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Revision as of 21:24, 29 November 2013
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[[Image:EffectsOfEXSTraining.jpg|thumb|left|Figure x. Adapted from]]
[[Image:EffectsOfEXSTraining.jpg|thumb|left|Figure x. Adapted from]]
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The prevailing and growing list of evidence concerning the physiological benefits derived from physical activity as seen in adults is also the case in children (Janssen 2010) and older adults (Haapanen-Niemi 2000). Although understandably the relative effects and magnitudes will differ somewhat between individuals and between ages. Thus, whilst we can universally educate all age groups concerning the biological benefits there are other motivations can be addressed by increasing physical activity.
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The prevailing and growing list of evidence concerning the physiological benefits derived from physical activity as seen in adults is also the case in children (Janssen 2010) and older adults (Haapanen-Niemi 2000). Although understandably the relative effects and magnitudes will differ somewhat between individuals and between ages. Thus, whilst we can universally educate all age groups concerning the biological benefits there are other motivations can be addressed by increasing physical activity.
Furthermore, physiotherapist has a profound role in health education. Patient contact may occur at any stage in a person’s life. Therefore when contemplating and discussing the benefits of physical activity it would be highly efficacious to also consider beyond the physiological underpinnings. For example consider discussing the benefits from engaging in physical activity by appealing to that individuals priorities e.g. self-esteem, socialising, making the school team, etc.
Furthermore, physiotherapist has a profound role in health education. Patient contact may occur at any stage in a person’s life. Therefore when contemplating and discussing the benefits of physical activity it would be highly efficacious to also consider beyond the physiological underpinnings. For example consider discussing the benefits from engaging in physical activity by appealing to that individuals priorities e.g. self-esteem, socialising, making the school team, etc.
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<
u>'''Children & Preadolescents'''</u
>
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<
br
>
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Education for individuals in this age group may benefit more if the advantages of physical activity were explained in concepts that would translate into motivations or an inspiration to achieving a goal not necessarily hinged on simply “being more physically fit”.
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<u>'''Children & Preadolescents'''</u>
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The early developmental years of children are vital
in
building a healthy foundation for their body to grow into. In fact the same benefits that apply to older adults, albeit with differing magnitudes, are true for children and preadolescents (ACSM 2013; SASA 2011). The
more
we move under different stresses
the
better our muscles, bones and other structures adapt. Similarly,
physical activity
is vital
in
improving the neurological development of the brain such as increased hippocampal volume and its related affects
on
relational memory tasks (Chaddock 2010)
.
+
Education for individuals
in
this age group may benefit
more
if
the
advantages of
physical activity
were explained
in
concepts that would translate into motivations or an inspiration to achieving a goal not necessarily hinged
on
simply “being more physically fit”
.
-
It would be unjust
to
assume
that children
have no stress since the causes of such may be wholly subjective
.
We can address
the
psychosocial issues through
physical activity
which can target certain physiological changes that may contribute/result from stress, counterbalancing
its
effect
.
+
The early developmental years of children are vital in building a healthy foundation for their body
to
grow into. In fact the same benefits
that
apply to older adults, albeit with differing magnitudes, are true for
children
and preadolescents (ACSM 2013; SASA 2011)
.
The more we move under different stresses
the
better our muscles, bones and other structures adapt. Similarly,
physical activity
is vital in improving the neurological development of the brain such as increased hippocampal volume and
its
related affects on relational memory tasks (Chaddock 2010)
.
-
Figure x. (adapted from Malina et al. 2004) summarises the psychosocial issues relatively well in
the
context
of
the perception of oneself
.
PA
can
have an effect on all of the components of growth and development. Whilst some of
the issues
may be of lesser relevance concerning a toddler than a preadolescent it is important to instil the right sense of
physical activity
habit. Our body has naturally come to expect and need a
certain
amount of activity to thrive
,
we must therefore nurture it to prevent later-life issues
.
<br><br>
+
It would be unjust to assume that children have no stress since
the
causes
of
such may be wholly subjective
.
We
can
address
the
psychosocial
issues
through
physical activity
which can target
certain
physiological changes that may contribute/result from stress
,
counterbalancing its effect
.
-
<br>
+
[[Image:RoleofPAEduChild.jpg|thumb|right|Figure x. Adapted from Malina et al. 2004]]Figure x. summarises the psychosocial issues relatively well in the context of the perception of oneself. PA can have an effect on all of the components of growth and development. Whilst some of the issues may be of lesser relevance concerning a toddler than a preadolescent it is important to instil the right sense of physical activity habit. Our body has naturally come to expect and need a certain amount of activity to thrive, we must therefore nurture it to prevent later-life issues.<br>
+
+
<br>
+
+
'''<u>Adolescent & Adults</u>'''
+
+
Physical activity has both rehabilitative and preventative benefits regarding all aspects of health. Thus, it is important to also consider an individual’s mental health as much as is possible. Whilst we must not profess to be experts in this area we can nonetheless empathise in the best way possible. Take for instance the research by Baldwin & Hoffman (2002) where they have observed a drop in self-esteem in early adolescence. If coupled with poor body image or the social stigmas attached to overweight and obesity, mental health can suffer, possibly leading to a cycle of reduced social interactions and increased sedentary behaviour, and consequently a reduction in health. By maintaining a habit of physical activity it may help overcome some of these issues, and provide the individual the necessary toolkit in tackling and understanding these issues.
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Furthermore, physical activity in early and later adulthood is important in gearing oneself for the natural and inevitable (avoid this word?) changes of aging. Physical activity has been observed as a factor in the development and maintenance of the brain (LE). Studies have shown moderate intensity cycling as having a positive effect on the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) whether it’s in healthy individuals or those suffering from chronic conditions such as multiple sclerosis (Gold et al. 2003). This can have implications regarding the reduction of the risks in developing conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
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+
<br>
+
+
<u>'''Older Adults'''</u>
+
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Most in this age group or approaching this age group tend to prioritise maintaining their cognitive abilities as their goal. As was mentioned earlier we have shown the benefits habitual physical activity can have on the cognitive function.
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Additionally, it is important to consider decreasing sedentary behaviour as physical inactivity leads to increased risk of all-cause mortality whether it’s an increase in risk of developing cardiovascular disease or respiratory complications (Katzmarzyk and Lee, 2012). Maintaining physical activity is also the cornerstone of maximising self-sufficiency. This may seem paradoxical at first for those who have decreased mobility and independence, but by encouraging whatever level of physical activity it will nonetheless carry some benefit as opposed to none. Habitual activity ensures the maintenance of adequate levels of flexibility, balance and exercise tolerance (Nelson et al. 2007) so as to negotiate ADL, this can translate to an effect that reduces the incidence of falls.<br>
<br>
==== Guidelines ====
==== Guidelines ====
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==== Risks of Physical Inactivity ====
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=== Prescription ===
=== Prescription ===