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= '''Introduction''' =
= '''Introduction''' =
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Sports injuries are very common not only in contact sports but also non contact sports. In USA more than 3.5 million kids under age 14 receive medical treatment related to sports injuries each year. And high school athletes account for about 2 million injuries each year. According to CDC, more than half of the sports injuries in children are preventable. Hootman et al collected data over 16 year period and found that injury rates were statistically significant in games than in practice. They calculated the injuries per 1000 A-E (athlete-exposure per game or practice), and they reported about 13.8 injuries per 1000 A-E in games, and about 4.0 injuries per 1000 A-E in practice.
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Sports injuries are very common not only in contact sports but also non contact sports. In USA more than 3.5 million kids under age 14 receive medical treatment related to sports injuries each year. And high school athletes account for about 2 million injuries each year.
<ref>JS Powell, KD Barber Foss, 1999. Injury patterns in selected high school sports: a review of the 1995-1997 seasons. J Athl Train. 34: 277-84</ref>
According to CDC, more than half of the sports injuries in children are preventable. Hootman et al
<ref>Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of Collegiate Injuries for 15 Sports: Summary and Recommendations for Injury Prevention Initiatives. Journal of Athletic Training. 2007;42(2):311-319.</ref>
collected data over 16 year period and found that injury rates were statistically significant in games than in practice. They calculated the injuries per 1000 A-E (athlete-exposure per game or practice), and they reported about 13.8 injuries per 1000 A-E in games, and about 4.0 injuries per 1000 A-E in practice.
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Sports can be briefly categorized into contact/collison sports, limited-contact sports and non-contact sports. Injuries in contact sports and adventorous sports can be fatal. Although death from sports injury is very rare, but sports and recreational injuries account for about 21% of traumatic brain injuries among american children. One of the most important aspects in sports medicine and in prevention of athletic injuries is protective gears. Physical therapist's role is to ensure safety, prevention of injuries and protecting existing injuries. Knowledge on different types of athletic equipments available may help physical therapist in proper selection and fitting of the equipments, as this can play a key role in preventing injuries.
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Sports can be briefly categorized into contact/collison sports, limited-contact sports and non-contact sports. Injuries in contact sports and adventorous sports can be fatal. Although death from sports injury is very rare, but sports and recreational injuries account for about 21% of traumatic brain injuries among american children. One of the most important aspects in sports medicine and in prevention of athletic injuries is protective gears. Physical therapist's role is to ensure safety, prevention of injuries and protecting existing injuries. Knowledge on different types of athletic equipments available may help physical therapist in proper selection and fitting of the equipments, as this can play a key role in preventing injuries
<ref>Reese RC Jr, Burruss TP, Patten J. Athletic training and protective equipment. In: Nicholas JA, Hershman EB, editors. The Upper Extremity in Sports Medicine. St.Louis, MO: Mosby; 1995</ref>
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There are various regulatory bodies/organization who undertake the responsibility of the durability of the equipment and have a set standards for the equipments. US athletic equipment standards are issued by NOCSAE (National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment), and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is another regulatory body. NOCSAE is most widely recognized certification. The committee started initiatly with primary focus on football helmets and its effectiveness in reducing injuries. All helmets
had
to be reconditioned and recertified every year. It also requires manufacturers to post a warning on the football helmet. Other governing bodies are, ISO (International Organization of Standardization), ANSI (American National Standard Institute), and CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission)
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There are various regulatory bodies/organization who undertake the responsibility of the durability of the equipment and have a set standards for the equipments. US athletic equipment standards are issued by NOCSAE (National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment), and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is another regulatory body. NOCSAE is most widely recognized certification. The committee started initiatly with primary focus on football helmets and its effectiveness in reducing injuries. All helmets
has
to be reconditioned and recertified every year
<ref>Hodgson VR: National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification programs. Med Sci Sports. 1975;7(3): 225-232.</ref>
. It also requires manufacturers to post a warning on the football helmet. Other governing bodies are, ISO (International Organization of Standardization), ANSI (American National Standard Institute), and CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission)
= '''Protective Materials''' =
= '''Protective Materials''' =
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= '''Neck, Chest and Upper Extremities Protection''' =
= '''Neck, Chest and Upper Extremities Protection''' =
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Most neck protection does not protect from cervical injuries such as “burners”. Most neck protectors serve as more of a reminder to use proper technique while tackling.
<br>'''Football shoulder pads'''
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Most neck protection does not protect from cervical injuries such as “burners”. Most neck protectors serve as more of a reminder to use proper technique while tackling.
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*Football shoulder pads are split in to two types – Cantilevered and non-cantilevered (flat).
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<br><u>'''Football shoulder pads'''</u>
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*Football shoulder pads are split in to two types – Cantilevered and non-cantilevered (flat).
*Players performing primarily tackling and blocking are given cantilevered pads. They get the name because of the hard plastic bridge they make over the superior aspect of the shoulder to protect the chest and the back. They come in three types – inside, outside and double cantilevered.
*Players performing primarily tackling and blocking are given cantilevered pads. They get the name because of the hard plastic bridge they make over the superior aspect of the shoulder to protect the chest and the back. They come in three types – inside, outside and double cantilevered.
*Players such as quarterbacks and receivers are given non-cantilevered pads because they provide more freedom of movement. They are lightweight and less restricting. They are becoming popular for offensive lineman who principally use their hands to block.
*Players such as quarterbacks and receivers are given non-cantilevered pads because they provide more freedom of movement. They are lightweight and less restricting. They are becoming popular for offensive lineman who principally use their hands to block.
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*Defensive ends require the greater protection of larger cups and flaps for tackling.
*Defensive ends require the greater protection of larger cups and flaps for tackling.
*Offensive backs and receivers require smaller shoulder cups and flaps to allow them greater mobility when passing and catching.
*Offensive backs and receivers require smaller shoulder cups and flaps to allow them greater mobility when passing and catching.
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*Rules of fitting – Width of shoulders must be measured. (C) Inside of pad should cover tip of shoulder in line with lateral aspect of shoulder. (D) Epaulets and cups must cover deltoid and allow motion. Neck opening must allow athlete to raise arms over head w/out pads sliding forward and back. With split clavicle pads, channel for top of shoulder must be in proper position.<br>
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*Rules of fitting – Width of shoulders must be measured. (C) Inside of pad should cover tip of shoulder in line with lateral aspect of shoulder. (D) Epaulets and cups must cover deltoid and allow motion. Neck opening must allow athlete to raise arms over head w/out pads sliding forward and back. With split clavicle pads, channel for top of shoulder must be in proper position
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<br>
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[[Image:Shoulder pad.jpg]]
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In collegiate and professional football, no rigid material can be worn at the elbow or below unless it is adequately padded with closed-cell foam.<br>Chest protection is also very commonly used. Baseball catchers, Lacrosse and Ice hockey goalies at every level of play are required to wear a chest protector. Most of these chest guards do nothing more than prevent mild contusions. In animal models it has shown that chest protectors are ineffective in preventing ventricular fibrillation triggered by blows to the chest. <br>Sports that use a high-velocity projectile such as a baseball, lacrosse ball or hockey puck require protection of the genitalia for the male participants known as Jocks
. <br>
= '''Lower Extremities Protection''' =
= '''Lower Extremities Protection''' =
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=
'''
References
'''
=
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<u>
'''
Thigh and hip protection
'''
</u>
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1
.
JS Powell, KD Barber Foss, 1999. Injury patterns
in
selected high school
sports
: a review of the 1995-1997 seasons
.
J Athl Train
.
34: 277-84
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*It is necessary in contact sports such as hockey and football
.
Deep quadriceps contusions are common
in
all contact
sports.
Thigh pads should be centered over the quadriceps muscle group approximately 6 to 7 inches above the kneecap
.
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2
.
Hootman JM
,
Dick R, Agel J
.
Epidemiology
of
Collegiate Injuries
for
15 Sports: Summary
and
Recommendations for Injury Prevention Initiatives
.
Journal
of
Athletic Training
.
2007;42(2):311
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319
.<br>
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<u>'''Knee protection'''</u>
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*Knee protection like knee pads may be used for football and volleyball
.
Kneepads help to dissipate blunt force trauma but do nothing against twisting or medial and lateral forces.
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*Knee braces are categorized into: prophylactic
,
functional or rehabilitative
.
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*Prophylactic knee braces are commonly seen as hinged braces on the lateral aspect
of
knees of football lineman. There is lack of conclusive evidence that knee braces reduce the incidence or severity of the injury. Recent research states that prophylactic knee bracing should neither be discouraged nor recommended
for
use by college football players.
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*Functional knee braces are designed to restore functional stability to the knee after an athlete has suffered a ligamentous disruption. The Lenox hill-type derotation brace has been widely used to provide stability in the ACL-deficient or reconstructed knee. It has been shown that bracing the ACL-deficient knee does reduce anterior translation during non-weight-bearing
and
weight-bearing activity
.
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*Rehabilitative knee brace is mainly used post-surgical to provide rigid immobilization at selected angle, to permit controlled range
of
the motion through predetermined arch or to provide protection from accidental loading in non-weight bearing patients
.
<br>
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'''<u>Shin guards</u>''' – Soccer, Ice hockey and field hockey players as well as baseball catchers are required to wear shin guards in intercollegiate play.
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<br>'''<u>Ankle support</u>'''
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*Ankle stabilizers, both rehabilitative and functional are extremely popular in athletics.
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*Studies have shown that taping and bracing of ankles has no effect on ankle instability.
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*A lace
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up brace does decrease the forces placed on the ankle during sudden inversion, but a semi-rigid brace provides the best protection and was more effective in preventing rear foot motion.
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*A systematic review of the literature has found that semi-rigid ankle bracing does reduce the incidence of ankle sprains, and reduces recurrent sprains.
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*Bracing ankles can help save time and money and be just as effective as taping
. <br>
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= '''References''' =
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3. Reese RC Jr, Burruss TP, Patten J. Athletic training and protective equipment. In: Nicholas JA, Hershman EB, editors. The Upper Extremity in Sports Medicine. St.Louis, MO: Mosby; 1995
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<references />
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4. Hodgson VR: National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification programs. Med Sci Sports. 1975;7(3): 225-232.
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<br>