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=== Definition ===
=== Definition ===
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Pilates is a system of exercises using special apparatus, designed to improve physical strength, flexibility, and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Posture posture] and enhance mental awareness<ref name="Oxford">Oxford Dictionaries, Definition of Pilates in English. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Pilates (accessed 20 Oct 2013). </ref>.<br>
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Pilates is a system of exercises using special apparatus, designed to improve physical strength, flexibility, and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Posture posture] and enhance mental awareness<ref name="Oxford">Oxford Dictionaries, Definition of Pilates in English.
Available from:
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Pilates (accessed 20 Oct 2013). </ref>.<br>
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=== Precursor biography<br> ===
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=== Precursor biography<br>
===
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The method was designed by Joseph Hubertus Pilates from Germany whose father was a Greek ancestry gymnast and mother was a neuropath. In his childhood Pilates was weak and sickly (suffered from asthma, rickets and rheumatic fever). He strongly needed to take care of his physical health and that is why he become very interested in practicing body building, gymnastic, yoga and ‘kung fu’. As a 14 years old he had perfectly developed his musculature and was asked to pose for pictures of anatomical charts.<br>
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The method was designed by Joseph Hubertus Pilates from Germany whose father was a Greek ancestry gymnast and mother was a neuropath. In his childhood Pilates was weak and sickly (suffered from asthma, rickets and rheumatic fever). He strongly needed to take care of his physical health and that is why he become very interested in practicing body building, gymnastic, yoga and ‘kung fu’. As a 14 years old he had perfectly developed his musculature and was asked to pose for pictures of anatomical charts.<br>
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Before he turned 30 he moved to England where he worked as a boxer, circus - performer and self defense trainer. When Word War I began he was interned to an internment camp where he has been teaching and improving his system of mat exercises he called himself ‘Contrology’. <ref name="wiki">Wikipedia, Pilates. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref> <ref name="jo">Wikipedia, Joseph Pilates. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pilates (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref> <ref name="jas">Pilates Method Alliance, An Exercise in Balance: The Pilates Phenomenon. http://www.pilatesmethodalliance.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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Before he turned 30 he moved to England where he worked as a boxer, circus - performer and self defense trainer. When Word War I began he was interned to an internment camp where he has been teaching and improving his system of mat exercises he called himself ‘Contrology’. <ref name="wiki">Wikipedia, Pilates.
Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref> <ref name="jo">Wikipedia, Joseph Pilates.
Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pilates (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref> <ref name="jas">Pilates Method Alliance, An Exercise in Balance: The Pilates Phenomenon.
Available from:
http://www.pilatesmethodalliance.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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After the war Pilates returned to Germany where he collaborated with Rudolf Laban and other important experts of dance and physical exercise.
After the war Pilates returned to Germany where he collaborated with Rudolf Laban and other important experts of dance and physical exercise.
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At the age of 42 he moved to United States where (with his wife Clara) opened his first Studio. Soon his method become popular between well known dancers who wanted to become more aware of usage of mind to control muscles and who needed help with proper training, recovery and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Rehabilitation rehabilitation].<ref name="jo" /><br>
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At the age of 42 he moved to United States where (with his wife Clara) opened his first Studio. Soon his method become popular between well known dancers who wanted to become more aware of usage of mind to control muscles and who needed help with proper training, recovery and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Rehabilitation rehabilitation].<ref name="jo" /><br>
In his life he published 2 books related to his method: <br>• Your health (1934)<br>• Return to life (1945) <ref name="wiki" />
In his life he published 2 books related to his method: <br>• Your health (1934)<br>• Return to life (1945) <ref name="wiki" />
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<blockquote>"I must be right. Never an aspirin. Never injured a day in my life. The whole country, the whole world, should be doing my exercises. They'd be happier." - Joseph Hubertus Pilates, in 1965. He died in United States in 1967.<ref name="jo" /></blockquote>
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<blockquote>"I must be right. Never an aspirin. Never injured a day in my life. The whole country, the whole world, should be doing my exercises. They'd be happier." - Joseph Hubertus Pilates, in 1965. He died in United States in 1967.<ref name="jo" /></blockquote>
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==== Pilates classic exercises ====
==== Pilates classic exercises ====
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In 'Return to life' book Pilates described his original 34 matwork exercises. For the first time book was published in 1945.<ref name="poses">Joseph Pilates Original 34 poses from Return to Life. http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/pilates/h_pilates_classic.htm (accessed 4 Sept 2013).</ref>
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In 'Return to life' book Pilates described his original 34 matwork exercises. For the first time book was published in 1945.<ref name="poses">Joseph Pilates Original 34 poses from Return to Life.
Available from:
http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/pilates/h_pilates_classic.htm (accessed 4 Sept 2013).</ref>
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{{#ev:youtube|5ShtfZp3Mwg|300}}<ref>Charles Kenner. Joseph Pilates Classical Mat Exercises. Available from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ShtfZp3Mwg (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref>
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{{#ev:youtube|5ShtfZp3Mwg|300}}<ref>Charles Kenner. Joseph Pilates Classical Mat Exercises. Available from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ShtfZp3Mwg (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref>
Today there are plenty of different schools teaching and training modern Pilates. Method is used and can be found in fitness and physiotherapy industries. Exercises have been changed and some new equipment has been added. <ref name="wiki" />
Today there are plenty of different schools teaching and training modern Pilates. Method is used and can be found in fitness and physiotherapy industries. Exercises have been changed and some new equipment has been added. <ref name="wiki" />
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{{#ev:youtube|EZLUhInaJ8w|300}}<ref>Nana Kim. Modern Pilates Busan. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZLUhInaJ8w (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref>
{{#ev:youtube|EZLUhInaJ8w|300}}<ref>Nana Kim. Modern Pilates Busan. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZLUhInaJ8w (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref>
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==== Pilates in Physical Therapy<br> ====
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==== Pilates in Physical Therapy<br>
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The interest and popularity of Pilates is increasing worldwide. In addition to being used in fitness programs, it is being used in some rehabilitation programs.<ref name="di">Di Lorenzo CE. Pilates: what is it? Should it be used in rehabilitation? Sports Health 2011 Jul;3(4):352-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016028 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref> There are plenty of scientific researches and clinical evidences confirming benefits of Pilates exercise.
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The interest and popularity of Pilates is increasing worldwide. In addition to being used in fitness programs, it is being used in some rehabilitation programs.<ref name="di">Di Lorenzo CE. Pilates: what is it? Should it be used in rehabilitation? Sports Health 2011 Jul;3(4):352-61.
Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016028 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref> There are plenty of scientific researches and clinical evidences confirming benefits of Pilates exercise.
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People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) frequently experience balance and mobility impairments, including reduced trunk stability. Pilates-based core stability training, which is aimed at improving control of the body's stabilising muscles, is popular as a form of exercise with people with MS and therapists.<ref name="fre">Freeman J, Fox E, Gear M, Hough A.Pilates based core stability training in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2012 Apr 5;12:19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480437 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) frequently experience balance and mobility impairments, including reduced trunk stability. Pilates-based core stability training, which is aimed at improving control of the body's stabilising muscles, is popular as a form of exercise with people with MS and therapists.<ref name="fre">Freeman J, Fox E, Gear M, Hough A.Pilates based core stability training in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2012 Apr 5;12:19.
Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480437 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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Studies have shown the effectiveness of a few weekly pilates sessions as helping to reduce lower back pain. There has been found an important improvement of pain, disability and physical and psychological perception of health in individuals who did the daily sessions of pilates. <ref name="NOT">Notarnicola A, Fischetti F, Maccagnano G, Comes R, Tafuri S, Moretti B. Daily pilates exercise or inactivity for patients with low back pain: a clinical prospective observational study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013 Oct 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24104699 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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Studies have shown the effectiveness of a few weekly pilates sessions as helping to reduce lower back pain. There has been found an important improvement of pain, disability and physical and psychological perception of health in individuals who did the daily sessions of pilates. <ref name="NOT">Notarnicola A, Fischetti F, Maccagnano G, Comes R, Tafuri S, Moretti B. Daily pilates exercise or inactivity for patients with low back pain: a clinical prospective observational study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2013 Oct 9.
Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24104699 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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There was a positive effect of Modern Pilates mat and ball exercises of reducing obesity, body composition parameters and flexibility at sedentary obese women. <ref name="Ca">Cakmakçi O.The effect of 8 week pilates exercise on body composition in obese women.Coll Antropol. 2011 Dec;35(4):1045-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397236 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
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There was a positive effect of Modern Pilates mat and ball exercises of reducing obesity, body composition parameters and flexibility at sedentary obese women. <ref name="Ca">Cakmakçi O.The effect of 8 week pilates exercise on body composition in obese women.Coll Antropol. 2011 Dec;35(4):1045-50.
Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397236 (accessed 20 Oct 2013).</ref><br>
=== Resources ===
=== Resources ===