UNPO: Members
Las naciones sin Estado son comunidades humanas que, aun teniendo las características culturales o identitarias asociadas habitualmente con una nación, no disponen de un Estado propio, y, en muchos casos, no están reconocidas oficialmente como comunidades diferenciadas.
Las naciones sin estado, por lo tanto, están incluidas en estados-nación donde la nación predominante es otra, o repartidas entre diversos estados-nación.
En general, las naciones sin estado cumplen, al menos, alguno de los tres criterios siguientes:
Reconocimiento oficial por parte del estado como comunidad nacional, nacionalidad o semejante.
Presencia de rasgos culturales o lingüísticos bien definidos y diferenciados de los mayoritarios en el estado.
Existencia de un movimiento cultural o político que reivindique la existencia.
La Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados es una organización internacional cuyos miembros son poblaciones indígenas, minorías y territorios no soberanos u ocupados. Fue fundada en 1991 en La Haya, Países Bajos, por 15 Pueblos y Naciones sin estado con el fin de promover un espacio internacional de diálogo.
Participa también en la resolución pacífica de conflictos que afecten a sus miembros.
La UNPO es un miembro activo de diversas instancias internacionales, como de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de la ONU.
La no violencia, la democracia, la autodeterminación, el ambientalismo así como los derechos humanos son los cinco principios centrales de la organización.
Miembros
La siguiente es la lista de 42 miembros de la página Nations & People del sitio web de la UNPO (solo voy a nombrar los casos de las naciones sin estado no representadas más conocidos a nivel mundial):
UNPO: Mapuche
Status: Indigenous Group
Population: 1,508,722 in Chile; 205,009 in Argentina
Areas: Central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
Language: Mapudungún and Spanish
Religion: Nguillatun
Tribal Groups: Picunches, Huilliches, Moluche/Nguluche
The Mapuche belong to the tribe of the Araucanians, whose ancestors moved to the region now known as Chile in South America 12,000 years ago. They are the only indigenous group that withstood the attacks of the Inca and were never conquered by them. Before the Spanish arrived in 1541, the Mapuche occupied a vast territory in the “southern cone” of the continent and the population numbered about two million. The Mapuche nation comprised both settled and nomadic communities, hunters, shepherds and farmers, living in small family groups which were under authority of a lonko (chief), and formed part of bigger regional communities.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Mapuche Inter-Regional Council
Since January 1993, the Mapuche, represented by the Mapuche Inter-Regional Council, is as member of UNPO.
- See more at: UNPO: Mapuche
UNPO: Iraqi Kurdistan
Population: 4 million
Capital City: Erbil
Area: 78,736 km²
Language: Kurdish
Ethnic Groups: Kurds, Assyrians, Armenians and Iraqi Turkoman
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Kurdistan Democratic Party & Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan is represented in UNPO by the two main political parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK).
- See more at: UNPO: Iraqi Kurdistan
UNPO: Iranian Kurdistan
Status: Region of north western Iran
Population: 8—10 million, estimated to be 11-15% of the population of Iran
Capital City: Mahabad
Area: 111,705 sq. Kilometres, comprising the four western provinces of Kermanshah (24,998 sq. Km) Ilam (20,133 sq. Km), West Azerbaijan (37,437 sq. Km) and Kordestan (29,137 sq. Km).
Language: Kurdish
Religion: Sunni Muslims 66%, Shi’a Muslims 27%, Indigenous and Minority Religions 6% (Yarsan, Yazidis, Qadiriyya and Naqshbandiyya, Ahle Haq, Christians and Jews)
Ethnic Groups: Kurdish, Azerbaijani Turk and Persian
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
The organization representing the Iranian Kurds within UNPO is the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) founded in Mahabad, Iran in 1945.
- See more at: UNPO: Iranian Kurdistan
UNPO: Assyria
Status: Unrecognised Indigenous Group
Population: The total Assyrian population, including the Diaspora, is estimated at 3.3 million
Capital City: Nineveh, Ancient Assyrian Capital (Iraq)
Area: 37,323 km2 (Current Nineveh Governorate Area)
Language: Assyrian, which also is referred to as Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean and Syriac.
Religion: Christianity (Orthodox and Catholic)
Assyrians are one of the indigenous populations of modern-day Iraq. The Assyrians’ ancestral homeland is spread over northern Iraq, northern Iran, south-eastern Turkey and southern Syria. The region from the Hakkari Mountains in Turkey to the Mosul district in northern Iraq is the Assyrian nation’s ancestral homeland, with Nineveh as its historic capital.
Assyrians are also referred to as Chaldeans, or Syriacs. The origin of these names is mainly related to the changing fortunes and identities of a people and their diasporas that have gone different ways over three millennia. However, it should be emphasized from the outset that all these names refer to essentially the same indivisible people.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Assyrian Universal Alliance
The Assyrians are represented in the UNPO by the Assyrian Universal Alliance (AUA). They were admitted to the UNPO as a member on 6 August 1991.
- See more at: UNPO: Assyria
UNPO: Iraqi Turkmen
Population: 3 million approximately
Language: Turkish
The Iraqi Turkmen are a community of just under 3 million, predominantly present in the Iraqi provinces of Mosul, Erbil, Kerkuk, Salahaddin and Diya, Baghdad and Wasit. They represent the third largest ethnic group in Iraq (13% of the population), and since 29th July 2012, they are officially recognized by the Iraqi parliament as one of the three main ethnic components of the Iraqi people. Kerkuk is considered by the Turkmen as their capital city. This area, within the ‘Turkmeneli’ region of Iraq, produces nearly 20% of the Iraqi petroleum and 2.2% of the worlds.
The Turkmens are descendants of the Turkic speaking Oghuz tribes who began settling in Iraq about 1500 years ago. They played a significant role in the administration of Iraq and established 6 states, The Seljuks, Atabegs, Ilkhanids, Jalairids, Qara Qoyunlus and Aq Qoyunlus. October 30, 1918, at the end of First World War, the Mosul province was still within the borders of the Ottoman Empire. The British troops occupied the territory after the cease-fire on November 11, 1918. Turkey refused to accept this act and demanded the return of Mosul province. The Turkmens and Kurds resisted British authority by participating in the popular 1920 Iraqi revolution and refused the British installed Hejazi Hashemite monarchy in 1921.
See more at: UNPO: Iraqi Turkmen
UNPO: Southern Azerbaijan
Status: Unrecognized & occupied territory
Population: 30 million
Language: Azerbaijani Turkish
Religion: Islam Shi’a
Southern Azerbaijan is populated by Shi’a Muslim Azerbaijani Turks. They speak a Turkic language that is similar to Turkish and Iraqi Turkmen. It is extremely difficult to give an accurate estimate of the population, since it has been reported that the Iranian authorities tamper with the official statistics. The members of the population in Iran of Azerbaijani descent is estimated to be around 30 million . There are additionally large communities of Azerbaijani Turks living abroad, not only in Azerbaijan, but in countries such as Turkey, Russia, Georgia, U.S.A, Kazakhstan, Germany, Ukraine and Canada.
- See more at: UNPO: Southern Azerbaijan
UNPO: Circassia
Population: 709,003 spread across three republics within the Russian Federation: Adygea, where Circassians constitute 25.2% of the population; Kabardino-Balkaria, where they number 519,958 or 52.5% of the population and Karachay-Cherkessia, where they constitute 11.2% of the population.
Diaspora: Over 3 million Circassians live outside of Russian Federation: over 2 million in Turkey, 150,000 in Syria, Jordan and Israel, 40,000 in Germany and the Netherlands and 9,000 in the US.
Status: Circassians are spread across three republics within the Russian Federation: Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria
Area: The total area of Circassian populated republics is 33,100 km2.
The area of Adygea is 7,600 sq km, the area of Karachay-Cherkessia is 14,200 km2 and Kabardino-Balkaria is 12,500 km2.
Capital City: The capitals of the three Republics are Maykop (Adygea), Cherkessk (Karachay-Cherkessia) and Nalchik (Kabardino-Balkaria).
Language: Circassian language, also known as Adyghe
Religion: Sunni Muslim of Hanafi School
The ancient native people of the Northwest Caucasus are known in most historic annals as the ‘Circassians’, a term which has gained currency in recent history to refer to the groups of Cherkess, Shapsugs and Kabardin and related groups of Caucasian origin who live in the Northwest Caucasus and in Diaspora communities. The formation of the Circassian people over the millennia took place in close contact with the tribes of Western Asia, Greeks, Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians.
- See more at: UNPO: Circassia
UNPO: Afrikaner
Population: Afrikaners constitute nearly three million out of approximately 49 million inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa, plus as many as half a million in diaspora.
Language: Afrikaans
Religion: Predominantly protestant (Calvinist)
The Afrikaners are descendents from European explorers who started to settle in South Africa during the seventeenth century. They speak their own language, Afrikaans, which is derived from Dutch. The Afrikaners originate from the first permanent settlement of Dutch colonists in 1652, though their development has also been influenced by the French Huguenots, fleeing from catholic France, and by German settlers. Contemporary cultural traits, such as the language, can easily be traced back to these original settlers, though the traditional way of life has largely been modified over time. -
See more at: UNPO: Afrikaner
UNPO: East Turkestan
Status: Autonomous region
Population: 19,250,000
Capital City: Urumqi
Area: 1.6 million km²
Language: Uyghur. The official language is Chinese.
Religion: Islam
Ethnic Groups: Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Tatar, Salar, Tajik, Mongol, Hui, Manchu, Xibe, Dagur, Russian, Chinese
UNPO REPRESENTATION: World Uyghur Congress
East Turkestan is represented at the UNPO by the World Uyghur Congress (WUC). They were a founding member of UNPO in 1991.
- See more at: UNPO: East Turkestan
UNPO: Inner Mongolia
Population: 4 million (total population including Chinese: 24 million)
Area: 1.8 million km2
Capital: Hohhot
Language: Mongolian
Religion: Shamanism, Buddhism
The official languages of Inner Mongolia are Standard Mandarin and Mongolian.
Mongol script was adopted approximately 800 years ago by Genghis Khan, who based this language on ancient Uighur, a "vertical" script that is written from top to bottom. The Mongol language belongs to the Mongolian branch of the Altaic Family and has an alphabet of 23 letters. - See more at: UNPO: Inner Mongolia
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Inner Mongolian People's Party - See more at: UNPO: Inner Mongolia
UNPO: Tibet
Status: Occupied Territory
Population: 6 million (Tibetans) & 7,5 million (Chinese)
Areas: 2.5 million km2
Language: Tibetan
Religion: Tibetan Buddhism
Ethnic Groups: Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru, Ra, Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui Chinese, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.
UNPO REPRESENTATION
The “Government of Tibet in Exile” is a government headed by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama that describes itself as the rightful and legitimate government of Tibet. Tibet is currently under the control of the People's Republic of China, a situation that the Government of Tibet in Exile characterizes as an illegitimate military occupation. The Government of Tibet in Exile has its headquarters in Dharamsala, India. The Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959 after a failed uprising against Chinese rule.
- See more at: UNPO: Tibet
UNPO: Taiwan
Status: De facto State in Eastern Asia
Population: 22,974,347 (CIA World Factbook - July 2009 est.)
Capital City:Taipei
Area: 35,980 km² (CIA World Factbook 2009)
Language: Mandarin (main language), Minnan (also known as Hoklo or Taiwanese), Hakka and indigenous languages
Religion: Combination of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism (93%), Christianity (4.5%) and other religions (2.2%)
Ethnic Groups: Hoklo (70%), Hakka (14%), Mainland Chinese (14%), Indigenous peoples (14 tribes: Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Pinuyumayan, Rukai, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Sediq, Thao, Truku, Tsou and Yami) (2%)
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
Taiwan is represented at the UNPO by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD). Taiwan is a founding member of the UNPO having joined the organization on 11 February 1991; TFD has served as Taiwan’s representative since 2006.
- See more at: UNPO: Taiwan
UNPO: Balochistan
Population: The population is estimated at 7.9 million
Capital City: Quetta
Area: 347,190 km2
Language: Urdu, Balochi, Pashto, Brahui
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Balochistan National Party
OVERVIEW
The Balochistan National Party is comprised of Baloch political intellectual and cultural figures, and young political activists.
- See more at: UNPO: Balochistan
UNPO: Crimean Tatars
Status: Autonomous Republic
Population: Crimea: 2.5 million Crimean Tatars: 300 000
Capital City: Simferopol Area: 27 000 km²
Language: Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar and Russian
Religion: Islam (Sunni)
Ethnic Groups: Crimean Tatars 12%, Russian 62%, Ukrainian 23%, Belorussian, Armenian, Greek, German and Karaim 3%
The Crimean Tatars are the indigenous people of Crimea. The Crimean Tatar ethnicity was formed in the process of synthesis of many Turkic and non-Turkic speaking tribes, which inhabited Crimea centuries ago. In 1441, The Crimean Tatars emerged as a nation for the first time, bringing together a variety of ethnic groups together to constitute a single nation. Haci Giray Khan, a direct descendent of Ghengis Khan, established the independent Crimean Khanate as part of the Ottoman Empire. This was a Turkic-speaking Muslim state which was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Milli Mejlis
The Crimean Tatars are represented at the UNPO by their elected representative body, The Crimean Tatar “Milli Mejlis” They were a founding member of the UNPO in 1991.
- See more at: UNPO: Crimean Tatars
UNPO: Kosova
Status: Unrecognized state
Population: 1.804.838
Capital City: Pristina (Prishtine, Prishtina)
Area: 10,887 km2
Language: Albanian (official), Serbian (official), Bosnian, Turkish, Roma
Ethnic Groups: Albanian 88%, Serbs 7%, Others 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian)
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Democratic League of Kosova
Kosova is represented by the Democratic League of Kosova.
- See more at: UNPO: Kosova
UNPO: Hungarian Minority in Romania
Status: Minority
Population: 2,431,807
Language: Hungarian
According to the last Romanian census (2002) 2,431,807 citizens (12.6 percent of the total population of Romania) consider themselves Hungarians. Hungarians in Romania constitute 30 % of the population of Transylvania and they form a majority in the Szekler Region (the counties of Hargita and Kovászna). Of the 22 ethnic minorities in Romania, Hungarians make up the largest minority.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
The Hungarian Minority in Romania are represented in UNPO by the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR). Their goal is to achieve local government, cultural and territorial autonomy and the right to self-determination.
- See more at: UNPO: Hungarian Minority in Romania
UNPO: Savoy
Status: Underrepresented territory
Population: 1,166,000
Savosian are the people who live in the States of Savoy: the County of Savoy (1027-1416), the Duchy of Savoy (1416-1713), the States of Savoy or Kingdom of Sardinia (1713-1860).
Savoyards are the people who live in the department of Savoy, since French annexation in 1860.
Capital City: Chambery
Area: 10,416 sq. km
Language: Arpitan (or Franco-provencal), French
Religion: Catholic
UNPO REPRESENTATION
The Government of the State of Savoy
- See more at: UNPO: Savoy
UNPO: Zanzibar
Status: Occupied territory
Population: 982,000 people
Areas: 2.462 km2
Language: Kiswahili, English
Religion: Islam
Ethnic Groups: Wtumbatu, Wahdimu, Wapemba
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Zanzibar Democratic Alternative, Civic United Front
Zanzibar became a member of the UNPO in 1991, and is represented by the Zanzibar Democratic Alternative (ZADA), in co-operation with the Civic United Front (CUF).
- See more at: UNPO: Zanzibar
UNPO: Oromo
Status: Unrecognized territories
Population: +/- 31 million
Areas: Biyya – Oromo or Oromiya (600,000 km2)
Language: Oromiffa
Religion: Islam, Christianity and traditional Oromian belief
Tribal Groups: Barona and Barento/Barentuma
The Oromo people are one of the most numerous in Africa. Census data are not reliable but there are probably twenty million people whose first language is Oromo and who recognise themselves as Oromo. In older literature they are often called Galla. Except for a relatively small number of arid land pastoralists who live in Kenya, all their homelands lie in Ethiopia, where they probably make up around 40 percent of the total population.
Oromia has the potential to be one of the richest countries in Africa. Agriculture is the backbone of its economy and it is the means of livelihood for more than 90 per cent of the population. There are a great variety of farm animals and crop plants. The Oromo specialise in animal husbandry through their long tradition as herdsmen. Cattle rearing (pastoralism) are still the main occupation of many Oromo. The main crops that are merchandised are coffee and chat (a stimulant shrub). Coffee is a major foreign currency earner for Ethiopia.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Oromo Liberation Front
At the UNPO, Oromo are represented by The Oromo Liberation Front (OLF)
- See more at: UNPO: Oromo
UNPO: Southern Cameroons
Status: Occupied & unrecognized territory
Population: +/- 6 million
Areas: 43.000 km2
Language: English
Religion: Christian
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Southern Cameroons National Council
Southern Cameroons membership on UNPO is represented by Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC).
- See more at: UNPO: Southern Cameroons
UNPO: Ogoni
Status: The Ogoni are a distinct ethnic nationality within the Federal Republic of Nigeria who have lived in the Niger Delta for more than 500 years.
Population: 850,000
Area: approx. 1,000 km²
Capital City: Bori
Language: : Ogoni languages - Khana, Gokana, and Eleme as a distinct group within the Beneu-Congo branch of African languages
Religion: Christianity, traditional beliefs
Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest the Ogoni have inhabited the Niger Delta for more than 500 years. They established an organized social system under which men and women of courage and ability enjoyed special status.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Ogoni is represented at the UNPO by Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP). They were admitted to the UNPO as a member on 19 January 1993
- See more at: UNPO: Ogoni
UNPO: Somaliland
Status: Unrecognized territory
Population: 3.5 million
Areas: 68,000 sq miles
Capital: Hargeisa
Language: Somali, Arabic, English
Religion: Sunni Islam
Ethnic Groups: Somali, Swahili, Oromo
Somaliland is caught in a vicious Catch-22 position. They are being told, "Destroy your nation by joining destroyers in the south (Somalia), and we will recognise you. Stay outside, with stability and democracy, and we will ignore you." The region has been lobbying relentlessly for the past seventeen years to win support for its claim to be a sovereign state.
- See more at: UNPO: Somaliland
UNPO: Acheh
Status: Occupied territory
Population: 4.25 million
Area: 236,803 sq. km, consisting of 119 islands, 73 major rivers and 2 lakes
Capital city: Banda Aceh
Language: Achenese
Religion: Sunni Islam
From the beginning of 16th century, Acheh has been involved in an almost continuous power struggle for their self-determination and right to exist as a free nation.
- See more at: UNPO: Acheh
UNPO: West Papua
Area: 480.000 km2
Population: 1.800.000 of which about half are indigenous to West Papua
Language: More than 240 different languages belonging to the Papuan and Melanesian language groups.
Religion: Christian majority
The West Papuan people are a Melanesian people composed of at least 240 different peoples.
The National Government of the Republic of West Papua which also represents the OPM, the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (the Free Papua Movement). It finds its genesis in the West Papuan people’s resistance against the Indonesian occupation in the early 1960s. It was founded in 1965 and it proclaimed the Independence of West Papua in Markas Victoria on 1 July 1971. Ever since, the OPM has continued struggling for recognition to self-determination of the Papuan people through advocacy, diplomacy and nonviolent action.
In 1828, with the establishment of Fort du Bus, the western half of the island became a Dutch colony. In 1963, the Indonesians took control of the territory with the understanding that after six years a referendum (known as the Act of free Choice) would be held, in which the West Papuans would decide their own status. The Act of Free Choice took place in July-August 1969 as scheduled, but the election was “stage managed” by the Indonesians, who used a combination of bribery and brute force to persuade the 1,025 local delegates to approve the continuation of the Indonesian occupation of West Papua.
Ignoring the failings of the electoral process, the UN passed a resolution on November 19, 1969 endorsing the Indonesian occupation of West Papua. In 1973, West Papua was renamed Irian Jaya by the Indonesians, and up to this day the indigenous peoples are not allowed to call themselves West Papuans.
History of the Conflict
Since the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM, the Free Papua Movement) proclaimed the independence of West Papua on 1 July 1971, there has been a continuous struggle against the Indonesian oppression. Men and women organized in a guerrilla are presently resisting the Indonesian army; 10,000 had to flee to the other side in 1984 and many are still living in refugee camps along the border with Papua New Guinea. Even in those camps, the refugees cannot be sure of their safety: the Indonesian army was reported to have crossed the border many times, while tracking down OPM- fighters.
- See more at: UNPO: West Papua
UNPO: Cordillera
Population: 1.1 million
Language: Ilocano, Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Kalanguya, Kalinga, Ifugao, Itneg, Isneg, Pangasinan, Tagalog, English,
Area: 18,300 km²
As an indigenous people the Cordillera people are different from the Philippine majority in their perception of land ownership. The Igorots view land as the source of life, an integral part of a cultural identity that traces its origins from the land. The land is considered sacred and can neither be owned or sold, but it should be nurtured to produce life for the communities. For the Igorots, the loss of their land, or their alienation from it, is the same as taking their lives. It is because of this believe that the Cordillera forbears have willingly shed blood to defend their domain from colonisers, and why countless Igorots have since then fought for the right to remain on their land.
UNPO REPRESENTATION: Cordillera Peoples' Alliance
Fuente: UNPO: Members