2014-03-07

Amateur Radio Newsline(tm) Report 1908 - March 7 2014

Amateur Radio Newsline report number 1908 with a release date of March

7, 2014 to follow in 5-4-3-2-1.

The following is a QST.

200 tiny satellites to be orbited in one launch this month; the ARRL

requests member comments on digital High Frequency operations; the IARU

announces the theme for Amateur Radio Day 2014; the FCC issues some

stiff fines to cable-casters that broadcast a commercial with EAS

tones; an Oregon ARES group donates a ham station to a mobile response

clinic and a United States ham is honored for expanding the Summits on

the Air program to this nation. All this and more on Amateur Radio

Newsline report number 1908 coming your way right now:

Billboard Here

**

HAM RADIO IN SPACE: LAUNCH OF TWO HUNDRED 437 MHZ PICO-SATELLITES

SLATED FOR MARCH 16

200 tiny satellites will soon launch skyward for a short stay in space.

Amateur radio Newsline's Bruce Tennant K6PZW, is here with the details:

--

The largest ever launch of micro-satellites operating in the 437 MHz

band is planned for March 16th. That's when some 200 tiny Sprite

satellites on the SpaceX Falcon 9 CRS 3 mission.

A Sprite is a tiny, 3.5 by 3.5 cm, single-board spacecraft that was

developed by Zac Manchester, KD2BHC. It has a micro-controller, radio,

and solar cells and is capable of carrying single-chip sensors. These

might include thermometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, accelerometers

and the like.

The 200 Sprites will be carried in a CubeSat called KickSat. They are

stacked atop a spring-loaded pusher and secured by a nichrome burn wire

system. On reaching orbit KickSat will perform a de-tumble maneuver

and establish communication with Cornell University's ground station.

After check-out, the spacecraft will be put in a sun-pointing attitude

and spun up to maintain that attitude. Then a command signal from the

ground station will then trigger the deployment and the Sprites will be

released as free-flying spacecraft. These micro birds will be placed

into a 325 by 315 kilometer 51.5 degree inclination orbit. After

deployment, telemetry and sensor measurements from the individual

Sprites will be received through Cornell's ground station in Ithaca,

NY, as well as several other amateur ground stations around the world.

All of the 200 Sprites operate on a single frequency of 437.240 MHz and

use Code Division Multiple Access. The transmitter runs only 10

milliwatts transmitting Minimum Shift Keying modulated with binary

data. Each data bit is modulated as a 511 bit Pseudo-Random Number

sequence.

Due to the low orbit Sprites will have a short lifetime before they

re-enter the atmosphere and burn up. In the best-case scenario the

orbital lifetime could be six weeks but realistically it may be

considerably shorter depending on atmospheric conditions. And while

likely short lived these 200 sprites will be making the space adventure

of a lifetime for many experimenters come true.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Bruce Tennant, K6PZW, in Los

Angeles.

--

You should be able to watch the mission live on NASA TV at

tinyurl.com/sprite-launch

(KickSat project, NASA, Southgate, others)

**'

HAM RADIO IN SPACE: CUBESATS DEPLOYED FROM THE ISS

As we wait for the 200 sprite megamission comes word that ham radio has

a number of new microbirds on-orbit. On Friday, February 28th

astronaut Koichi Wakata, KC5ZTA deployed a batch of amateur radio

CubeSats from the International Space Station. These include

LituanicaSAT-1, LitSat-1, ArduSat-2 , UAPSAT and the 915 MHz SkyCube.

There is yet another amateur radio Cubesat still on the ISS. Its the

Peruvian built Chasqui-1 which was launched to the space station on

February 5th. It is understood that this bird is scheduled to be

hand-deployed during a future Russian space walk.

(ANS)

**

RADIO POLITICS: ARRL BOARD REQUESTS MEMBER COMMENTS ABOUT DIGITAL

MODES

Meantime, here on the ground, the ARRL says that it is seeking comments

from its members concerning the use of digital modes especially on the

High Frequency bands. Amateur Radio Newsline's Heather Embee, KB3TZD,

has the details:

--

At its January 2014 ARRL Board of Directors meeting, a resolution was

passed which asked for member feedback and input pertaining to the

increasing popularity of data modes. The information gathered by this

investigation is to be used by the League's High Frequency Band

Planning Committee as a means to suggest ways to use our spectrum

efficiently so that these data modes may compatibly coexist with each

other.

As per the resolution, the ARRL Board of Directors is now reaching out

to the membership and requesting input and thoughtful feedback on

matters specific to digital mode operation on the HF bands.

According to the League's announcement, the feedback on this matter may

include, but is not limited to, the recent proposal the ARRL made to

the FCC in RM 11708. This, regarding the elimination of the symbol

rate restrictions currently in effect.

The Board of Directors believes that member input in the decision

making process is both valuable and important as well as fostering a

more transparent organization. It is to this end that they have opened

this dialogue.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Heather Embee, KB3TZD, in Berwick,

Pennsylvania.

--

Comments must be received no later than March 31, 2014 to be included

in the Committee's report to the Board at the July 2014 ARRL Board of

Directors meeting. Please e-mail your comments to

HF-Digital-Bandplanning(at) arrl (dot) org

(ARRL)

**

HAM HAPPENINGS: THEME FOR 2014 AMATEUR RADIO DAY ANNOUNCED

The International Amateur Radio Union Administrative Council has

designated "Amateur Radio: Your Gateway to Wireless Communication" as

the theme for World Amateur Radio Day 2014. This ham radio holiday is

celebrated each year on April 18 to recognize the anniversary of the

founding of the International Amateur Radio Union in Paris, France back

in 1925. The primary purpose of World Amateur Radio Day is to focus a

public spotlight on Amateur Radio and its benefits to countries and

communities. This year the International Amateur Radio Union and its

member-societies around the world will celebrate the organization's

89th anniversary.

(ARRL, IARU, Southgate, others)

**

ENFORCEMENT: FCC PROPOSES ALMOST 2 MILLION DOLLAR IN FINES FOR

IMPROPER USE OF EAS TONES

The Federal Communications Commission has proposed massive fines

against cable television networks Viacom, ESPN, and NBC Universal,

This, for repeatedly transmitting an advertisement that misuses the

warning sounds of the nationwide Emergency Alert System. Amateur Radio

Newsline's Stephan Kinford, N8WB, has more:

--

The FCC's Enforcement Bureau had initiated a large scale investigation

in response to consumer complaints about a commercial being transmitted

on multiple cable networks that used EAS tones in its content. The

complaints described it an advertisement promoting the release of the

film "Olympus has Fallen."

In response to the Bureau's Letters of Inquiry, each of the three

companies admitted that the commercial aired numerous times on multiple

national and regional networks under their control. Also that it used

actual EAS codes and the Attention Signal to advertise the film.

Now, as a result of the investigation, the FCC has issued an omnibus

Notice of Apparent Liability for a total of $1,930,000 to the companies

that breaks down in this way. Seven Viacom-owned networks transmitted

the advertisement a total of 108 times over five days, resulting in a

proposed forfeiture of $1,120,000. Three ESPN owned networks

transmitted the advertisement a total of 13 times over four days,

resulting in a proposed forfeiture of $280,000. Finally, seven NBC

Universal owned cable networks transmitted the advertisement a total of

38 times over a span of six days, resulting in a proposed forfeiture of

$530,000.

The FCC has long prohibited the transmission of actual or simulated EAS

Signals or tones in circumstances other than a real alert or an

authorized test of the EAS system.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Stephen Kinford, N8WB, reporting.

--

This case is the latest in a series of FCC enforcement actions to

address a recent increase in consumer complaints regarding the illegal

use of EAS alerting tones. All three networks are expected to file

appeals. (FCC, TV Technology, The Hill)

**

DX UP FRONT: ZAMBIA

In DX up front, word that members of the Italian DXpedition Team will

be on the air from Zambia until March 17th using the call sign 9J2T.

They are reportedly active on 160 through 6 meters using CW , SSB and

RTTY. QSL this operation via I2YSB either direct or on OQRS or Logbook

of the World.

**

DX UP FRONT: LICHTENSTEIN

Down the road a bit, DL4HTK and DO5AD will be on the air as HB0DRK and

HB0YRK, respectively, between May 4th to the 18th from Liechtenstein.

Their operation will be on 80 through10 meters using CW, SSB, PSK and

RTTY. QSL both callsigns via DL5DRK. And we will have more DX news

for you near the end of this weeks bulletin.

**

BREAK 1

Time to identify your station. We are the Amateur Radio Newsline,

heard on bulletin stations around the world, including the W8SRC

repeater serving Ann Arbor, Michigan

**

RADIO LAW: HAM RADIO ANTENNA RULES DEBATED IN POWAY CALIFORNIA

Working to comply with federal guidelines and recent court decisions,

the Poway, California, City Council has signaled its intent to ease

restrictions on local ham radio antenna installations. Amateur Radio

Newsline's Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, is in the newsroom with the details:

--

News reports out of San Diego say that at a recent meeting, the Poway

City Council directed its staff to prepare a draft ordinance that will

raise the height limit of antennas from 35 feet to 65 feet. The new

rules should also make it easier and less expensive to obtain the

permits to erect a ham radio antenna and support structure.

The Federal Communications Commission licenses amateur radio operators,

but under PRB-1 gives municipalities some amount of limited power to

regulate antennas under local zoning rules. Over the years, that power

has been shrinking in response to numerous lawsuits brought against

cities around the country. While hams in Poway have not taken any

legal action they have spent the last decade urging the city to change

its rules. The council has been resistant, hoping to keep what it calls

unattractive antennas from scarring the city's horizon and possibly

lowering property values of homes near such a structure.

Now Poway officials are changing their stance, most likely to protect

against future lawsuits and bring the city within federal guidelines.

According to a survey conducted by Poway officials, most San Diego

County cities have no height limit, and few, if any, permit

requirements,

Bob Manis is the Director of Developmental Services. By contrast, he

told the council that Poway has some of the most stringent antenna laws

in the county, including a 35-foot height limit. It also has a

permitting process that, among other things, requires neighbors be

notified if a new antenna is proposed.

But that appears to about to change. According to the council it has

been concluded that a jurisdiction must make reasonable accommodations

for amateur radio operators and their antenna installations. And

that's good news for hams living in the Poway area.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, in the

newsroom in Los Angeles.

--

We will let you know the outcome of this proposed antenna ordnance

change in a future newscast. More is on line at
http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/...ham-radio-ante

nna (San Diego Union Tribune)

**

RESCUE RADIO: FLORIDA GOVERNOR'S HURRICANE CONFERENCE

The 28th Annual Governor's Hurricane Conference will be held May 11 to

the 16th at the Rosen Center Hotel and Orange County Convention Center

in Orlando, Florida. This conference also features an impressive

presence of amateur radio and ARES members. As plans for Amateur

Radio-related workshops and forums evolve, they will be reported in

the ARRL's ARES E-Letter. More information can be found on the web at

flghc.org. (ARRL)

**

RESCUE RADIO: HAMS DONATE GEAR TO MEDFORD OREGON MOBILE RESPONSE TEAM

The La Clinica's Mobile Health Center in Medford, Oregon has gained the

added ability to communicate by radio during an emergency. This thanks

to the generous donation of a portable amateur radio station from

Jackson County Amateur Radio Emergency Service. Amateur Radio

Newsline's Norm Seeley, KI7UP, has the latest:

--

David Dismuke is the outreach coordinator for La Clinica. He says that

the new ham radio station was purchased through a grant from the

national Public Health Preparedness Program. He says that it will be

stored with the mobile health center for use if an emergency takes down

other forms of communication.

The Jackson County Amateur Radio Emergency Service which made the

donation is an all-volunteer group of Medford area amateur radio

operators trained in emergency communications. The group functions

under the Jackson County sheriff's volunteer program and reports to the

county emergency manager. It operates using the services of the Rogue

Valley Manor K7RVM repeater on 147.00 MHz and has nearly two dozen

amateur radio stations placed throughout the county. This includes

those set up at hospitals, fire stations, the county Emergency

Coordination Center, the health department and the 911 dispatch center.

The La Clinica Mobile Health Center team is part of Jackson County's

plan for responding to major emergencies. The mobile health center

would not be part of the initial response, but could be called on in

the following days to provide health care services.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Norm Seeley, in Scottsdale,

Arizona.

--

The equipment donated by the Jackson County Amateur Radio Emergency

Service will help clinic workers remain connected in case of a disaster

and enable them to help send information to and from other emergency

responders. More is on the web at tinyurl.com/medford-radio-donation

(Mail Tribune)

**

RADIO BUSINESS: HRD SOFTWARE ACQUIRES RIGHTS TO SAM CALLBOOK

HRD Software has announced that it has acquired the rights to the SAM

Callbook CD. HRD says that it will honor the current subscriber base

and continue to send out the monthly CD's starting in March.

HRD says that it will also be developing a Windows interface for the

Callbook. Windows 32, 64 bit and Windows RT versions are planned, as

well as incorporating the Callbook data into HRD Logbook. This will

provide immediate downloads for United States and Canadian calls from

the internet inside of HRD Logbook. More information about the SAM

Callbook CD will be on the HRD Website in late March.

HRD Software has also announced the release of Ham Radio Deluxe 6.2

Preview/Beta 2 This includes many fixes for issues the user-base has

found. The list of the fixes and enhancements for Beta 2. is on the HRD

website at www.ham-radio-deluxe.com. (HRD Software)

**

RADIO BUSINESS: RADIO AMATEURS OF CANADA PARTNERS UP WITH RFINDER

Radio Amateurs of Canada and RFinder have announced a new business

agreement effective March 1st. As of that date, Radio Amateurs of

Canada has endorsed RFinder as the official Worldwide Repeater

Directory for all Canadian amateur radio operators.

RFinder is described as a steadily growing worldwide repeater

directory. In addition to single site machines RFinder also lists

IRLP, Echolink, AllStar, D-STAR, MotoTRBO and even Winlink information

in over 175 countries.

Canadian hams purchasing the RFinder application will financially

benefit the Radio Amateurs of Canada through the terms of this new

agreement. (RAC, VA3GX/VE2HHH)

**

NAMES IN THE NEWS: FCC TO APPOINT TRAVIS LEBLANC ACTING CHIEF OF

ENFORCEMENT

Some names in the news. FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler has announced his

intent to appoint Travis LeBlanc as acting Chief of the agency's

Enforcement Bureau. LeBlanc previously served as a top deputy and

senior advisor to California Attorney General Kamala Harris where he

spent his time overseeing the office's complex operations and

activities. This included but was not limited to issues involving

complex litigation and policy matters on a broad range of issues such

as technology regulation, telecommunications, high-tech crime,

cyber-security, privacy, intellectual property and antitrust. During

his time with the Office of the California Attorney General, he

established and oversaw California's first high-tech crime and privacy

enforcement units. He also secured global agreements with a number of

high-tech companies to protect consumer privacy, promote online safety

and respect intellectual property rights. (FCC)

**

NAMES IN THE NEWS: US HAM HONORED FOR EXPANDING SOTA PROGRAM

Guy Hamblen, N7UN, who has been recognized for his work in helping to

establish the popular Summits on the Air or SOTA award program in the

United States. Hamblen was selected by the Summits on the Air

Management Team to receive the SOTA Sherpa Award which presented

annually and is sponsored by SOTA Beams. This is an outdoor radio

specialist. The award consists of a handsome certificate and some

store credit at the SOTA Beams online shop. (SOTA)

**

HAM HAPPENINGS: SE VHF SOCITY CONFERENCE APRIL 25 - 26

Turning to happenings in the world of amateur radio, the 2014

Southeastern VHF Society Conference will be held on April 25th and

26th at the Hilton Atlanta Northeast in the Atlanta suburb of Norcross,

Georgia. The conference will kick off with a luncheon on Friday.

During the conference there will be seminars, sessions as well as noise

figure testing and antenna testing. A banquet with speaker on Saturday

evening to close the festivities. For further information on speakers,

agenda, etc. please check this link svhfs.org/conference.html (W4KXY)

**

HAM HAPPENINGS: CHARLESTON W.VA. HAMFEST - MARCH 15

And if you happen to be in or around this are on Saturday, March 15th,

then you are cordiality invited to attend the 30th Annual ARRL

Charleston West Virginia Hamfest. This event will take place from 9

AM to 2 PM local time at the Coonskin Armory, 1707 Coonskin Drive in

Charleston, West Virginia. Admission is only $6 at the gate and ham

radio exams will be administered by a V-E Testing Team at 12:30 P.M..

For info contact this reporter, Jim Damron N8TMW by e-mail to n8tmw

(at) arrl (dot) net. I hope to meet some of you there. (Charleston

W. VA. Hamfest)

**

BREAK 2

This is the Amateur Radio Newsline, heard on bulletin stations around

the world including the volunteer services of the following radio

amateur.

**

THE CHANGING OF THE GUARD: PAST ARRL GENERAL MANAGER, QST EDITOR JOHN

HUNTOON, W1RW - (SK)

The changing of the guard continues with the sad news that former ARRL

General Manager and QST Editor John Huntoon, W1RW, became a Silent Key

on February 23rd at the age of 97. Huntoon of East Hartford,

Connecticut, served as ARRL Secretary and General Manager from 1961

until 1975. A Full Charter Life Member of ARRL, he also was the

Secretary of the International Amateur Radio Union and Editor of QST.

John Huntoon was an Illinois native who became interested in radio and

electronics as a youngster and he obtained the amateur radio call of

W9KJY in 1932, while he was still in high school. Soon he was deeply

involved in traffic handling and becoming very proficient in

radiotelegraphy. In 1936 he was elected Illinois Section

Communications Manager which was the forerunner of the current Section

Manager position. He also served as Secretary of the Chicago Area

Radio Club Council.

Following his tenure as ARRL General Manager, Mr. Huntoon served as

ARRL treasurer from 1976 until 1980. He also was active in the Quarter

Century Wireless Association and was on its board of directors. His

daughter said he remained active in the QCWA until recently. (ARRL)

**

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: MDSR V2.8 SOFTWARE NOW AVAILABLE

Modulator Demodulator Software Radio or MDSR has upgraded its software

to bring radio amateurs the best audio quality out of your existing

analog rig. This, by turning it into an Intermediate Frequency

Software Defined Radio.

According to the MDSR team, a simple and reversible modification on

many analog transceivers is all it takes to connect the down converter

to a sound card of the computer running Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8. MDSR

works with any symmetrical HF transceiver. Best of all the MDSR

version 2.8 software is free to use for amateur radio operators. More

about it is at tinyurl.com/mdsr-2014. Just click on MDSR kit and

Installation. (MDSR Team)

**

HAM RADIO IN SPACE: SA AMSAT EXPANDS ITS SCHOOL'S SATELLITE PROJECT

South Africa AMSAT has expanded its call for schools to submit

proposals for small scientific projects to be included in the KLETSkous

CubeSat project. Each proposal will be evaluated and the five most

original and practical ones will be selected to build a prototype. The

school projects selected to build prototypes will be invited to make a

brief presentation at the South Africa AMSAT Space Symposium to be held

on May 23rd at the Innovation Hub in Pretoria. The closing date for

proposals is 31 March 2014. More about this project is at

amsatsa.org.za. (SARL)

**

ON THE AIR: AMERICAN LEGION AMATEUR RADIO CLUB TO CELEBRATE LEGION'S

95TH BIRTHDAY WITH SPECIAL EVENT STATION

The American Legion Amateur Radio Club will operate special event

station K9TAL on Saturday, March 15th between1400 to 2100 UTC. This to

commemorate the 95th anniversary of the American Legion. The primary

frequency to look for K9TAL will be 14.275 MHz. A full color

certificate will be available to those who work and QSL K9TAL. More

information is on the web at www (dot) legion (dot) org / hamradio.

(TALARC)

**

ON THE AIR: K5B TO COMMEMORATE BATAAN DEATH MARCH

The Mesilla Valley Radio Club of Las Cruces, New Mexico will be

operating Special Events Station K5B on March 23rd, This in

conjunction with the 25th Annual Bataan Memorial Death March Marathon

event to be held at the nearby White Sands Missile Range. K5B will be

operating as near as possible to 21.337, 14.330, 7.225, and 3.893 MHz

as band conditions permit. Those QSLing with a self addressed stamped

envelope will receive a commemorative card in return. More information

about the event is available at www (dot) n5bl (dot) org / bataan.

(WB4AEJ)

**

ON THE AIR: TESLA MEMORIAL HF CW CONTEST MARCH 8 - 9

And while a bit of short notice, the 2014 Tesla Memorial Contest will

be held March 8th starting 18:00 UTC and ending at 8:00 UTC on the 9th.

The competition is open to operators world-wide. Participants must use

CW only on the 80 meter band. Points are awarded for distance between

stations. For full details are at tinyurl.com/tesla-memorial. (IRTS)

**

DX

In DX, DD5ZZ is now active as 8P9BZ from Dover Beach, Barbados and will

be there through March 13th. His activity is holiday style on 40

through 10 meters using mainly the digital modes. QSL to DD5ZZ either

direct or via the DARC QSL Bureau.

ZS6AYU will once again be active as C91GR from Mozambique between March

16th through the 19th. His operation will be holiday style on 40

through 10 meters using CW only at 350 watts into a Cushcraft R7000

vertical. QSL via ZS6AYU either direct or via the bureau.

DL7DF will lead a team of operators to activate Sri Lanka between March

10th and the 23rd. Activity will be on 160-6 meters using several

stations operating CW and SSB. One station will be exclusively

dedicated to RTTY, PSK31 and SSTV. They will upload the full logs of

the DXpedition to Logbook of the World within 6 months after the

DXpedition. QSL via DL7DF, direct or by the Bureau.

Members of the Amateur Radio Taipei will be active as BP0P during the

CQ World Wide SSB Contest on March 29th and 30th as a Multi-2 entry.

QSL via BP0P.

Lastly, F5SGI will be active stroke CT9 from the Madeira Islands

between April 5th to the 12th. His operation will be on 80 through10

meters using mostly CW. QSL via his home callsign either direct or via

the bureau.

(Above from OPDX and other sources)

**

THAT FINAL ITEM: CCTV REPLACING CB ON I-80 IN OMAHA

And finally this week, is CB radio is giving wway to emerging

technology? In one area of the United States that appears to be the

case as we hear from Amateur Radio Newsline's Cheryl Lasek, K9BIK:

--

It does appears that 11 meter Citizens Band radio is taking a back seat

with truckers on Interstate 80 in and around Omaha, Nebraska. This

after the installation of road watching cameras tied to a control

center that alerts those driving the corridor of problems that may lie

ahead through high visibility electronic signs.

Tim Persing has been a truck driver for the past 24 years. He says

that the new alerting system has taken the place of CB radio, at least

in that geographic area. A half decade ago, CB radio was the only way

to warn truckers about upcoming problems on roadways. But thanks to

new technology, they are seeing more than they can hear on CB.

Gary Forman is with the Nebraska Department of Roads. He says that

truckers do pay attention to those signs. For example if word is put

out not to use I-80 bypass on I-680, we see all the truck traffic in

compliance.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Cheryl Lasek, K9BIK, in Zion,

Illinois.

--

While this might be true in that one area of Nebraska, 11 meter CB is

still going strong with long-haul truckers across the length and

breadth of this nation and our neighbors to the North and South. (Omaha

Now)

**

NEWSCAST CLOSE

With thanks to Alan Labs, AMSAT, the ARRL, CQ Magazine, the FCC, the

Ohio Penn DX Bulletin, Radio Netherlands, Rain, the RSGB, the South

African Radio League, the Southgate News, TwiT-TV, Australia's WIA News

and you our listeners, that's all from the Amateur Radio Newsline(tm).

Our e-mail address is newsline (at) arnewsline (dot) org. More

information is available at Amateur Radio Newsline's(tm) only official

website located at www.arnewsline.org. You can also write to us or

support us at Amateur Radio Newsline(tm), 28197 Robin Avenue, Santa

Clarita California, 91350.

And before we go, a very special thank you to Dave Booth, KC6WFS, who

spent about a week and a half completely rebuilding our main production

computer after a major failure. Thanks to Dave the machine is back in

service and running far better than when we first purchased it back

some four years ago. All of us at Amateur Radio Newsline appreciate

KC6WFS' volunteerism very, very much.

For now, with Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, at the editors' desk, I'm Jim

Damron, N8TMW, saying 73 and we thank you for listening.

Amateur Radio Newsline(tm) is Copyright 2014. All rights reserved.

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