Changed in v9:
- seperate a patch for sort include headers alphabetically
- some minor fixes for coding style.
Changed in v8:
- some minor fixes for coding style.
- unsetting I2CR_DMAEN immediatelly when DMA failed.
Changed in v7:
- when waiting for transfer complete use schedule() instead of udelay().
Changed in v6:
- changed the inappropriate print message.
- rebase to the latest code.
Changed in v5:
- add "*chan_dev = dma->chan_using->device->dev" for code cleanup.
- add the test logs.
Changed in v4:
- cancelled "i2c_imx->use_dma".
- changed "Dma" to "DMA".
- add Timeout handling for Transfer complete.
Changed in v3:
- fix a bug when request the dma faild.
- some minor fixes for coding style.
- other minor fixes.
Changed in v2:
- remove has_dma_support property
- unify i2c_imx_dma_rx and i2c_imx_dma_tx
- unify i2c_imx_dma_read and i2c_imx_pio_read
- unify i2c_imx_dma_write and i2c_imx_pio_write
Added in v1:
- Enable dma if it's support dma and transfer size bigger than the threshold.
- Add device tree bindings for i2c eDMA support.
- Add eDMA support for i2c driver.
The test log for i2c DMA support:
Starting kernel ...
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0xf00
Linux version 3.12.0+ (yuany@titan) (gcc version 4.8.3 20131202 (prerelease) (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1-4.8-2013.12 - Linaro GCC 2013.11) ) #34 SMP Sat Oct 11 17:15:15 CST 2014
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc075] revision 5 (ARMv7), cr=30c73c7d
CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT aliasing instruction cache
Machine: Freescale Layerscape LS1021A, model: LS1021A TWR Board
Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writealloc
PERCPU: Embedded 7 pages/cpu @80e7a000 s7680 r8192 d12800 u32768
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 260096
Kernel command line: root=/dev/ram rw console=ttyS0,115200
PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 7, 524288 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Memory: 1014152K/1048576K available (4495K kernel code, 249K rwdata, 1352K rodata, 207K init, 224K bss, 34424K reserved, 0K highmem)
Virtual kernel memory layout:
vector : 0xffff0000 - 0xffff1000 ( 4 kB)
fixmap : 0xfff00000 - 0xfffe0000 ( 896 kB)
vmalloc : 0xc0800000 - 0xff000000 (1000 MB)
lowmem : 0x80000000 - 0xc0000000 (1024 MB)
pkmap : 0x7fe00000 - 0x80000000 ( 2 MB)
modules : 0x7f000000 - 0x7fe00000 ( 14 MB)
..text : 0x80008000 - 0x805bdf74 (5848 kB)
..init : 0x805be000 - 0x805f1e00 ( 208 kB)
..data : 0x805f2000 - 0x80630518 ( 250 kB)
..bss : 0x80630520 - 0x80668628 ( 225 kB)
SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=2, Nodes=1
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=4 to nr_cpu_ids=2.
NR_IRQS:16 nr_irqs:16 16
Architected cp15 timer(s) running at 12.50MHz (phys).
Switching to timer-based delay loop
sched_clock: ARM arch timer >56 bits at 12500kHz, resolution 80ns
sched_clock: 32 bits at 100 Hz, resolution 10000000ns, wraps every 4294967286ms
Console: colour dummy device 80x30
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 25.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=125000)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
CPU0: update cpu_power 1024
CPU0: thread -1, cpu 0, socket 15, mpidr 80000f00
Setting up static identity map for 0x80469420 - 0x80469454
CPU1: Booted secondary processor
CPU1: update cpu_power 1024
CPU1: thread -1, cpu 1, socket 15, mpidr 80000f01
Brought up 2 CPUs
SMP: Total of 2 processors activated.
CPU: All CPU(s) started in HYP mode.
CPU: Virtualization extensions available.
devtmpfs: initialized
VFP support v0.3: implementor 41 architecture 2 part 30 variant 7 rev 5
NET: Registered protocol family 16
DMA: preallocated 256 KiB pool for atomic coherent allocations
cpuidle: using governor ladder
cpuidle: using governor menu
irq: no irq domain found for /soc/uqe@2400000/qeic@80 !
irq: no irq domain found for /soc/uqe@2400000/qeic@80 !
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
layerscape-pcie 3400000.pcie: PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x4010000000-0x401000ffff]
pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x4100000000-0x41ffffffff] (bus address [0x00000000-0xffffffff])
PCI: bus0: Fast back to back transfers disabled
PCI: bus1: Fast back to back transfers enabled
pci 0000:00:00.0: BAR 0: assigned [mem 0x4100000000-0x4100ffffff 64bit]
pci 0000:00:00.0: BAR 6: assigned [mem 0x4101000000-0x4101ffffff pref]
pci 0000:00:00.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
pci 0000:00:00.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
layerscape-pcie 3500000.pcie: PCI host bridge to bus 0001:00
pci_bus 0001:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
pci_bus 0001:00: root bus resource [io 0x4810000000-0x481000ffff] (bus address [0x480fff0000-0x480fffffff])
pci_bus 0001:00: root bus resource [mem 0x4900000000-0x49ffffffff] (bus address [0x00000000-0xffffffff])
PCI: bus0: Fast back to back transfers disabled
PCI: bus1: Fast back to back transfers enabled
pci 0001:00:00.0: BAR 0: assigned [mem 0x4900000000-0x4900ffffff 64bit]
pci 0001:00:00.0: BAR 6: assigned [mem 0x4901000000-0x4901ffffff pref]
pci 0001:00:00.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
pci 0000:00:00.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
pci 0001:00:00.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
i2c i2c-0: IMX I2C adapter registered
of_dma_request_slave_channel: dma-names property of node '/soc/i2c@2180000' missing or empty
i2c i2c-0: can't use DMA
i2c i2c-1: IMX I2C adapter registered
i2c i2c-1: using dma0chan16 (tx) and dma0chan17 (rx) for DMA transfers
i2c i2c-2: IMX I2C adapter registered
of_dma_request_slave_channel: dma-names property of node '/soc/i2c@21a0000' missing or empty
i2c i2c-2: can't use DMA
pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
PTP clock support registered
fsl-ifc 1530000.ifc: Freescale Integrated Flash Controller
Switched to clocksource arch_sys_counter
NET: Registered protocol family 2
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 163840 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
TCP: reno registered
UDP hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 24576 bytes)
UDP-Lite hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 24576 bytes)
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
rootfs image is not initramfs (no cpio magic); looks like an initrd
Freeing initrd memory: 18704K (bdce9000 - bef2d000)
NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
Key type id_resolver registered
Key type id_legacy registered
jffs2: version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
msgmni has been set to 2017
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
sii902x: probe of 1-0039 failed with error -1
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
21c0500.serial: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x21c0500 (irq = 118, base_baud = 9375000) is a Freescale 16550 FIFO64
console [ttyS0] enabled
21c0600.serial: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x21c0600 (irq = 118, base_baud = 9375000) is a Freescale 16550 FIFO64
of_serial 2402000.ucc: clk or clock-frequency not defined
of_serial: probe of 2402000.ucc failed with error -2
of_serial 2402200.ucc: clk or clock-frequency not defined
of_serial: probe of 2402200.ucc failed with error -2
serial: Freescale lpuart driver
2950000.serial: ttyLP0 at MMIO 0x2950000 (irq = 112, base_baud = 6250000) is a FSL_LPUART
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
60000000.nor: Found 1 x16 devices at 0x0 in 16-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000089 Chip ID 0x00227e
Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query Table at 0x0040
Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query version 1.3.
number of CFI chips: 1
4 ofpart partitions found on MTD device 60000000.nor
Creating 4 MTD partitions on "60000000.nor":
0x000000000000-0x000000020000 : "NOR RCW Image"
0x000000020000-0x000000120000 : "NOR DTB Image"
0x000000120000-0x000000920000 : "NOR Linux Kernel Image"
0x000000920000-0x000003b20000 : "NOR Ramdisk Root File System"
6Freescale DSPI master initialized
CAN device driver interface
flexcan 2a70000.can: device registered (reg_base=c081a000, irq=158)
flexcan 2a80000.can: device registered (reg_base=c081c000, irq=159)
libphy: Freescale PowerQUICC MII Bus: probed
fsl-gianfar ethernet.4: enabled errata workarounds, flags: 0x4
fsl-gianfar ethernet.4 eth0: mac: 00:04:9f:03:45:e8
fsl-gianfar ethernet.4 eth0: Running with NAPI enabled
fsl-gianfar ethernet.4 eth0: RX BD ring size for Q[0]: 256
fsl-gianfar ethernet.4 eth0: TX BD ring size for Q[0]: 256
fsl-gianfar ethernet.5: enabled errata workarounds, flags: 0x4
fsl-gianfar ethernet.5 eth1: mac: 00:04:9f:03:45:e9
fsl-gianfar ethernet.5 eth1: Running with NAPI enabled
fsl-gianfar ethernet.5 eth1: RX BD ring size for Q[0]: 256
fsl-gianfar ethernet.5 eth1: TX BD ring size for Q[0]: 256
fsl-gianfar ethernet.6: enabled errata workarounds, flags: 0x4
fsl-gianfar ethernet.6 eth2: mac: 00:04:9f:03:45:ea
fsl-gianfar ethernet.6 eth2: Running with NAPI enabled
fsl-gianfar ethernet.6 eth2: RX BD ring size for Q[0]: 256
fsl-gianfar ethernet.6 eth2: TX BD ring size for Q[0]: 256
pps pps0: new PPS source ptp0
e1000: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver - version 7.3.21-k8-NAPI
e1000: Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation.
e1000e: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver - 2.3.2-k
e1000e: Copyright(c) 1999 - 2013 Intel Corporation.
xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.0.auto: xHCI Host Controller
xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.0.auto: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.0.auto: irq 125, io mem 0x03100000
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.0.auto: xHCI Host Controller
xhci-hcd xhci-hcd.0.auto: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 2-0:1.0: 1 port detected
usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
i2c /dev entries driver
sdhci: Secure Digital Host Controller Interface driver
sdhci: Copyright(c) Pierre Ossman
sdhci-pltfm: SDHCI platform and OF driver helper
mmc0: SDHCI controller on 1560000.esdhc [1560000.esdhc] using ADMA
Value in jrstart addr c0e0005c, value prev 0 new f
caam 1700000.crypto: Instantiated RNG4 SH0
mmc0: new SDHC card at address 8415
caam 1700000.crypto: Instantiated RNG4 SH1
caam 1700000.crypto: device ID = 0x0a140300 (Era 67108864)
caam 1700000.crypto: job rings = 4, qi = 0
mmcblk0: mmc0:8415 SD04G 3.69 GiB
caam algorithms registered in /proc/crypto
mmcblk0:
caam_jr 1710000.jr: registering rng-caam
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: USB HID core driver
TCP: cubic registered
Initializing XFRM netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 10
sit: IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling driver
NET: Registered protocol family 17
NET: Registered protocol family 15
can: controller area network core (rev 20120528 abi 9)
NET: Registered protocol family 29
can: raw protocol (rev 20120528)
Key type dns_resolver registered
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
RAMDISK: gzip image found at block 0
usb 1-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using xhci-hcd
hub 1-1:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-1:1.0: 4 ports detected
usb 2-1: new SuperSpeed USB device number 2 using xhci-hcd
usb 2-1: Parent hub missing LPM exit latency info. Power management will be impacted.
hub 2-1:1.0: USB hub found
hub 2-1:1.0: 4 ports detected
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) on device 1:0.
devtmpfs: mounted
Freeing unused kernel memory: 204K (805be000 - 805f1000)
INIT: version 2.88 booting
Starting udev
udevd[114]: starting version 182
FAT-fs (mmcblk0): Volume was not properly unmounted. Some data may be corrupt. Please run fsck.
Starting Bootlog daemon: bootlogd.
Populating dev cache
Configuring network interfaces... IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready
udhcpc (v1.21.1) started
Sending discover...
libphy: mdio@2d24000:02 - Link is Down
Sending discover...
libphy: mdio@2d24000:02 - Link is Up - 1000/Full
IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth0: link becomes ready
Sending discover...
Sending select for 10.193.20.87...
Lease of 10.193.20.87 obtained, lease time 14400
/etc/udhcpc.d/50default: Adding DNS 10.192.130.201
/etc/udhcpc.d/50default: Adding DNS 10.211.0.3
/etc/udhcpc.d/50default: Adding DNS 10.196.51.200
done.
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
hwclock: can't open '/dev/misc/rtc': No such file or directory
Wed Jun 25 11:59:00 UTC 2014
hwclock: can't open '/dev/misc/rtc': No such file or directory
Running postinst /etc/rpm-postinsts/100-sysvinit-inittab...
Running postinst /etc/rpm-postinsts/101-debianutils...
update-rc.d: /etc/init.d/run-postinsts exists during rc.d purge (continuing)
Removing any system startup links for run-postinsts ...
/etc/rcS.d/S99run-postinsts
INIT: Entering runlevel: 5
Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd
generating ssh RSA key...
generating ssh ECDSA key...
generating ssh DSA key...
done.
hwclock: can't open '/dev/misc/rtc': No such file or directory
Starting network benchmark server: netserver.
Starting system log daemon...0
Starting kernel log daemon...0
Starting internet superserver: xinetd.
Stopping Bootlog daemon: bootlogd.
Poky (Yocto Project Reference Distro) 1.5 ls1021atwr /dev/ttyS0
ls1021atwr login: root
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cdump -y 1 0x52 i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 0123456789abcdef
00: 55 55 55 55 aa aa aa aa ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff UUUU????........
10: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
20: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
30: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
40: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
50: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
60: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
70: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
80: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
90: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
a0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
b0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
c0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
d0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
e0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
f0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cdump -y 1 0x52
No size specified (using byte-data access)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 0123456789abcdef
00: 55 55 55 55 aa aa aa aa ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff UUUU????........
10: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
20: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
30: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
40: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
50: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
60: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
70: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
80: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
90: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
a0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
b0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
c0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
d0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
e0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
f0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cset -f -y 1 0x52 0x00 0xa0 0xa1 0xa2 0xa3 0xa4 0xa5 0xa6 0xa7 0xa8 0xa9 0xaa 0xab 0xac 0xad 0xae 0xaf i
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cset -f -y 1 0x52 0x10 0xb0 0xb1 0xb2 0xb3 0xb4 0xb5 0xb6 0xb7 0xb8 0xb9 0xba 0xbb 0xbc 0xbd 0xbe 0xbf i
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cset -f -y 1 0x52 0x20 0xc0 0xc1 0xc2 0xc3 0xc4 0xc5 0xc6 0xc7 0xc8 0xc9 0xca 0xcb 0xcc 0xcd 0xce 0xcf i
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cset -f -y 1 0x52 0x30 0xd0 0xd1 0xd2 0xd3 0xd4 0xd5 0xd6 0xd7 0xd8 0xd9 0xda 0xdb 0xdc 0xdd 0xde 0xdf i
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cset -f -y 1 0x52 0x40 0xe0 0xe1 0xe2 0xe3 0xe4 0xe5 0xe6 0xe7 0xe8 0xe9 0xea 0xeb 0xec 0xed 0xee 0xef i
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cdump -y 1 0x52 i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 0123456789abcdef
00: a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af ????????????????
10: b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf ????????????????
20: c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf ????????????????
30: d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df ????????????????
40: e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef ????????????????
50: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
60: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
70: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
80: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
90: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
a0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
b0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
c0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
d0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
e0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
f0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
root@ls1021atwr:~# i2cdump -y 1 0x52
No size specified (using byte-data access)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 0123456789abcdef
00: a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af ????????????????
10: b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf ????????????????
20: c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf ????????????????
30: d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df ????????????????
40: e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef ????????????????
50: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
60: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
70: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
80: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
90: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
a0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
b0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
c0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
d0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
e0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
f0: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
root@ls1021atwr:~#
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