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<br>►'''<u>Pemphigus vulgaris</u>'''<br> Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune, intraepithelial, blistering disease that is associated with a very encumbering quality of life. PV is characterized by autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 and desmoglein 1 of keratinocytes. It clinically, however, is characterized by extensive blisters that affect the skin and mucous membranes<ref name="13">Zhao C, Murrell D. Pemphigus Vulgaris: An Evidence-Based Treatment Update. Drugs [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Feb 15), [cited April 5, 2016]; 75(3): 271-284 14p. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text.</ref>. This is found in the mucous membrane in 95% of cases (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, nasal, and genital), followed by skin lesions, crusting, and purple stains on the anterior chest, back, and abdomen, with oral lesions being common as well. Characteristics of these blisters include a diameter consisting of millimeters to centimeters that is isolated or in
<br>►'''<u>Pemphigus vulgaris</u>'''<br> Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune, intraepithelial, blistering disease that is associated with a very encumbering quality of life. PV is characterized by autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 and desmoglein 1 of keratinocytes. It clinically, however, is characterized by extensive blisters that affect the skin and mucous membranes<ref name="13">Zhao C, Murrell D. Pemphigus Vulgaris: An Evidence-Based Treatment Update. Drugs [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Feb 15), [cited April 5, 2016]; 75(3): 271-284 14p. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text.</ref>. This is found in the mucous membrane in 95% of cases (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, nasal, and genital), followed by skin lesions, crusting, and purple stains on the anterior chest, back, and abdomen, with oral lesions being common as well. Characteristics of these blisters include a diameter consisting of millimeters to centimeters that is isolated or in
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[[Image:►Pemphigus vulgaris 3.jpg|frame|right|200x200px]]groups that appear to be fragile and flaccid, breaking in eroded areas, becoming bloody and wet, and covered with bloody crusting. Areas such as the face, scalp, neck, sternum, armpit, groin and periumbicals may experience a burning sensation<ref name="14">Pena S, Guimarães H, Bassoli S, Casarin S, Herdman T, Barros A. Nursing Diagnoses in Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Case Study. International Journal Of Nursing Knowledge [serial on the Internet]. (2013, Oct), [cited April 5, 2016]; 24(3): 176-179 4p. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text</ref>. The treatment goal of PV is to prevent new blister formation, heal old wounds, and eventually complete the tapering of treatment. As of now, there has been been no treatment strategy for PV according to the international consensus. The best treatment strategy for PV remains unclear as higher quality RCTs are needed in the future to explore other unstudied interventions<ref name="13" />.
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groups that appear to be fragile and flaccid, breaking in eroded areas, becoming bloody and wet, and covered with bloody crusting. Areas such as the face, scalp, neck, sternum, armpit, groin and periumbicals may experience a burning sensation<ref name="14">Pena S, Guimarães H, Bassoli S, Casarin S, Herdman T, Barros A. Nursing Diagnoses in Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Case Study. International Journal Of Nursing Knowledge [serial on the Internet]. (2013, Oct), [cited April 5, 2016]; 24(3): 176-179 4p. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text</ref>. The treatment goal of PV is to prevent new blister formation, heal old wounds, and eventually complete the tapering of treatment. As of now, there has been been no treatment strategy for PV according to the international consensus. The best treatment strategy for PV remains unclear as higher quality RCTs are needed in the future to explore other unstudied interventions<ref name="13" />.
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►'''<u>Bullous Pemphigoid</u>'''
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Bullous pemphigoid (BP), idiopathic in origin, is the most common
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►'''<u>Bullous Pemphigoid</u>'''
[[Image:Pigmoid bullosa.gif|thumb|right|300x250px]]
Bullous pemphigoid (BP), idiopathic in origin, is the most common
autoimmune subdermal blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes, occurring from antibodies directed against the proteins BPAG1 and BPAG2<ref name="17">KIBSGAARD L, BAY B, DELEURAN M, VESTERGAARD C. A Retrospective Consecutive Case-series Study on the Effect of Systemic Treatment, Length of Admission Time, and Co-morbidities in 98 Bullous Pemphigoid Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Centre. Acta Dermato-Venereologica [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Mar), [cited April 5, 2016]; 95(3): 307-311. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>. This disease is most commonly seen in elderly individuals and is characterized with bl istering of the skin as well as intense pruritus<ref name="18">Feliciani C, Joly P, Jonkman M, Zambruno G, Zillikens D, Borradori L, et al. Management of bullous pemphigoid: the European Dermatology Forum consensus in collaboration with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. British Journal Of Dermatology [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Apr), [cited April 5, 2016]; 172(4): 867-877. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>. Systemic corticosteroids, prednisone, in doses of 1 mg/kg/day, with dose tapering according to the therapeutic control of disease was shown to be the treatment of choice with the highest level of evidence for BP<ref name="19">ROTARU M, OPRIŞ A. UPDATE AND LITERATURE REVIEW OF TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS FACTORS IN BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID. Acta Medica Transilvanica [serial on the Internet]. (2015, June), [cited April 5, 2016]; 20(2): 52-54. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>.
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autoimmune subdermal blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes, occurring from antibodies directed against the proteins BPAG1 and BPAG2
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KIBSGAARD L, BAY B, DELEURAN M, VESTERGAARD C. A Retrospective Consecutive Case-series Study on the Effect of Systemic Treatment, Length of Admission Time, and Co-morbidities in 98 Bullous Pemphigoid Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Centre. Acta Dermato-Venereologica [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Mar), [cited April 5, 2016]; 95(3): 307-311. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>. This disease is most commonly seen in elderly individuals and is characterized with blistering of the skin as well as intense pruritus<ref name="18">Feliciani C, Joly P, Jonkman M, Zambruno G, Zillikens D, Borradori L, et al. Management of bullous pemphigoid: the European Dermatology Forum consensus in collaboration with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. British Journal Of Dermatology [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Apr), [cited April 5, 2016]; 172(4): 867-877. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>. Systemic corticosteroids, prednisone, in doses of 1 mg/kg/day, with dose tapering according to the therapeutic control of disease was shown to be the treatment of choice with the highest level of evidence for BP<ref name="19">ROTARU M, OPRIŞ A. UPDATE AND LITERATURE REVIEW OF TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS FACTORS IN BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID. Acta Medica Transilvanica [serial on the Internet]. (2015, June), [cited April 5, 2016]; 20(2): 52-54. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>.
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►'''<u>Dyshidrotic eczema</u>'''<br>Dyshidrotic eczema is a chronic, recurrent skin disease that effects the palms and soles symmetrically. It often is a very intense and painful condition that can have a very devastating impact on quality of life. Although the etiology is unclear, dyshidrotic eczema is often triggered by emotional stress, smoking, seasonal changes, fungal infections, atopy, nickel allergy, hyperhidrosis, and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy<ref name="20">Markantoni V, Kouris A, Armyra K, Vavouli C, Kontochristopoulos G. Remarkable improvement of relapsing dyshidrotic eczema after treatment of coexistant hyperhidrosis with oxybutynin. Dermatologic Therapy [serial on the Internet]. (2014, Nov), [cited April 5, 2016]; 27(6): 365-368. Available from: MEDLINE.</ref>. Much like many other types of eczema, this is a benign chronic inflammatory disease that may occur at intervals of 3 to 4 weeks for months or years, or even progress to longer irregular intervals. Dyshidrotic eczema has no impact on survival as well as very few effective treatment options<ref name="21">Velez A, Pinto Jr. F, Howard M. Dyshidrotic eczema: relevance to the immune response in situ. North American Journal Of Medical Sciences [serial on the Internet]. (2009, Aug), [cited April 5, 2016]; 1(3): 117-120. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>.[[Image:Xma.jpg|border|center|200x200px]]
►'''<u>Dyshidrotic eczema</u>'''<br>Dyshidrotic eczema is a chronic, recurrent skin disease that effects the palms and soles symmetrically. It often is a very intense and painful condition that can have a very devastating impact on quality of life. Although the etiology is unclear, dyshidrotic eczema is often triggered by emotional stress, smoking, seasonal changes, fungal infections, atopy, nickel allergy, hyperhidrosis, and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy<ref name="20">Markantoni V, Kouris A, Armyra K, Vavouli C, Kontochristopoulos G. Remarkable improvement of relapsing dyshidrotic eczema after treatment of coexistant hyperhidrosis with oxybutynin. Dermatologic Therapy [serial on the Internet]. (2014, Nov), [cited April 5, 2016]; 27(6): 365-368. Available from: MEDLINE.</ref>. Much like many other types of eczema, this is a benign chronic inflammatory disease that may occur at intervals of 3 to 4 weeks for months or years, or even progress to longer irregular intervals. Dyshidrotic eczema has no impact on survival as well as very few effective treatment options<ref name="21">Velez A, Pinto Jr. F, Howard M. Dyshidrotic eczema: relevance to the immune response in situ. North American Journal Of Medical Sciences [serial on the Internet]. (2009, Aug), [cited April 5, 2016]; 1(3): 117-120. Available from: Academic Search Complete.</ref>.[[Image:Xma.jpg|border|center|200x200px]]