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'''Original Editor '''
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'''Original Editor '''
- [[User:Rachael Lowe|Rachael Lowe]]
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}
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= Anatomy =
= Anatomy =
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== Knee joint ==
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==
The
Knee joint ==
[[Image:Gray345.png|right|150px]]
[[Image:Gray345.png|right|150px]]
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<br>
The knee joint is the largest joint in the body, consisting of 3 bones and an extensive network of ligaments and muscles.
<br>
The 3 main bones are: the
femur
, the
tibia
and
patella
. The fibula is not involved in the knee joint<ref>Keith L. Moore. Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6e edition. P 634</ref>. The main movements of the knee joint occur between the femur, patella and tibia. They are covered in articular cartilage which is an extremely hard, smooth substance designed to decrease the friction forces. Friction forces occur when there is movement between two bones. The patella lies in an indentation of the femur known as the intercondylar groove. At the outer surface of the tibia lies the fibula, a long thin bone that travels right down to the ankle joint. The knee joint consists of the patellafemoral articulation and the tibiofemoral articulation. The first articulation contains the patella and the femur and the second articulation contains the tibia and the femur.
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The knee joint is the largest joint in the body, consisting of 3 bones and an extensive network of ligaments and muscles.
+
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The 3 main bones are: the
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Femur Femur]
, the
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Tibia Tibia]
and
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Patella Patella]
. The fibula is not involved in the knee joint<ref>Keith L. Moore. Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6e edition. P 634</ref>. The main movements of the knee joint occur between the femur, patella and tibia. They are covered in articular cartilage which is an extremely hard, smooth substance designed to decrease the friction forces. Friction forces occur when there is movement between two bones. The patella lies in an indentation of the femur known as the intercondylar groove. At the outer surface of the tibia lies the fibula, a long thin bone that travels right down to the ankle joint. The knee joint consists of the patellafemoral articulation and the tibiofemoral articulation. The first articulation contains the patella and the femur and the second articulation contains the tibia and the femur.
<br>
<br>
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[[Image:Knee ligaments.png|thumb|right|300px|Knee Ligaments]]
[[Image:Knee ligaments.png|thumb|right|300px|Knee Ligaments]]
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<br>The ligaments of the knee maintain the stability of the knee. Each ligament has a particular function in helping to maintain optimal knee stability.
<br>1.
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) - This band runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyl and the superior part of the medial surface of the tibia. In the middle of the ligament the deep fibers are attached to the medial meniscus<ref>Keith L. Moore. Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6e edition. P 636</ref>. MCL resists forces acting from the outer surface of the knee, valgus forces.
<br>2.
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) – a cord like ligament that begins on the lateral epicoondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the fibula head. It resists impacts from the inner surface of the knee, varus forces.
<br>3.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) - The ACL is one of the most important structures in the knee. The cruciate ligaments are so called because they form a cross in the middle of the knee joint. The ACL, runs from the anterior of the tibia to the posterior of the femur and prevents the tibia moving forward. It is most commonly injured in twisting movements<ref>Lam MH et al. Knee rotational stability during pivoting movement is restored after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2011. (level b)</ref>.
<br>4.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) - This ligament runs from the posterior surface of the tibia to the anterior surface of the femur and so wraps around the ACL. The PCL limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibial plateau during extension<ref>Shingo Fukagawa. Posterior Displacement of the Tibia Increases in Deep Flexion of the Knee. 2009. (level C)</ref>.
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<br>The ligaments of the knee maintain the stability of the knee. Each ligament has a particular function in helping to maintain optimal knee stability.
+
+
#'''
Medial Collateral Ligament
'''
(MCL) - This band runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyl and the superior part of the medial surface of the tibia. In the middle of the ligament the deep fibers are attached to the medial meniscus<ref>Keith L. Moore. Clinically Oriented Anatomy 6e edition. P 636</ref>. MCL resists forces acting from the outer surface of the knee, valgus forces.
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#'''
Lateral Collateral Ligament
'''
(LCL) – a cord like ligament that begins on the lateral epicoondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the fibula head. It resists impacts from the inner surface of the knee, varus forces.
+
#'''
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
'''
(ACL) - The ACL is one of the most important structures in the knee. The cruciate ligaments are so called because they form a cross in the middle of the knee joint. The ACL, runs from the anterior of the tibia to the posterior of the femur and prevents the tibia moving forward. It is most commonly injured in twisting movements<ref>Lam MH et al. Knee rotational stability during pivoting movement is restored after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2011. (level b)</ref>.
+
#'''
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
'''
(PCL) - This ligament runs from the posterior surface of the tibia to the anterior surface of the femur and so wraps around the ACL. The PCL limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibial plateau during extension<ref>Shingo Fukagawa. Posterior Displacement of the Tibia Increases in Deep Flexion of the Knee. 2009. (level C)</ref>.
== Menisci ==
== Menisci ==
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<br>The two main muscle groups of the knee knee joint are the quadriceps and the hamstrings. <br>• M. Quadriceps<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/biceps-femoris-long-head M. Biceps femoris]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/semimembranosus M. Semimembranosus]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/semitendinosus M. Semitendinosus]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/gracilis M. Gracilis]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/sartorius M. Sartorius<br>]• M. Triceps Surae<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/plantaris M. Plantaris]
<br>The two main muscle groups of the knee knee joint are the quadriceps and the hamstrings. <br>• M. Quadriceps<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/biceps-femoris-long-head M. Biceps femoris]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/semimembranosus M. Semimembranosus]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/semitendinosus M. Semitendinosus]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/gracilis M. Gracilis]<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/sartorius M. Sartorius<br>]• M. Triceps Surae<br>• [http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/muscle-atlas/lower-body/plantaris M. Plantaris]
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== Motions Available: ==
== Motions Available: ==
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*[[Patellar Taping|Patellar Taping]]
*[[Patellar Taping|Patellar Taping]]
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[[Category:Articles]][[Category:Anatomy]][[Category:Musculoskeletal/orthopaedics|orthopaedics]][[Category:Videos]][[Category:Knee]]
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[[Category:Articles]] [[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal/orthopaedics|orthopaedics]] [[Category:Videos]] [[Category:Knee]]