MySQL is an open-source database management system, commonly installed as part of the popular LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It uses a relational database and SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage its data.
The short version of the installation is simple: update your package index, install the mysql-server package, and then run the included security script.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation
This guide will walk you through the steps to install MySQL version 5.7 on a Ubuntu 16.04 server.
Prerequisites
To follow the steps mentioned in this guide, you will need:
One Ubuntu 16.04 server set up by following this initial server setup guide, including a sudo non-root user and a firewall.
Installing MySQL
On Ubuntu 16.04, only the latest version of MySQL is included in the APT package repository by default. At the time of writing, that's MySQL 5.7
To install it, simply update the package index on your server and install the default package with apt-get.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
You'll be prompted to create a root password during the installation. Choose a secure one and make sure you remember it, because you'll need it later. Next, we'll finish configuring MySQL.
Configuring MySQL
For fresh installations, you'll want to run the included security script. This changes some of the less secure default options for things like remote root logins and sample users. On older versions of MySQL, you needed to initialize the data directory manually as well, but this is done automatically now.
Run the security script.
sudo mysql_secure_installation
This will prompt you for the root password you created in above step. You can press Y and then ENTER to accept the defaults for all the subsequent questions, with the exception of the one that asks if you'd like to change the root password. You just set it in above step, so you don't have to change it now. For a more detailed walkthrough of these options, you can see this step of the LAMP installation tutorial.
To initialize the MySQL data directory, you would use mysql_install_db for versions before 5.7.6, and mysqld --initialize for 5.7.6 and later. However, if you installed MySQL from the Debian distribution, like in Step 1, the data directory was initialized automatically; you don't have to do anything. If you try running the command anyway, you'll see the following error:
Output
2016-03-07T20:11:15.998193Z 0 [ERROR] --initialize specified but the data directory has files in it. Aborting.
Finally, let's test the MySQL installation.
Testing MySQL
Regardless of how you installed it, MySQL should have started running automatically. To test this, check its status.
systemctl status mysql.service
You'll see output similar to the following:
Output
● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: en
Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-11-23 21:21:25 UTC; 30min ago
Main PID: 3754 (mysqld)
Tasks: 28
Memory: 142.3M
CPU: 1.994s
CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
└─3754 /usr/sbin/mysqld
If MySQL isn't running, you can start it with sudo systemctl mysql start.
For an additional check, you can try connecting to the database using the mysqladmin tool, which is a client that lets you run administrative commands. For example, this command says to connect to MySQL as root (-u root), prompt for a password (-p), and return the version.
mysqladmin -p -u root version
You should see output similar to this:
Output
mysqladmin Ver 8.42 Distrib 5.7.16, for Linux on x86_64
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Server version 5.7.16-0ubuntu0.16.04.1
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
Uptime: 30 min 54 sec
Threads: 1 Questions: 12 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 115 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 34 Queries per second avg: 0.006
This means MySQL is up and running.
Conclusion
You have completed a basic MySQL setup installed on your Ubuntu server.