: Birthdate of Amsterdam native Bele Salomon Kalman Asser Shochet
1815(6th of Shevat, 5575): Sixty year old Isaac Simon passed away in Jamaica was interred a Jewish cemetery “located at Hunts Bay, across the harbor from Port Royal and midway between Kingston and Spanish Town.” The cemetery is the oldest Jewish cemetery on the island. (As reported by Irwin M. Berg)
1842: West London Synagogue of British Jews, the U.K.’s oldest Reform congregation, is opened.
1847: The board of Congregation Shangarai Chasset met at the Conti Hotel Street in New Orleans under the Presidency of L. A. Gunst. The board unanimously chose Dr. Hermann Kohlmeyer to serve as the congregation’s rabbi. Kohlmeyer would later give up his pulpit for a career in education, becoming professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University). The congregation was founded in 1827 as an Orthodox synagogue. In 1881 it merged with Nefutzot Yehudah to form Touro Synagogue, one of the Crescent City’s leading Reform Congregations.
1851: In Cayuga County, NY, where Albert Baham is on trial for the murder of Nathan Adler, a popular Jewish peddler, the prosecution completed its summation. The judge delivered the charge to the jury which then adjourned to begin its deliberation. By six o’clock the jury had found the defendant guilty as charged.
1852: The New York Times reviewed Disraeli's Life of George Bentick. "It is amusing to see that Disraeli does not forget to do homage to the Hebrew race in his new book, albeit nobody can tell what it has to do with the biography...He still affirms...that the greatest men, past and present are and were Jews. To do him justice, he tries hard to prove it by living examples --whether they are valid or not let the readers of the book determine."
1863: Birthdate of David Lloyd George. Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister from 1916 through 1922. This meant that he led Britain to victory during World War I and was the leader of the peace negotiations. In this latter role he signed the Treaty of San Remo that officially ended the war with Turkey. Under the terms of the treaty “Palestine was declared a mandated territory” to be administered by Great Britain under the terms of the Balfour Declaration. Lloyd George agreed to this despite a great deal of anti-Zionist pressure some of which was generated by American missionary educators with interests in the Middle East.
1871: A Jewish peddler named Frank who has been plying his ware throughout Queens County was shot this evening while driving from Flushing to his home in Columbusville. The wounded Frank arrived at his home but nothing is known as to who might of shot him.
1876: It was reported today that the United Hebrew Charities, “an organization which embraces all the Hebrew charitable associations…and which cares exclusively for Hebrews” is the fifth leading charity in New York City. The association, with a central office at 238 East Fifth, provides money, medicines, medical treatment, clothing, shoes and coal to needy Jews.
1882: Aletta Jacobs the first Dutch female physician opened her office. Yes, Jacobs, who was also a champion for the rights of women, was Jewish.
1889(15thof Shevat, 5649): Tu B’Shevat
1890: (20th of Tevet, 5650):Salomon Sulzer passed away at the age of 85. While his name is known to few today, in his time he was a famous cantor and composer. “Born in 1804 in Hohenems, Austria, to a family of rich manufacturers, he was appointed cantor at the main synagogue in his hometown when only 16. He studied music in Vienna where he was chief cantor of the new synagogue from 1825 to 1881. His baritone voice attracted non-Jewish as well as Jewish admirers, among them Schubert, Schumann, and Liszt. In 1868 he was appointed knight of the order of Franz Josef. Sulzer's synagogue compositions became the models upon which congregations based their services throughout the year. His Schir Zion appeared in two volumes and while his music and innovations won only limited acceptance in Eastern Europe, they became standard in central Europe.”
http://www.chazzanut.com/articles/sulzer.html
1892: It was reported today that the police still do not know the whereabouts or fate of David Blumenthal a wealthy Jewish businessman who disappeared in April, 1891. Before his disappearance, Blumenthal had been an inmate at the insane asylum at Amityville. At that time, his older son Henry took him from the asylum, went to the banks where his money was deposited and withdrew it all. The two men then boarded a steamer bound for Bremen where they appear to have disappeared.
1893: A.E. Greenwald and Chapman Raphiel visited President Grover Cleveland at the White House and invited him to attend the charity that was being hosted by the Jews of Philadelphia on the last day of January. Cleveland responded that he would “make a special effort to be present.”
1893: President Rutherford B. Hayes passed away. Born in 1822,Rutherford Hays was the first President to designate a Jewish ambassador for the purpose of fighting anti-Semitism. In 1870, he named Benjamin Peixotto Consul-General to
Rumania
. President Hays also was the first Chief Executive to assure a civil service employee her right to work for the Federal government and yet observe the Sabbath. (Not working on Friday nights and Saturday?)
1895: Edward Lauerbach represented “the Hebrew Charities” at a conference in New York City prior to the announcement of what payments would be made to various charities by the city government.
1896: The first version of Herzl’s Judenstaat(The Jewish State) was published in the Anglo Jewish Newspaper, The Jewish Chronicle. The Jewish Chronicle in
London
had a world scoop with a lengthy article on a “Solution of the Jewish Question” by Theodor Herzl. This was 2 days before Herzl finally secured a contract in
Vienna
for publication of the Judenstaat. Readers of the Jewish Chronicle were the first to have his ideas set out in print and they were cautioned by Herzl that “in this rapid account I run the risk of being misunderstood. My first and incomplete version will probably be scoffed at by Jews. ...I am introducing no new idea; on the contrary it is a very old one. It is a universal idea. …It is the restoration of the Jewish State.” Asher Myers, editor of The Jewish Chronicle had met Herzl a few weeks earlier at a dinner of the Maccabeans, a
London
club of Jewish professionals and establishment figures. He had been so impressed by Herzl’s views that he encouraged him to write them up for his newspaper. By the end of 1895, Herzl had completed his book and extracted a summary for The Jewish Chronicle. In an editorial entitled “A Dream of a Jewish State” Myers pointed at “the remarkable communication from Dr Herzl, adding that “we may safely assert that this is one of the most astounding pronouncements that have ever been put forward on the Jewish Question.” However, the editorial questioned whether the project would ever be realized. It concluded that Herzl had been prompted by a belief in the inevitability of spreading anti-Semitism.
1896: Birthdate of Hugo Chaim Adler the Belgian-born American composer, cantor, and choir conductor who was the father of composer and conductor Samuel Adler.
1897: It was reported today that the United Hebrew Charities has had so many applications for assistance that it will run out of money by the end of the month if it does not receive additional contributions.
1897: Rabbi Kaufman Kohler officiated at the funeral of Leon Sternberger, the cantor emeritus of Temple Beth-El. Following the services which were held at Temple Beth El, interment took place at Machpelah Cemetery on Long Island. (More for 2014)
1898: At Marseilles, France a crowd paraded through the streets crying “Death to the Jews” and “Shame upon Zola.
1898: During an anti-Dreyfus meeting being held at the Tivoli Vauxhall, “the members of the anti-Semite Committee displayed banners bearing the inscription “Death to the Jews…”
1898: As the “Dreyfus Affair” continued to enflame the French, it was reported that Louise Michel and Sebastian addressed a meeting sponsored by the Socialists during which they denounced the secrecy surrounding the recent trial of Count Esterhazy. (He, not Dreyfus, was the French spy who betrayed secrets to the Germans.)
1898: It was reported today that during 1897, 699 children ranging in age from 9 to 17 have been admitted to the Sabbath School operated by the Hebrew Technical School for Girls. (more for 2014)
1898: It was reported today that William Lloyd Garrison has sent a letter to the President of the Immigration Restriction League criticizing a bill that has been introduced by Senator Lodge that would sharply limit immigration to the United States. (This was one of several attempts to put an end to immigration that would be introduced over the next twenty years. These proposals struck an sensitive chord among the Jewish community which was split on the issue.)
1898: Funeral services were held this morning forLazarus Straus, a New York merchant and philanthropistat Temple Beth-El. Dr. Kaufman Kohler delivered the eulogy, and Dr. Silverman served as the cantor.
1899: Birthdate of Robert Maynard Hutchins no nonsense educator and civil libertarian. When asked about the role big time athletics on the college campus, Hutchins is reported to have replied, athletics is to a college education what bull fighting is to agriculture. Hutchins was not Jewish. But as a major intellectual figure of his time, he presents an interesting paradox in understanding Jewish relations with the non-Jewish world. On the one hand, Hutchins was praised in an article in the Chicago Jewish Historical Society’s publication “Chicago Jewish History” for his willingness to sponsor and hire German Jewish intellectuals fleeing Hitler in the 1930’s. At the same time he was an active member of the anti-war and anti-Semitic America First Movement. As a leader of America First, Hutchins was one of those who dismissed testimony about the savagery of the Germans as lies and Jewish propaganda.
1904: Herzl leaves for Italy where his travels will take him to Venice, Florence and Rome.
1909: Dr. Stephen S. Wise the Rabbi of the Free Synagogue, delivered a speech this morning advocating the acceptant of the million dollar bequest by the late Louis Heinsheimer. The bequest was conditional on the formation of a federation of Jewish charities, a move that Wise supported because he thought that it would improve the quality and quantity of services provided to those in need.
1909: New York State Supreme Court Justice Irving Lehman addressed the annual meeting of the New York Hebrew Infant Asylum at Tuxedo Hall. Lehman called for additional support of the asylum which is caring for 153 Jewish orphans. Due to a lack of an adequate facility this means that 450 Jewish orphans under the age of 5 are being cared for by Catholic and Protestant institutions. Charles Dittman was re-elected as the President.
1911: Birthdate of Moshe Carmel, the native Minsk who made Aliyah in 1924, helped to establish Kibbutz Na’an and commanded the Carmeli Brigade during the War of Independence before pursuing a political career.
1917: Birthdate of Czech-born Canadian composer Oskar Morawetz.
1921: T.E. Lawrence (known as Lawrence of Arabia) told Winston Churchill that Emir Feisal ‘agreed to abandon all claims of his father to
Palestine
’ since the British had agreed to Arab sovereignty in
Baghdad
,
Amman
and
Damascus
.
1926: Birthdate of Yitzhak Moda'I, the native of Tel Aviv who graduated from the Technicion beforge starting a long political career.
1926: Nine year old violinist Yehudi Menuhin appeared in a recital in New York
1927(14th of Shevat, 5687):Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted passed away. Born in 1853, he was the founder of Shell Transport and Trading Company which later became Royal Dutch Shell.
1928: Birthdate of British born businessman Vidal Sassoon.Vidal Sassoon spent six years in a Jewish orphanage in
London
, after his father abandoned the family. When his mother remarried, the family re-united, and as Sassoon tells it, he had no interest in hair until he was 14, when his mother suggested he apply for a job sweeping floors at a salon. The rest, of course, is history. After dropping out of high school, Sassoon worked under Mr Teasy-Weasy, aka Raymond of Mayfair, aka Raymond Bessone, who was the most famous celebrity hairstylist of the 1950s. When Sassoon started his own salon, it soon spawned the trendiest looks of the '60s. Sassoon invented the "bob" look in 1963, and pioneered geometric hairdos in 1966. He was paid $5,000 to fly across the
Atlantic
and create Mia Farrow's concentration camp coiffure for Rosemary's Baby.
He was the official hairstylist of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, and he hosted Your New Day, a stylish television show in the 1980s. He's the author of Cutting Hair the Vidal Sassoon Way. Peggy Moffitt, an early supermodel, said "Sassoon is to hair care what Picasso is to painting." Sassoon is involved in a messy lawsuit against Procter & Gamble, the conglomerate that owns the right to market Sassoon's products in
America
. Sassoon maintains that P&G has allowed his name brand to slip to almost a 'discount product' status. In 1998, the corporation spent $34-million advertising Sassoon products in
America
; in 2002 they spent just $90,000. Sassoon's daughter Catya died of an ecstasy overdose in 2002. The
Vidal
Sassoon
International
Center
for the Study of Anti-Semitism was established at the
University
of
Jerusalem
in 1982.
1932: In
Brooklyn
, celebration of the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Young Men’s Hebrew Association
1934(1st of Shevat, 5694): Rosh Chodesh Shevat
1934: Birthdate of Shari Lewis. Lewis would gain fame as a ventriloquist and puppeteer who created Lamb Chop.
1935: The American committee responsible for the selection of the United States teams that will compete in the Second Maccabiah announced the schedule for the trials which will be held in New York City and Newark, NJ next month. Pincus Sober chairs the committee selecting the track and field team. Charlotte Epstein chairs the committee selecting the swimming team. Ernest Koslan chairs the committee selecting the tennis team. Ben Levine chairs the committee selecting the boxing team. Nat Osk chairs the committee selecting the wrestling team.
1938(15thof Shevat, 5698): Tu B’Shevat
1938: The Palestine Post reported that a passerby was injured when a missile was hurled at the Workers' Cooperative restaurant on
Jaffa Road
, shattering all windows.
1938: The Palestine Post reported that the Soviet government ordered the immediate closing of the Meyerhold State Theater in Moscow as being an institution "alien to Soviet art." Vsevolod Meyerhold, the director, was accused of showing "alien mentality." Meyerhold’s family origins were German Jewish although Meyerhold himself was a Lutheran. In the world of Stalin, Meyerhold could have fallen out of favor because he was “German,” “Jewish” or “both.”
1939: Felix Frankfurter was confirmed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by a voice vote of the U.S. Senate today.
1939: The Nazi government issued a decree regarding the expiration of permits for Jewish dentists, veterinarians and pharamicists.
1940: “A strong desire for economic cooperation between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine to overcome common difficulties was demonstrated today when Arab and Jewish citrus farmers and traders met in Petach Tikvaah. The meeting was the first of its kind since the start of the Arab uprising in 1936. The Jewish Farmers Federation sponsored the meeting which was attended by 700 Jews and over 100 Arabs “who represented orange-growing belt of Palestine.” The Arabs included a wide range of political views who were united in a willingness to work with the Jews in “presenting the citrus growers’ grievances to the” British government. “The conference elected a delegation of nine Jews and nine Arabs to meet the High Commissioner. The delegation will go to London if the local government meetings do not bring about meaningful improvement.
1941: When German planes were bombing Tel Aviv tonight, they dropped “a large projectile in an orange grove behind Tel Aviv where it caused a deep crater and other damage.”
1943: Berlin Bishop Konrad Graf von Preysing, the only top German Catholic prelate who consistently opposes the German government's Jewish policies, threatens Pope Pius XII, saying he will resign unless the collaborative behavior of the other German bishops comes to an end.
1945: The Red Army entered Budapest
and the remaining 120,000 of the original 470,000 Jews would now be safe from any further disaster.
1945: Final roll call is taken at Auschwitz: 11,102 Jews remain at Birkenau; 10,381 women in the Birkenau women's camp; 10,030 at the Auschwitz main camp; 10,233 at the Monowitz satellite camp; and about 22,800 in the remaining factories in the surrounding region;
1945: The Soviets arrest Raoul Wallenberg, whom they cynically suspect is using his humanitarian efforts for the Jews to cover his collaboration with the Germans or the Western Allies (the War Refugee Board was sponsoring him);
1945: SS guards at the Chelmno,
Poland
, death camp play "William Tell" by shooting at bottles placed on the heads of Jewish inmates who have been engaged in demolishing the camp's crematoria. In the evening, the remaining Jews are led from their barracks in groups of five and shot. One of the prisoners, Mordechai Zurawski, stabs an SS guard and escapes despite suffering a gunshot wound to the foot. A second inmate, Shimon Srebnik, also survives after being shot through the neck and mouth and left for dead. Forty-seven other Jewish prisoners at Chelmno, aware that the SS will shoot them before fleeing west ahead of the Soviets, take refuge in a building that is then set afire by the SS. Jews who run from the blaze are machine-gunned; only one of the original 47 survives. The SS abandons the Chelmno camp later in the day.
1945: The Soviet Army entered
Warsaw
. Only 200 Jews of more than a half a million had survived
1945: SS began killing the special Commando group of Jews at Chelmno that was used to help dismantle the camp over the past three months. Forcing them to wear bottles on their heads, the SS took target practice.
1945: The Nazis began the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces approached. Elie Weisel describes this event in his first book Night.
1948: The British brought the mutilated bodies of the 35 Jews to the Etzion bloc where they were to be buried in a common grave. The dead were the members of a platoon of volunteers that had been sent from Jerusalem to reinforce the beleaguered Etzion fighters.
1949: The Goldbergs, starring Gertrude Beg as Molly Goldberg, moves from radio to television as it premiers on the CBS television network.
1949: Birthdate of Andy Kaufman. An actor and comedian, many would come to know him as Latka Gravas in the sitcom Taxi.
1950(28th of Tevet, 5710): Mrs. Aaron (Annie) Goldberg, the paternal grandmother of Sir Martin Gilbert passed away at the age of 78. Born in Poland when it was part of the Russian Empire, she arrived in Great Britain in the last decade of the 19th century.
1951 (10th of Shevat, 5711): At a gathering of Chassidim marking the first anniversary of the passing of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, the late Rebbe's son-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, delivered a Chassidic discourse (maamar) entitled Basi L'Gani ("I Came into My Garden"), signifying his formal acceptance of the leadership of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement.
1952: While serving his second term as Prime Minister, Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the U.S. Congress during which he proudly reminds those in attendance of his long support of the Zionist cause and the creation of a Jewish state.
1955: Submarine USS Nautilus began the first nuclear-powered test voyage. This marked a major milestone in Admiral Hyman Rickover’s vision of a nuclear-powered Navy.
1959: Birthdate of Susanna Hoffs lead singer with “The Bangles.”
1962: Dancer Melissa Hayden premiered the role of Titania in Balanchine's A Midsummer Night's Dream, a part created especially for her.
1963: It was reported today that “a Soviet newspaper has confirmed that Solomon Mikhoels, noted Yiddish actor and director was murdered by Soviet Secret Police. At the time of his death, it the Communist regime claimed that he had been killed in an automobile accident. In fact, his death was the precursor to a Stalinist ant-Jewish purge that claimed the life of several hundred Jewish writers including David Bergelson. At the time of his murder, Mikhoels was working on a production of “Prince Reubeini” a play by Bergelson that depicted the expulsion of the Jews by the Ferdinand and Isabella.
1966: Simon and Garfunkel release their second album, Sounds of Silence, on Columbia Records.
1966: Zvi Dinstein begins serving as Deputy Minister of Defense.
1970 (9th of Shevat, 5730): The writing of the "Sefer Torah for the Greeting of Moshiach," initiated at the behest of the 6th Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, in 1942, was concluded 28 years later at a special gathering convened by the Lubavitcher Rebbe on Friday afternoon, the 9th of Shevat, on the eve of the 20th anniversary of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak's passing.
1978: The Jerusalem Post reported that US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who arrived in Jerusalem to participate in the deliberations of the Egyptian-Israeli political committee, had brought with him a jointly agreed agenda which included the declaration of principles which would govern the negotiations for a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East. The agenda was to provide a guide for negotiations relating to the issues of the West Bank and Gaza (the Hebrew version read "Judea, Samaria and Gaza") and included the elements of peace treaties arrived at by Israel and its neighbors, in accordance with Security Council Resolution 242. Vance had also proposed a plan for a transitional period which would eventually lead to something more close to the "self-determination" of the Arabs in Palestine.
1985: Canada made Raoul Wallenberg its first Honorary Citizen today.
1985: Canada designated this date as Raoul Wallenberg Day.
1986: Samuel Hadas was named as Israel’s Ambassador to Spain as Israel and Spain establish diplomatic relations today.
1987: Two Israeli helicopter gunships strafed Lebanese guerrillas today who had just overrun a position of the Israeli-backed South Lebanon Army, the police said. Israeli gunners then showered the newly occupied post with about 70 mortar bombs, they said. A South Lebanon Army source in Tel Aviv said the army had repelled an attack by dozens of Party of God fighters near Taibe, which is close to Alman. But it was unclear if the militia source was referring to the same fighting. The reported capture of the post was the latest in a series of attacks by Shiite guerrillas against Israeli and Lebanese troops in Lebanon
1988: Birthdate of actress Nikki Reed.
1988: An article entitled “Retracing Jewish History In Austria,” by Paul Hoffman is published on the 330th anniversary of the birth of Samson Wertheimer.
http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/17/travel/retracing-jewish-history-in-austria.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm
1990: Simon & Garfunkel were inducted into Cleveland's Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
1990: The United States criticized Yitzchak Shamir today for his call for a ''big Israel'' to absorb a flood of immigrants from the Soviet Union. ''We have now seen the text of the Prime Minister's comments, and our characterization of them is that frankly, they were not helpful,'' said Margaret D. Tutwiler, the State Department spokeswoman. We do not think that building settlements or putting even more settlers in the territories promotes the cause of peace. We do not provide U.S. Government resources for settlement of new immigrants in the occupied territories.
1991: Israel declared a state of emergency early this morning, minutes after word reached here of the American attack on Iraq. The authorities advised all Israelis to stay in their homes, open their chemical warfare kits and make their gas masks ready for immediate use. Iraq has said that it would retaliate against Israel for any allied attack on Iraq.
1991:
Iraq
fired 8 SCUD missiles on
Israel
.
Israel
had agreed that it would not respond and leave the destruction of the SCUD launchers to the Coalition Forces fighting
Iraq
. This marked the first time in
Israel
’s history that it relied on others for its defense.
1992: In a “Festival of New Voices From A Changing Israel,” published today, Jennifer Dunning waxes poetic over “Israel: The Next Generation” which she describes as “a festival with a difference.”
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/17/arts/a-festival-of-new-voices-from-a-changing-israel.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm
1993: The Dance Library