- <p>Resistance to QoIs in <em>Mycosphaerella fijiensis</em> and some other fungi is conferred by a point mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene<sup><a id="ref_footnote97" href="#footnote97">97</a></sup>. Resistance to QoIs has been observed in Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica and the Philippines. QoIs should be used only in mixtures and only in full alternation. To reduce selection pressure, the total number of applications a year should not exceed 3 and should not represent more than 33% of total number of sprays. They are preferably used at lower disease pressure and the sprays must be separated by at least 3 months<sup><a id="ref_footnote
100
" href="#footnote
100
">
100
</a></sup>.</p>
+ <p>Resistance to QoIs in <em>Mycosphaerella fijiensis</em> and some other fungi is conferred by a point mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene<sup><a id="ref_footnote97" href="#footnote97">97</a></sup>. Resistance to QoIs has been observed in Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica and the Philippines. QoIs should be used only in mixtures and only in full alternation. To reduce selection pressure, the total number of applications a year should not exceed 3 and should not represent more than 33% of total number of sprays. They are preferably used at lower disease pressure and the sprays must be separated by at least 3 months<sup><a id="ref_footnote
98
" href="#footnote
98
">
98
</a></sup>.</p>
- <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11176" rel="external nofollow">Status of banana bacterial wilt in Uganda</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):73-83.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote78"><a href="#ref_footnote78">78.</a> Bagamba, F., Kikulwe, E., Tushemereirwe, W., Ngambeki, D., Muhangi, J., Kagezi, G.H., Ragama, P.E. and Eden-Green, S.J. 2006. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11185" rel="external nofollow">Awareness of banana bacterial wilt control in Uganda: 1. Farmers' perspective</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):157-164.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote79"><a href="#ref_footnote79">79.</a> Ngambeki, D., Tushemereirwe, W. and Okaasai, O. 2006. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11171" rel="external nofollow">Awareness of banana bacterial wilt control in Uganda: 2. Community leaders perspectives</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):165-174.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote80"><a href="#ref_footnote80">80.</a> Muhangi, J., Nankinga, C., Tushemereirwe, W., Rutherford, M., Ragama, P.E., Nowakunda, K. and Abeyasekera, S. 2006. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11170" rel="external nofollow">Impact of awareness campaigns for banana bacterial wilt in Uganda</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):175-183.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote81"><a href="#ref_footnote81">81.</a> Kubiriba, J., Karamura, E.B., Jogo, W., Tushemereirwe, W.K. and Tinzaara, W. 2012. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=13497" rel="external nofollow">Community mobilization: A key to effective control of banana xanthomonas wilt</a>. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 4(5):125-131.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote82"><a href="#ref_footnote82">82.</a> Mwangi, M. 2009. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS/2009/2.1/Abstract2-Maina.html" rel="external nofollow">Knowledge for crop disease management: the case of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt.</a> Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2(1):67-72.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote83"><a href="#ref_footnote83">83.</a> Bouwmeester, H., Abele, S., Manyong, V.M., Legg, C., Mwangi, M., Nakato, V., Coyne, D. and Sonder, K. 2010. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=12828"" rel="external nofollow">The potential benefits of GIS techniques in disease and pest control: an example based on a regional project in Central Africa</a>. In the Proceedings of International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa on Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase Research Impact held in Mombasa, Kenya, 5-9 October 2008. Dubois, T., Hauser, S., Staver, C. and Coyne, D. (eds). Acta Horticulturae 879:333-340.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote84"><a href="#ref_footnote84">84.</a> Abele, S. and Pillay, M. 2007. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11179" rel="external nofollow">Bacterial wilt and drought stresses in banana production and their impact on economic welfare in Uganda: implications for banana research in east african highlands</a>. Journal of Crop Improvement 19(1/2):173-191.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote85"><a href="#ref_footnote85">85.</a> Mediawatch on the <a class="wiki" href="first results of a field trial of Xanthomonas wilt resistant GM bananas" rel="">http://www.promusa.org/blogpost367-First-results-of-a-field-trial-of-Xanthomonas-wilt-resistant-GM-bananas</a>, published 26 September 2014.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote86"><a href="#ref_footnote86">86.</a> Chillet, M., Castelan, F.P., Abadie, C., Hubert, O. and De Lapeyre De Bellaire, L. 2013. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=14633" rel="external nofollow">Necrotic leaf removal, a key component of integrated management of Mycospaerella leaf spot diseases to improve the quality of banana: the case of Sigatoka disease</a>. Fruits 68(4):271-277.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote87"><a href="#ref_footnote87">87.</a> Daniells, J.W., Lisle, A.T. and Bryde, N.J. 1994. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=3797" rel="external nofollow">Effect of bunch trimming and leaf removal at flowering on maturity bronzing, yield, and other aspects of fruit-quality of bananas in North Queensland</a>. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34:259-265.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote88"><a href="#ref_footnote88">88.</a> Vargas, A., Araya, M., Guzman, M., Murillo, G. 2009. Effect of leaf pruning at flower emergence of banana plants (Musa AAA) on fruit yield and black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) disease, International Journal of Pest Managagement,55:19-25.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote89"><a href="#ref_footnote89">89.</a> Chica, R., Herrera, M., Jiménez, I., Lizcano, S., Montoya, J.A., Patiño, L.F., Rodríguez, P.A. and Ruiz, L.H. 2004. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=9609" rel="external nofollow">Impacto y manejo de la Sigatoka negra en el cultivo de banano de exportación en Colombia</a>. p.53-62. In: Orozco-Santos, M., Orozco Romero, J., Robles-Gonzáles, M., Velázquez-Monreal, J., Medina-Urrutia, V. and Hernández-Bautista, J.A. (eds.). Proceedings of Reunión Internacional ACORBAT, Oaxaca (MEX), 2004/09/26-10/01. Publicación especial del XVI reunión internacional ACORBAT. ACORBAT, Oaxaca (MEX).</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote90"><a href="#ref_footnote90">90.</a> Martinez-Acosta, A.M., Castaneda-Sanchez, D.A., Bornacelly-Horta, H. and Merchan, V. 2006. La poda trempana, practica en el manejo integral de la Sigatoka negra en banano. Proceedings of the XVII International Meeting of ACORBAT. Joinville, Brazil, October 15-20. Pp. 690-697.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote91"><a href="#ref_footnote91">91.</a> Guzman, M. and Romero, R. 1995. Determinacion del efecto antiesporulante de diferentes compuestos sobre Mycosphaerella fijiensis. p. 46. In: Informe anual 1994. Departamento de Investigacion y Diversificacion Agricola CORBANA (Corporacion Bananera Nacional). San Jose, Costa Rica.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote92"><a href="#ref_footnote92">92.</a> Villalta, R. and Guzman, M. 2005.Capacidad de esporulacion de Mycosphaerella fijiensis en tejido foliar de banano depositado en el suelo y efecto antiesporulante de la urea. Resumen, p. 14 In: 1er Congreso Cientifico Tecnico Bananero Nacional. Pococi, Limon, Costa Rica.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote93"><a href="#ref_footnote93">93.</a> Guzman, M., Calvo, CM., Ovando, R. and Vargas, R. 2005. Evaluacion preliminar del efecto de la aplicacion de bacterias, melaza y urea sobre la degradacion de hojas de banano y la esporulacion de sigatoka negra en hojas a nivel de suelo. pp. 54-56. In: Informe anual 2004. Direccion de Investigaciones Agricolas CORBANA (Corporacion Bananera Nacional). San Jose, Costa Rica.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote94"><a href="#ref_footnote94">94.</a> Ganry, J. and Laville, E. 1983. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=7462" rel="external nofollow">Les cercosporioses du bananier et leurs traitements. Evolution des méthodes de traitement. 1-Traitements fongicides. 2-Avertissement</a>. Fruits 38(1):3-20.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote95"><a href="#ref_footnote95">95.</a> De Lapeyre De Bellaire, L., Fouré, E., Abadie, C. and Carlier, J. 2010. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=12956" rel="external nofollow">Black leaf streak disease is challenging the banana industry</a>. Fruits 65(6):327-342.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote96"><a href="#ref_footnote96">96.</a> Stover, R.H. 1980. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="https://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/blacksigatoka.aspx" rel="external nofollow">Sigatoka leaf spots of bananas and plantains</a>. Plant Disease, 64: 750-756.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote97"><a href="#ref_footnote97">97.</a> Sierotzki, H., Parisi, S., Steinfeld, U., Tenzer, I., Poirey, S. and Gisi, U. 2000. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/1526-4998%28200010%2956:10%3C833::AID-PS200%3E3.0.CO;2-Q/" rel="external nofollow">Mode of resistance to respiration inhibitors at the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex of Mycosphaerella fijiensis field isolates</a>. Pest. Manag. Sci., 56: 833–841.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote98"><a href="#ref_footnote98">98.</a> PDF of the 2014 Banana FRAC guidelines [] made by the Banana Working Group <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/working-group/banana-group" rel="external nofollow">http://www.frac.info/working-group/banana-group</a>.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote99"><a href="#ref_footnote99">99.</a> PDF of <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/work/Summary%20Banana%20FRAC_Guidelines%202012.pdf" rel="external nofollow"> FRAC guidelines for banana</a> made at the <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/work/work_bana.htm" rel="external nofollow">2012 Banana Working Group Meeting
</a>.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote100"><a href="#ref_footnote100">100.</a> PDF of the 2014 Banana FRAC guidelines <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/work/Summary%20Banana%20FRAC_Guidelines%202012.pdf" rel="external nofollow"> FRAC guidelines for banana</a> made by the Banana Working Group <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/working-group/banana-group" rel="external nofollow">http://www.frac.info/working-group/banana-group
</a>.</div></div>
+ <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11176" rel="external nofollow">Status of banana bacterial wilt in Uganda</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):73-83.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote78"><a href="#ref_footnote78">78.</a> Bagamba, F., Kikulwe, E., Tushemereirwe, W., Ngambeki, D., Muhangi, J., Kagezi, G.H., Ragama, P.E. and Eden-Green, S.J. 2006. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11185" rel="external nofollow">Awareness of banana bacterial wilt control in Uganda: 1. Farmers' perspective</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):157-164.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote79"><a href="#ref_footnote79">79.</a> Ngambeki, D., Tushemereirwe, W. and Okaasai, O. 2006. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11171" rel="external nofollow">Awareness of banana bacterial wilt control in Uganda: 2. Community leaders perspectives</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):165-174.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote80"><a href="#ref_footnote80">80.</a> Muhangi, J., Nankinga, C., Tushemereirwe, W., Rutherford, M., Ragama, P.E., Nowakunda, K. and Abeyasekera, S. 2006. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11170" rel="external nofollow">Impact of awareness campaigns for banana bacterial wilt in Uganda</a>. African Crop Science Journal 14(2):175-183.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote81"><a href="#ref_footnote81">81.</a> Kubiriba, J., Karamura, E.B., Jogo, W., Tushemereirwe, W.K. and Tinzaara, W. 2012. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=13497" rel="external nofollow">Community mobilization: A key to effective control of banana xanthomonas wilt</a>. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 4(5):125-131.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote82"><a href="#ref_footnote82">82.</a> Mwangi, M. 2009. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS/2009/2.1/Abstract2-Maina.html" rel="external nofollow">Knowledge for crop disease management: the case of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt.</a> Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2(1):67-72.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote83"><a href="#ref_footnote83">83.</a> Bouwmeester, H., Abele, S., Manyong, V.M., Legg, C., Mwangi, M., Nakato, V., Coyne, D. and Sonder, K. 2010. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=12828"" rel="external nofollow">The potential benefits of GIS techniques in disease and pest control: an example based on a regional project in Central Africa</a>. In the Proceedings of International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa on Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase Research Impact held in Mombasa, Kenya, 5-9 October 2008. Dubois, T., Hauser, S., Staver, C. and Coyne, D. (eds). Acta Horticulturae 879:333-340.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote84"><a href="#ref_footnote84">84.</a> Abele, S. and Pillay, M. 2007. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=11179" rel="external nofollow">Bacterial wilt and drought stresses in banana production and their impact on economic welfare in Uganda: implications for banana research in east african highlands</a>. Journal of Crop Improvement 19(1/2):173-191.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote85"><a href="#ref_footnote85">85.</a> Mediawatch on the <a class="wiki" href="first results of a field trial of Xanthomonas wilt resistant GM bananas" rel="">http://www.promusa.org/blogpost367-First-results-of-a-field-trial-of-Xanthomonas-wilt-resistant-GM-bananas</a>, published 26 September 2014.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote86"><a href="#ref_footnote86">86.</a> Chillet, M., Castelan, F.P., Abadie, C., Hubert, O. and De Lapeyre De Bellaire, L. 2013. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=14633" rel="external nofollow">Necrotic leaf removal, a key component of integrated management of Mycospaerella leaf spot diseases to improve the quality of banana: the case of Sigatoka disease</a>. Fruits 68(4):271-277.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote87"><a href="#ref_footnote87">87.</a> Daniells, J.W., Lisle, A.T. and Bryde, N.J. 1994. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=3797" rel="external nofollow">Effect of bunch trimming and leaf removal at flowering on maturity bronzing, yield, and other aspects of fruit-quality of bananas in North Queensland</a>. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34:259-265.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote88"><a href="#ref_footnote88">88.</a> Vargas, A., Araya, M., Guzman, M., Murillo, G. 2009. Effect of leaf pruning at flower emergence of banana plants (Musa AAA) on fruit yield and black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) disease, International Journal of Pest Managagement,55:19-25.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote89"><a href="#ref_footnote89">89.</a> Chica, R., Herrera, M., Jiménez, I., Lizcano, S., Montoya, J.A., Patiño, L.F., Rodríguez, P.A. and Ruiz, L.H. 2004. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=9609" rel="external nofollow">Impacto y manejo de la Sigatoka negra en el cultivo de banano de exportación en Colombia</a>. p.53-62. In: Orozco-Santos, M., Orozco Romero, J., Robles-Gonzáles, M., Velázquez-Monreal, J., Medina-Urrutia, V. and Hernández-Bautista, J.A. (eds.). Proceedings of Reunión Internacional ACORBAT, Oaxaca (MEX), 2004/09/26-10/01. Publicación especial del XVI reunión internacional ACORBAT. ACORBAT, Oaxaca (MEX).</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote90"><a href="#ref_footnote90">90.</a> Martinez-Acosta, A.M., Castaneda-Sanchez, D.A., Bornacelly-Horta, H. and Merchan, V. 2006. La poda trempana, practica en el manejo integral de la Sigatoka negra en banano. Proceedings of the XVII International Meeting of ACORBAT. Joinville, Brazil, October 15-20. Pp. 690-697.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote91"><a href="#ref_footnote91">91.</a> Guzman, M. and Romero, R. 1995. Determinacion del efecto antiesporulante de diferentes compuestos sobre Mycosphaerella fijiensis. p. 46. In: Informe anual 1994. Departamento de Investigacion y Diversificacion Agricola CORBANA (Corporacion Bananera Nacional). San Jose, Costa Rica.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote92"><a href="#ref_footnote92">92.</a> Villalta, R. and Guzman, M. 2005.Capacidad de esporulacion de Mycosphaerella fijiensis en tejido foliar de banano depositado en el suelo y efecto antiesporulante de la urea. Resumen, p. 14 In: 1er Congreso Cientifico Tecnico Bananero Nacional. Pococi, Limon, Costa Rica.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote93"><a href="#ref_footnote93">93.</a> Guzman, M., Calvo, CM., Ovando, R. and Vargas, R. 2005. Evaluacion preliminar del efecto de la aplicacion de bacterias, melaza y urea sobre la degradacion de hojas de banano y la esporulacion de sigatoka negra en hojas a nivel de suelo. pp. 54-56. In: Informe anual 2004. Direccion de Investigaciones Agricolas CORBANA (Corporacion Bananera Nacional). San Jose, Costa Rica.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote94"><a href="#ref_footnote94">94.</a> Ganry, J. and Laville, E. 1983. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=7462" rel="external nofollow">Les cercosporioses du bananier et leurs traitements. Evolution des méthodes de traitement. 1-Traitements fongicides. 2-Avertissement</a>. Fruits 38(1):3-20.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote95"><a href="#ref_footnote95">95.</a> De Lapeyre De Bellaire, L., Fouré, E., Abadie, C. and Carlier, J. 2010. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.musalit.org/seeMore.php?id=12956" rel="external nofollow">Black leaf streak disease is challenging the banana industry</a>. Fruits 65(6):327-342.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote96"><a href="#ref_footnote96">96.</a> Stover, R.H. 1980. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="https://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/blacksigatoka.aspx" rel="external nofollow">Sigatoka leaf spots of bananas and plantains</a>. Plant Disease, 64: 750-756.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote97"><a href="#ref_footnote97">97.</a> Sierotzki, H., Parisi, S., Steinfeld, U., Tenzer, I., Poirey, S. and Gisi, U. 2000. <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/1526-4998%28200010%2956:10%3C833::AID-PS200%3E3.0.CO;2-Q/" rel="external nofollow">Mode of resistance to respiration inhibitors at the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex of Mycosphaerella fijiensis field isolates</a>. Pest. Manag. Sci., 56: 833–841.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote98"><a href="#ref_footnote98">98.</a> PDF of the 2014 Banana FRAC guidelines [] made by the Banana Working Group <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/working-group/banana-group" rel="external nofollow">http://www.frac.info/working-group/banana-group</a>.</div><div class="onefootnote" id="footnote99"><a href="#ref_footnote99">99.</a> PDF of <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/work/Summary%20Banana%20FRAC_Guidelines%202012.pdf" rel="external nofollow"> FRAC guidelines for banana</a> made at the <a class="wiki external" target="_blank" href="http://www.frac.info/work/work_bana.htm" rel="external nofollow">2012 Banana Working Group Meeting</a>.</div></div>