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Scotland

2013-09-10

Replacin page wi 'SCOTLAND IS THE BEST NATION EVER!!!'

← Aulder reveision

Reveision as o 04:19, 10 September 2013

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:''For mair airticles adae wi fowk, steids an things in Scotland tak a keek at [[:category:Scotland]].''

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SCOTLAND IS THE BEST NATION EVER!!!

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{{Infobox Kintra

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|native_name = Scotland ([[Scots Inglis|Inglis]] / [[Scots leid|Scots]]) ''Alba'' ([[Scots Gaelic leid|Gaelic]])

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|conventional_long_name =

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|common_name = Scotland

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|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg

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|image_coat = Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg

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|naitional_motto = ''[[In My Defens God Me Defend]]'' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]) (aft kyth'd in its cuttie furm as '''''IN DEFENS''''')

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|image_map = Scotland Location UK.PNG

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|offeecial_leid = Nane; [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ''de facto''; [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]] haes sum legal status; [[Scots leid|Scots]] gien sum recogneition forby

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|map_caption = {{map_caption|location_color=orange|region=the [[Unitit Kinrick]]|region_color=camel}}

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|caipital = [[Edinburgh]]

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|lairgest_ceety = [[Glesga]]

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|government = [[Kinrick wi Pairlament]]

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|heid o state = [[Elizabeth II o the Unitit Kinrick|Elspeth II o the Unitit Kinrick]]

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|prime meenister =

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|first meenister = [[Alex Salmond|Eck Saumond]]

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|area = 78,772km2 (30,414mi)

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|population = 5,144,200

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|foondin = Tradeitionalie [[Kenneth MacAlpin]], 843

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|siller = [[Poond sterling]] (£) (GBP)

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|time_zone = [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]], [[Breetish Simmer Time|Simmer: UTC +1]]

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|naitional_anthem =''[[Flouer o Scotland]]'' ''[[Scotland the Brave]]'' [[Scots Wha Hae]] (de facto)

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|naitional_flouer = [[Thristle]]

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|patron_saunt = [[Saunt Andra]]

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|cctld = [[.uk]]1 Proponed [[.sco]]

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|cawin_code = 441

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|footnote = (1) Skared wi [[Ingland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Irland]].

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}}

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'''Scotland''' ([[Scots Gaelic leid|Gaelic]]: ''Alba'', [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: ''Scotland'') is a [[kintra]] in nor-wast [[Europe]], an is ane o the fower kintras<ref>Scotland, [[England]], [[Wales]] an [[Northern Ireland]]</ref> that maks the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. It taks up the northren thrid o the [[Great Breetain|Breetish island]]. Scotland haes til its sooth the laund o [[Ingland]], an is bund bi the [[German Ocean]] til the eist an the [[Atlantic Ocean]] til the north an wast.

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It aforetyms wis a free kinrik, but than Scotland gaed intil a personal union wi Ingland in 1603, whan [[James VI o Scotland|Jeams VI]] o Scotland becam Jeams I o Ingland eftir the daith o [[Elizabeth I o Ingland|Elspeth I]]. This union wis makkit formal on 1 Mey 1707 bi the [[Treaty o Union 1707|Treatie o Union]]. The [[Scots Pairlament]] wis gotten rid o on 26 Mairch. The union southert baith kinriks, makkin the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]], wi a new singil Pairlament haudden in Wastmeinster, [[Lunnon]], but sum pairts o Scotland's institutions, merkit the laund's naitional kirk an skuilin an legal seistems, wis hauden apairt. In 1801, Scotland becam ane o the thrie launds o the Unitit Kinrick, alang wi Ingland an Ireland (nou juist Northren Ireland). Wales is nou seen for uisal as anither laund, awtho it wis juist a principalitie o the kinrik o Ingland in 1707.

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In 1997, the Scots fowk voted ti hae a new pairlament, estaiblisht bi the UK govrenment in the ''Scotland Act 1998''. The nou devolv'd Scots Pairlament haes been gien the pouer ti govren the laund on maist Scots maiters, but haesna ower mukkil pouer wi taxes, awtho it dis hae the pouer ti chynge the UK incum tax rate bi 3p in the [[Poond sterling|poond]].

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Scotland's size is maistlie that estaiblisht bi the 1237 ''Treatie o York'' atwein Scotland an Ingland an the 1266 ''Treatie o Perth'' atwein Scotland an [[Norawa]]. Exceptions is the [[Isle o Mann]], that is nou a croun dependencie ootwi the Unitit Kinrick, [[Orkney]] an [[Shetland]], that is nou Scots raither nor Dens, an [[Barwick]], that wis defined as subjek til the laws o Ingland bi the 1746 ''Wales an Barwick Act''.

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The [[patron saunt]] o Scotland is [[Saunt Andra]], an [[St. Andra's Day]] is on [[30 November]] but it haesna been mukkil celebratit syn the Reformation.

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== Etymologie (wird beginins) ==

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The wird ''Scot'' wis taen frae the [[Laitin leid|Laitin]] an its uiss micht weil date fae aboot the first hauf o the 10t [[century|yeirhunder]], whan it first kyth'd in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' an harkent til the Laund o the Gaels, analogous til the Laitin ''Scotia''. The ither name is "Caledonia", whilk is gien ti sum pairts o the New Warld an colonies, lyk [[New Caledonia]]. Scots keengs adoptit the teetil ''Basileus/Rex Scottorum'' (= Heich Keeng/Keeng o the Gaels, ''basileus'' meinin sovrein in the Greek, an ''rex'' meinin keeng in the Laitin) an ''Rex Scotiae'' (Keeng o Gael-Land) sum tym in the 11t yeirhunder, lyklie swee'd bi the styl ''Imperator Scottorum'' kent ti hae been uis'd bi Brian Bóruma in Ireland in 1005. In modren tyms the wird "Scot" is uis'd equalie for aw indwallers nae maiter wha thair forebeirs wis. This is acause the kintra his haed a ceivic raither nor a singil kin orientation for maist o the last thoosan yeir.

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== History ==

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[[File:Scota & Gaedel Glas.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The foonders o Scotland o late mediaeval legend, [[Scota]] wi [[Goídel Glas]], on thair vaige frae [[Egyp]], as shawn in a 15t yeirhunder manuskript o the ''[[Scotichronicon]]'' o [[Walter Bower]].]]

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{{main|History o Scotland}}

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=== Aerlie historie ===

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{{main|Prehistoric Scotland}}

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Repeat'd [[Glacier|glaciations]], that kiver'd the hail laund-mass o modren Scotland, hae malafouster'd onie traces that thar micht hae been o bodies bidin thon afore the [[Mesolithic]] period. It is thocht that the first post-glacial groups o [[hunter-gaitherer]]s winned til Scotland aboot 12,800 yeir aby, as the [[ice sheet]] retreat'd eftir the [[Last glacial period|last glaciation]].<ref>The aerliest kent evidence is a keezil-stane arraeheid frae [[Islay]]. See {{cite book|last=Moffat|first=Alistair|year=2005|title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|pages=Page 42}}</ref><ref>Sites at [[Cramond]] dated til 8500 BC an naur [[Kinloch Castle|Kinloch]], [[Rùm]] frae 7700 BC provide the aerliest kent evidence o bodies bidin in Scotland. See {{cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146410357|title=The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Rubbish dump reveals time-capsule of Scotland's earliest settlements|publisher= megalithic.co.uk|accessdate=2008-02-10}} and Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in {{cite book|author=Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds)|year=2003|title=Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–AD 1000|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|pages=Page 70}}</ref> Groups o sattilers begoud biggin the first kent lestie [[hoose]]s on Scots yird aboot 9,500 yeir aby, an the first clachans aboot 6,000 yeir aby. The weil-haint clachan o [[Skara Brae]] on the [[Mainlaund, Orkney|Mainlaund]] o [[Orkney]] dates frae this tym. [[Neolithic]] dwallin, birrial an ritual steids ar gey common an weil-haint in the [[Northren Isles]] an [[Wastren Isles]], whaur want o trees led ti maist biggins bein biggit oot o local stane.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pryor|first=Francis|title=Britain BC| publisher=HarperPerennial|location=London|year=2003|isbn=978-0007126934|pages=pp. 98–104 & 246–250}}</ref>

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=== Roman influence ===

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[[File:Orkney Skara Brae.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Skara Brae]], a neolithic dounset, liggin at the Bay o Skaill, [[Orkney]].]][[File:HiltonofCadboll01.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A replica o the [[Pechts|Pechtish]] Hilton o Cadboll Stane.]] The written [[protohistorie]] o Scotland begoud wi the incumin o the [[Roman Empire]] in soothren an central Gret Breetain, whan the Romans occupee'd whit is nou [[Ingland]] an [[Wales]], admeinisterin it as a [[Roman province|province]] cried ''[[Roman Breetain|Britannia]]''. Roman invasions an occupations o soothren Scotland war a series o breif interludes. In 83–4 AD the General [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] baet the [[Caledonians]] at the [[battil o Mons Graupius]], an [[Castra|Roman forts]] war breiflie set alang the [[Gask Rig]] naur til the [[Hieland Boondarie Fault|Hieland lyn]] (nane ar kent ti hae been biggit ayont that). Thrie yeir eftir the battil the [[Roman airmy|Roman airmies]] haed resiled til the [[Soothren Uplands]].<ref>Hanson, William S. ''The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes'', in {{cite book|author=Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds)|year=2003|title=Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archeology and History, 8000 BC - AD 1000|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}</ref> Thay pit up [[Hadrian's waw]] for ti haud in the tribes on baith syds o the waw,<ref name=snyder>{{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Christopher A. | year = 2003 | title = The Britons | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | isbn = 0-631-22260-X}}</ref> an the ''[[Limes|Limes Britannicus]]'' becam the northren laundmairch o the empire, awtho the airmie hauden on til the [[Antonine Waw]] in the Middil Lawlands for twa short periods—the hindmaist o thaim wis durin the tym o Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] frae 208 till 210.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robertson, Anne S.|year=1960|title=The Antonine Wall|publisher=Glasgow Archaeological Society}}</ref> The amoont o Roman militar occupation o onie significant pairt o Scotland wis boond til a total o aboot 40 yeir, awtho thair swee on the soothren bit o the kintra occupee'd bi [[Brython]]ic tribes sic as the Votadini an Damnonii wad still hae been conseiderabil.<ref name=snyder/>

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=== Middil Ages ===

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{{main|Pechts|Scotland in the Heich Middil Ages|Scotland in the Late Middil Ages}}

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=== Modren historie ===

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[[File:battle culloden.JPG|thumb|David Morier's pentin on the "[[Battle o Culloden]]".]]

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In 1603, [[James VI o Scotland|Jeams VI Keeng o Scots]] inherit'd the throne o the [[Kinrick o Ingland]], an becam Keeng Jeams I o Ingland, an left [[Edinburgh]] for [[Lunnon]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chronology of Scottish History|publisher=Geddes & Grosset|isbn=1-85534-380-0|last=Ross|first=David|date=2002|quote='''1603:''' Jeams VI becomes [[James I o Ingland|Jeams I o Ingland]] in the [[Union o the Crouns]], an quats [[Edinburgh]] for [[Lunnon]]|page=56}}</ref> Apairt frae a short tyd unner [[the Protectorate]], Scotland stey'd a sinder [[state]], but thar wis guid pukil fechtin atwein the croun an the [[Covenanters]] ower the furm o [[Presbyterian kirk governance|kirk govrenment]]. Eftir the [[Glorious Revolution]], the aboleition o [[episkopacie]] an the dingin doun o the [[Roman Catholic]] [[James VII o Scotland|Jeams VII]] bi [[William an Mary|Weelum an Mairie]], Scotland breiflie shored ti wale a different [[Protestant]] monarch frae Ingland.<ref>TM Devine (1999) ''op cit'' "…Stated that the Scots Parliament had the right to decide on Queen Anne's successor, and that England and Scotland could not have the same sovereign in the future unless the London Parliament granted Scots 'Free Communication of trade'…"</ref> In 1707, the [[Pairlament o Scotland|Scots Pairlament]] an the [[Pairlament o Ingland]] enakit the twin [[Treaty o Union 1707|Acts o Union]] that led ti Scotland's formal incorporation intil the [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]].<ref name=Mackie>{{cite book|author=Mackie, J.D.|year=1969|title=A History of Scotland|location=London|publisher=Penguin}}</ref>

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The deponed [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Stuart]] claimants haed stey'd popular in the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] an nor'eist, in parteicular amangst non-[[Presbyterian]]s. Houaniver, twa mukkil Jacobite uprisins lench'd in 1715 an 1745 failt ti remuive the [[Hoose o Hanover]] frae the Breetish throne. The threit o the Jacobite muivement til the Unitit Kinrick an its monarchs effekivlie endit at the [[Battle o Culloden|Battil o Culloden]], Great Breetain's last pitchit battil. The baetin o the Jacobite's at thon battil paved the wey for lairge-skale remuivals o the indwallers o the Hielands an Islands, kent as the [[Hieland Clearances]].<ref name=Mackie/>

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The [[Scots Enlightenment]] an the [[Industrial Revolution]] makkit Scotland intil an intellectual, commercial an industrial pouerhouss. Eftir [[Seicont Warld Weir]], Scotland tholed an industrial dwynin that wis parteicular dour.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harvie, Christopher|year=1981|title=No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Scotland 1914–80|location=London|publisher=Edward Arnold}}</ref> Anerlie in raicent decades haes the kintra enjoy'd sumthing o a cultural an economic renaissance. Economic factors that hae contribute til this rekiverie include a resurgent financial services industrie, electronics manufacturin (see [[Silicon Glen]]),<ref>See {{cite web|author=Stewart, Heather|url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/scotland/comment/0,,2073303,00.html|title=Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood|publisher=[[The Guardian|The Guardian Unlimited]]|accessdate=2007-05-06}} for an accoont o Scotland's economic challenges, especialie eftir the dotcom dounturn, as it competes wi the emergin [[Eastren Europe]]an economies.</ref> an the [[German Ocean ile|German Ocean ayl]] an gas industrie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/04/19170/35326|title=National Planning Framework for Scotland|publisher=Scottish Government publication|quote=Since the 1970s, the development of North Sea oil and gas fields has made an important contribution to the Scottish economy, and underpinned prosperity in the North-East.|accessdate=2007-11-07}}</ref>

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Follaein a [[Scots devolution referendum, 1997|referendum on devolution proposals in 1997]], the ''[[Scotland Act 1998]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980046_en_1|title=The Scotland Act 1998|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information|accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> wis passt bi the [[Unitit Kinrick Pairlament]] for til estaiblish a devolv'd [[Scots Pairlament]].

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In 2011, The [[Scottis Naitional Pairtie]] wun an oweraw majority in pairlament an intends tae haud a referendum oan [[Scots unthirldom|unthirldom]] in the autumn o 2014.

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== Ilands ==

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Scotland haes mair nor 790 ilands, whilk ar sindert intil fower groups: [[Shetland Islands|Shetland]], [[Orkney]], an the [[Hebrides]], whilk ar sub-dividit intil the [[Inner Hebrides]] an [[Ooter Hebrides]], the ail o [[Mull]] isnae ti be forgotten.

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== References ==

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{{reflist}}

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== See forby ==

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{{commons|Scotland}}{{wiktionar}}

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* [[Aw the airts]]

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* [[Cooncil areas o Scotland]]

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* Thar's this airticle spoken an aw! [[:media:ScotlandSCO.ogg|Listen til the spokin airticle]]

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*: ([http://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotland&oldid=10989 version o airticle whan it wis spoken])

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{{Commonscat}}

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[[Category:Scotland| ]]

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[[Category:Unitit Kinrick]]

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[[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]]

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[[Category:Scots-speakin kintras]]

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[[Category:Northren Europe]]

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[[Category:Wastren Europe]]

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[[Category:Island kintras]]

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[[Category:Celtic naitions]]

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{{Link FA|af}}

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