Remote Behavioral Influence Technology Evidence
by John J. McMurtrey, M. S.[a], Copyright 2003, 23 Dec. 2003[b]
People discerning remote manipulation by technology capable of such influence have formed protest organizations across the world.[1] [2] [3] [4] Educated society is uninformed regarding authentic documentation of the development and existence of these technologies, and unaware of the dangers. Complaint of 'hearing voices' and perception of other remote manipulation must receive appropriate scientific and legal investigation with protection. Professional awareness is virtually absent with eminent texts and opinion being presumptuous, without appraisal of the evidence.
Herein is substantiated:
1. Human wireless internal voice transmission and tracking technologies.
2. Reports of electroencephalographic (EEG) thought reading capacity, evidence of covert development, and remote EEG capture technology.
3. References to the use of these, or similar technologies against humans.
MICROWAVE HEARING
The first American[c] [5] to publish on the microwave hearing effect was Allan H. Frey in 1962,[6] yet radar technicians had anecdotes of microwave perception in World War II.[7] Deaf and normal subjects, even with earplugs, can hear appropriately pulsed microwaves at least up to thousands of feet from the transmitter.[8] Transmitter parameters above those producing the effect result in a severe buffeting of the head with dizziness and nausea, while parameters below the effect induce a pins and needles sensation. Peak power is the major determinant of loudness, though there is some dependence on pulse width. Pulse modulation appears to influence pitch and timbre. The effect "is the most easily and reliably replicated of low power density (microwave) illumination." [9] Review of human and animal microwave hearing confirmation by independent investigators of the effect establishes validity.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Designs for scaring birds away from aircraft or other hazards by microwave hearing[15] and induction of vertigo[16] exist.[17] [18]
While working for the Advanced Research Projects Agency at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Sharp and Grove discovered "receiverless" and "wireless" voice transmission. [19] Their method was simple: the negative deflections of voiceprints from recorded spoken numbers were caused to trigger microwave pulses. Upon illumination by such verbally modulated energy, the words were understood remotely. The discovery's applications are "obviously not limited to therapeutic medicine" according to James C. Lin in Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications.[20]
A Defense Intelligence Agency review of Communist literature affirmed microwave sound and indicated voice transmission. The report states, "Sounds and possibly even words which appear to be originating intracranially (within the head) can be induced by signal modulation at very low average power densities." [21] Among microwave weapon implications are "great potential for development into a system for disorientating or disrupting the behavior patterns of military or diplomatic personnel." An Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command report affirms microwave speech transmission with applications of "camouflage, decoy, and deception operations." [22] "One decoy and deception concept presently being considered is to remotely create noise in the heads of personnel by exposing them to low power, pulsed microwaves . . . By proper choice of pulse characteristics, intelligible speech may be created" quotes the report.
The Brunkan Patent # 4877027 "Hearing system" is a device capable of verbal microwave hearing. [23] The invention converts speech for remote introduction into the head by parabolic antenna with indication of direct microwave influence on neural activity. The microwave spectrum granted is broad: 100-10,000 MHz (0.1-10 GHz.) Pulse characteristics are essential to perception. Bursts of narrowly grouped, evenly spaced pulses determine sound intensity by their amount per unit time. Although a wide spectrum is patented, with ranges of pulse and burst duration, preferred operation has burst duration at 2 microseconds, and pulse duration at 100 nanoseconds. Operation is at 1000 MHz, which is the frequency of optimal tissue penetration.[24] Another patent application based on microwave bursts is "designed in such a way that the burst frequencies are at least virtually equal to the sound frequencies of the sounds picked up by the microphone," though the transducer here is not remote.[25]
Stocklin Patent # 4858612 "Hearing device" 7 affirms the microwave hearing effect. Stocklin gives exposition to the concept that a microwave component is part of neurophysiology and electroencephalogram (EEG) potentials.[26] Microwaves are considered both emitted and absorbed by nerve cell membrane proteins. Microwaves generally excite the brain[27] perhaps by influencing calcium,[28] a central ion in nerve firing.[29] Stocklin represents the auditory cortex as normally producing microwave energy, which the device simulates, thus eliciting sound sensation. Each acoustic tone is weighted for several microwave frequencies by a formula called the mode matrix, which is used to calculate best perception requirements. Observation of EEG desynchronization, delta waves, and brain wave amplitudes helps calibrate the device.[30] The lowest frequency for hearing is estimated by the cephalic index. Microwave speech transmission in this patent is unremote with the antenna over and sized for the auditory cortex. Other patents have non-remote transducers of radiowave elicited hearing. [31] [32]
Descriptions in the above patents attribute microwave hearing to direct neural influence. However, the most accepted mechanism in review is by thermoelastic expansion,12 most likely inducing bone conducted hearing. The cochlea does appear to be involved, but not the middle ear.14 This divergence of mechanism illustrates the non-thermal/thermal controversy. US exposure standards are based on thermal effects, yet there are effects very difficult to explain by thermodynamics.13 [33] All accept thermal effects at some level, yet the thermal only school is rather dogmatic related to liability issues of commercial[34] and national security concern.[35] It must be said that the open literature regarding microwave hearing indicates a thermo-acoustic mechanism.
"Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect." is the title of a small business contract for the Department of Defense. Communication initial results are: "The feasibility of the concept has been established" using both low and high power systems.[36] A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request as to the project's outcome met with denial on the part of the Air Force, on the grounds that disclosure "could reasonably be expected to cause damage to national security." [37] Though the Air Force denied the FOIA disclosure, such a contract's purpose is elaborated by the Air Force's "New World Vistas" report: "It would also appear possible to create high fidelity speech in the human body, raising the possibility of covert suggestion and psychological direction . . . . If a pulse stream is used, it should be possible to create an internal acoustic field in the 5-15 kilohertz range, which is audible. Thus it may be possible to 'talk' to selected adversaries in a fashion that would be most disturbing to them." [38] Robert Becker, whose eminence was enough to have been twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in biological electromagnetic fields research, is more explicit: "Such a device has obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with "voices" or deliver undetectable instructions to a programmed assassin." [39]
The above Army efforts had results. A microwave voice transmission non-lethal weapon is referenced in the thesaurus of the Center for Army Lessons Learned, which is a military instruction website.18 The military thesaurus entry lists analogous devices using "silent sound." [d] [40]
ULTRASOUND TRANSMISSION OF VOICE
Internal voice capability, without discernment by others nearby. is also evident in ultrasound-based technology. Lowrey Patent # 6052336 "Apparatus and method of broadcasting audible sound using ultrasonic sound as a carrier" clearly focuses on non-lethal weapon application against crowds or directed at an individual.[41] Communication is understood as an inner voice with loss of the directional quality of sound perception. "Since most cultures attribute inner voices either as a sign of madness, or as messages from spirits or demons, both of which . . . evoke powerful emotional reactions", quotes the Lowrey patent's effect on people. Replaying speech, with a delay impedes talking and causes stuttering. Normal brain wave patterns can be changed (or entrained), which "may cause temporary incapacitation, intense feelings of discomfort." This technique is detailed by Monroe Patent # 5356368 "Method of and apparatus for inducing desired states of consciousness", with license to Interstate Industries and involves an auditory replication of brainwave patterns to entrain the EEG as desired.[42]
Norris Patent # 5889870 "Acoustic heterodyne device and method", directionally produces sound on interference (or heterodyning) of two ultrasound beams.[43] The cancellation leaves the carried audible sound perceivable. The effect becomes apparent particularly within cavities such as the ear canal. An individual readily understands communication across a noisy crowed room without nearby discernment. Sound can also be produced from mid-air or as reflecting from any surface.
American Technology Corporation, which licensed this patent, has an acoustic non-lethal weapons technology,[44] a cooperative agreement with the Army Research & Development Command,[45] and is working with numerous other government agencies.[46] The corporation's Long Range Acoustic Devices (LRADTM) account for 60% of military sales, and have integration into the Navy's situational awareness & radar surveillance systems[47] with deployment on naval vessels and fleet harbors.[48] A popular magazine writer describes the device's inner nature of sound perception.[49] From separate references, non-lethal weapons treatments affirm sound localization and individual ultrasound effect limitation[50] with obvious lack of nearby discernment;[51] the latter by a non-lethal weapons program director. A similar ultrasound method of limiting sound to one person, Audio Spotlight is marketed, with exhibition at Boston's Museum of Science and the Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum.[52] Both the American Technology device and Audio Spotlight are discussed in an article with some history of ultrasound acoustics, which has origins in sonar.[53] Other acoustic influence methods may utilize ultrasound.[e] [54]
TARGET TRACKING TECHNOLOGY
The maintenance of effects on people requires obstacle penetration and target tracking. These internal voice capable energy forms penetrate obstruction and can be localized. Sound transmission through enclosures is commonly experienced. An inaudible ultrasound high intensity carrier wave is unnoticed. Solid defect inspection is one use of ultrasound, which is being developed to discern movement through walls.[55] Common technology utilizes the microwave hearing spectrum, which partly or completely encompasses cell phone,[56] [57] TV, and radar frequencies. [58] Commercial signals are not perceived, since the hearing effect requires pulsation within the limits that elicit perception. A variety of antennae localize the structurally penetrating microwave illumination with collimation or focusing.[59] [60] A patent, "compatible for mobile platforms with DEWs," (Directed Energy Weapons) includes a modified Luneburg lens emitting parallel rays with over 50 years utilization.[61]
Hablov Patent # 5448501 "Electronic life detection system" is for microwave radar within the hearing spectrum that finds and distinguishes individuals through obstruction.[62] Therein is stated: "the modulated component of the reflected microwave signal . . . subjected to frequency analysis . . . forms a type of "electronic fingerprint" of the living being with characteristic features, which . . . permits a distinction between different living beings." Though this patent has use in trapped victim rescue, another Hablov et. al. Patent # 5530429 "Electronic surveillance system" detects interlopers with security emphasis.[63] Other literature describes the basic method.[64]
The Hablov et. al. patents discern people thru structures by vital organ motion, but others offer more detailed imaging. Fullerton et. al. Patent # 6400307 "System and method for intrusion detection using a time domain radar array" is such a design,[65] and is commercially available as RadarVision by Time Domain. [66] Further designs for imaging within structures include: a portable system determining suspect distance,[67] and presentations by the International Society for Optical Engineering.[68] [69] Software for displaying radar detection on a personal computer is sold.[70]
Rowan Patent # 4893815 "Interactive transector device commercial and military grade" describes the acquisition, locking onto, and tracking of human targets.[71] Stated therein: "Potentially dangerous individuals can be efficiently subdued, apprehended and appropriately detained." The capability of "isolating suspected terrorists from their hostages . . . or individuals within a group without affecting other members of the group" is stated. Laser, radar, infrared, and acoustic sensor fusion is utilized to identify, seek, and locate targets. Locking illumination upon the target until weapons engagement accomplishes tracking. Among available non-lethal weapons is an incapacitating electromagnetic painful pulse. Another target tracking system is the Manportable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar by Systems & Electronics, Inc., which is capable of tracking moving targets including personnel. This system has an auto target track feature, and lists moving target detection as 12 km for a walking man.[72]
A track initiation processor acquires a target, while a data association filter maintains a tracking lock on the target.[73] An original method for target tracking is the Kalman filter. Numerous weapons guidance examples utilize similar processes and illuminate targets for tracking. Laser illumination is also used for non-human targets.[74] Other examples utilize microwave beam target recognition and weapons guidance.[75] [76] Target illumination tracking systems have nanosecond to microsecond response times. Such responses do not require a wide scan area to lock illumination upon persons at achievable speeds. At 90 miles per hour an auto travels less than 1/100 of an inch in a microsecond.
DISCUSSION
Ultrasound voice transmission technology is publicly demonstrated in museum exhibits. The numerous microwave voice transmission citations rest on a considerable foundation of microwave hearing literature. Internal voice non-lethal weapon applications are discussed in many of the citations. There are are examples of either existence or sales of non-lethal weapons based on both technologies. Numerous designs involving human location, identification, and tracking methods, have long demonstrated the feasibility of constructing devices capable of producing internal voice continuously in isolated individuals. To deny such technological capabilities in the face of extensive complaint is willfully to ignore documented development of the relevant technologies and engineering competence for complete integration.
THOUGHT READING CAPACITY
Many people who report experiencing remote behavioral influence also perceive mind reading. Thought reading capacity, or brain wave analysis word recognition, is seriously reported. Publications by a Stanford group support and report recognition of specific words from brain waves,[77] [78] [79] [80] with recent enhanced success. [81] Other investigators publish above chance magnetoencephalographic (MEG) word recognition.[82] The current publications lack reference to a 1975 US government technical report of prior results from Stanford comparable to the recent articles,[83] and an apparent Russian report of specific EEG word recognition before 1981.[84] Electroencephalographic (EEG) instant detection by syllables of "a content of category which the testee wishes to speak" quotes Kiyuna et. al. Patent # 5785653 "System and method for predicting internal condition of live body." [85] A stated use: "the present invention may be use (sic) to detect the internal condition of surveillance in criminal investigation" by EEG. NEC Corporation licensed this patent. Remote EEG communication with Armed Forces or clandestine application are the cited uses for Mardirossian Patent # 6011991 "Communication system and method including brain wave analysis and/or use of brain activity." [86] This patent affirms EEG word recognition, proposes transmitter capable skin implants, utilizes neural networks (artificial intelligence), and is licensed by Technology Patents, LLC.
Activation of brain cell assemblies provides a theoretical framework[87] for the above word recognition reports, and extensive publications of averaged EEG word category differentiation. These differentiation reports themselves are consistent with specific word recognition, since their basis is by visual analysis of averaged categories, without the use of sophisticated computer programs as are essential for specific word recognition. Based on EEG/MEG responses, words can be differentiated as to length, [88] and visual nouns can be differentiated from action verbs.[89] [90] [91] [92] [93] Brain wave patterns distinguish proper names from common nouns, [94] animal names from numerals,[95] or content from function words.[96] [97] [98] [99] Face, arm, or leg action verbs are reported distinguished by brain waves as well.[100] [101] Concrete versus abstract words,[102] and unambiguous versus ambiguous noun/verbs[103] have distinctive EEG patterns.
Some of these word category differentiation reports are consistent with both the specific recognition reports, and/or the differentiation of non-verbal cognition. Based on EEG/MEG responses, words are readily distinguished from non-words,[104] [105] [106] or pictures.[107] EEG differentiation of words rated as to affective meaning such as good-bad, strong-weak, or active-passive is reported.[108] [109]
Other literature indicates EEG differentiation of completely non-verbal cognition. Emotion differentiation by EEG is patented, referencing Air Force research.[110] Movement anticipation potentials (bereitschaftspotential) and those of actual movement are detectable by EEG.[111] [112] EEG movement signals have been used to move a cursor left or right,[113] and just the imagination of movement is sufficiently distinguished by EEG to control switches,[114] or control prosthesis grasp.[115] Guiding robots through simulated rooms by EEG detection of imagining the spinning of cubes or arm rising of appropriate direction is reported.[116] [117] [118] Even more complex grasping and reaching robot arm control has been achieved by signals from implanted brain electrodes in monkeys without body arm movement.[119] A number of groups have developed procedures to detect deception based on the P300 (positive @ 300 millisec.) event related potential (ERP) from EEG.[120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] A commercial system, Brain Fingerprinting,[126] which includes analysis of a late negative ERP potential and frequency analysis in addition to the P300, even asserts 100% accuracy over five separate studies.[127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [f]
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies also report differentiation of cognitive states. Different fMRI brain activation loci for face, natural and manufactured object recognition are reviewed.[132] Neural network differentiation of fMRI response to noun categories for fish, four legged animals, trees, flowers, fruits, vegetables, family members, occupations, tools, kitchen items, dwellings, and building parts is reported.[133] Distinguishing truthful from deceptive responses by fMRI is also reported.[134] [135] [136] [137] The ability to discern the state of romantic love towards an individual by fMRI has report as well.[138]
The research arm of agencies with missions to covertly acquire information would certainly develop to operational capability any technologic thought reading potential. Assertions that such development has progressed are multiple, and two are confirmed by details of the 1975 government EEG specific word recognition report, which itself is evidence of development covert to open databases.83 An International Committee of the Red Cross Symposium synopsis states EEG computer mind reading development by Lawrence Pinneo in 1974 at Stanford.[139] A letter by the Department of Defense Assistant General Counsel for Manpower, Health, and Public Affairs, Robert L. Gilliat in 1976 affirmed brain wave reading by the Advanced Research Projects Agency.[140] "Thought reading or synthetic telepathy" communications technology procurement is considered in a 1993 Jane's[g] Special Operations Forces (SOF) article: "One day, SOF commandos may be capable of communicating through thought processes." [141] Descriptive terms are "mental weaponry and psychic warfare" Although contemplated in future context, the availability of a technology without adaptation to troop level requirements is implied, since anticipation of mobile deployment would have to assume prior development.
In 1976, the Malech Patent # 3951134 "Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves" was granted.[142] Example of operation is at 100 and 210 MHz; frequencies penetrating obstruction. "The individual components of the system for monitoring and controlling brain wave activity may be of conventional type commonly employed in radar"; and "The system permits medical diagnosis of patients, inaccessible to physicians, from remote stations" are quotes indicating remote capacity. License is to Dorne & Margolin Inc., but now protection is expired with public domain. The Malech patent utilizes interference of 210 and 100 MHz frequencies resulting in a 110 MHz return signal, which is demodulated to give EEG waveform.
The capability of remote EEG is predicted by electromagnetic scattering theory using ultrashort pulses, which are not part of the Malech patent.[143] Ultrashort pulses are currently defined in the range of 10-12 to 10-15 second. Considering that EEG word elicited potentials are comparatively long (hundreds of milliseconds), indicates that remote radar EEG capture is adequate to word recognition, with ultrashort pulses allowing some 109 or more radar reflections in a millisecond (10-3 sec.)
The possibility of impressing an 'experience set' on an individual by ultrashort pulses is also contemplated.143 The above patent can alter brain waves as well as detect them. Microwave non-lethal weapon brain wave disruption[144] and behavioral change including unconsciousness[145] are known.35
The above EEG telemetry patent and ultrashort pulse method are by active radar probe. Yet a passive field extends as far as 12 feet from man as detected by a cryogenic antenna.[146] A technical article maintains this device as entirely adaptable to clandestine applications, and pointedly comments on the disappearance of physiological remote sensing literature since the 1970's for animals and humans, while all other categories of remote sensing research greatly expanded.[147]
DISCUSSION
Complete rejection of assertions of a remote mind reading capability is just as presumptuous, in the face of complaints, as has been the dismissal of internal voice capacity. Considerable capacity to detect and differentiate mental states is evident from literature reports particularly by EEG. The fact that EEG movement imagination signals are detected for robot guidance on a voluntary unprompted basis116 117 118 suggests a similar capacity is feasible for specific EEG word identification, which has only been reported for word prompted responses. Though references to remote EEG are less, they provide plausibly exploitable mechanisms, which may be covertly developed.
LEGAL AND INTERNATIONAL REFERENCES TO BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCE TECHNOLOGIES
References to behavioral influence weapon use by government bodies and international organizations are numerous. Negotiation submissions to the United Nations Committee on Disarmament affirm the reality of microwave weapon nervous system effects.[148] European Parliament passage of resolutions calling for conventions regulating non-lethal weapons and the banning of "weapons which might enable any form of manipulation of human beings" [149] includes neuro-influence capability.[150] A resolution relates to HAARP, High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project, which has environmental consequences, and although utilizing high frequency, ionospheric extra low frequencies (ELF) emanation results. Since ELF is within brain wave frequencies the project has capacity to influence whole populations.[151] [152] President Carter's National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, predicted development of such capacity.[153] Nature News reports concern by a French government panel about the potential for thought reading and such a remote capacity.[154] An American draft law prohibiting land, sea, or space-based weapons using electromagnetic, psychotronic (behavioral influence), and sound technologies "directed at individual persons or targeted populations for the purpose of information war, mood management, or mind control" has not yet passed.[155] Russian electromagnetic standards are nearly 1000 times lower than the West, so their weapon law forbidding electromagnetic weapons exceeding Health Department parameters is strict.[156] The Russian draft law explicitly references behavioral influence non-lethal weapons, and development in several countries.[157] Resolutions by the International Union of Radio Science recognize criminal use of electromagnetic technology, though largely relevant to use against infrastructure.[158]
MICROWAVE AND ULTRASOUND USE AGAINST HUMANS
The microwave irradiation of the American Embassy in Moscow received little publicity until the winter of 1976 instillation of protective screening, but irradiation was known since 1953.34 Original frequencies were 2.56-4.1 GHz with additional intermittent 0.6-9.5 GHz signals being permanent by 1975 in a wide band frequency hopping[h] consistent pattern with one signal pulsating. The irradiation was directional from nearby buildings and modulated. Complaint to the Soviets had no avail, but the signals disappeared in January 1979 "reportedly as a result of a fire in one or more of the buildings." [159] A 9-11 GHz signal recurred in 1988.[160] Observed frequencies are basically within the microwave hearing spectrum, and pulsation is required. Psychiatric cases occurred during the exposure period, though no epidemiologic relationship was revealed with fully a quarter of the medical records unavailable, and comparison with other Soviet Bloc posts.159 The CIA had Dr. Milton Zaret review medical Soviet microwave literature to determine the purpose of the irradiation. He concluded the Russians "believed the beam would modify the behavior of the personnel." [161] In 1976 the post was declared unhealthful and pay raised 20% 140
The most documented citizen microwave irradiation was of peace protesters at Greenham Common American Air Force Base in Berkshire England, who prompted investigation of unusual symptoms.[162] Radiation measurements exhibited microwaves with symptom experience up to a hundred times the background level, and rose sharply on protests nearer the base.160 Symptoms became pronounced on cruise missile transport, a protest focus.160 Recorded were wide ranging complaints: skin burns; 'severe' headaches; drowsiness; temporary paralysis; incoordinated speech; two late (5 mos.) spontaneous abortions; an apparent circulatory failure; and unlike usual menstrual synchronization, irregular or postmenopausal menstruation. The symptom complex fits well with electromagnetic exposure syndrome 160 It has also been reported that some of the women 'heard voices.'[163] The base closed finally in 1991.
Criminal directed energy weapon use has been reported in Germany.[164] In a number of cases there is similarity of circumstances, complaints, and symptoms. In at least one case microwave fields have been measured with exclusion of the usual sources (cell phone towers, etc.)[165] Plans for construction of a crude device from a microwave oven are sold.164
Measurement of non-ionizing radiation fields in the vicinity of an Australian victim is described.[166] The intensity ranged from 7 mV in an adjacent room to 35 mV next to the head. The victim suffered from multiple personality disorder attributed to ritual abuse, and claimed an implant with radiological evidence.
Ultrasound behavioral influence technology use in Northern Ireland is cited [167] The device could focus on one person; and utilized ultrasound cancellation like those patented. It was employed in Vietnam by the Americans, and is known as the squawk box. Mentioned infrasound frequency (ultrasound carrier directed) is like Loos 1/25/00 patent, with psychological effects summarized as 'spooky.' More detail by a defense journalist is quoted: "When the two frequencies mix in the human ear they become intolerable. Some people exposed to the device are said to feel giddy or nauseous and in extreme cases they faint. Most people are intensely annoyed by the device and have a compelling wish to be somewhere else." [168] British police inventories list the specific device, though a spokesman denied use.160
Sophisticated behavioral influence capability is confirmed by ex-intelligence officers. Julianne McKinney, Director of The National Security Alumni Electronic Surveillance Project is prominent. This is a largely classified employee victim study with internal voice transmission avowal.[169]
CONCLUSION
The logic in the prediction by Brzezinski[i] of the appearance of a more controlled and directed society dominated by a power elite willing to use the latest modern techniques for influencing behavior without hindrance by liberal democratic values is compelling.153 Potential behavioral influence targets are multiple. Since those supposedly expert regard a victim's perceptions as psychotic, all complaints are disregarded, not to mention capability to bear witness. Targets may include anyone worth neutralization: domestic adversaries;[170] security risks, which may only comprise classified disclosures; persons witnessing serious improprieties; and those prone to committing advantageous felonies. Legality is readily circumvented by executive orders, (particularly declaration of a crisis or emergency situation), which can be sealed, and this prerogative is only accountable to co-equal branches of government as is now the case with terrorism suspects. Internal voice technology is most applicable within the same language and culture. Space here limits more than mention of remote EEG influence capacity, hypnosis, and footnoting remote subliminal technique. Hypnotic or subliminal message presentation represent particularly insidious means of influencing thought, mood, behavior, and undermining civil liberties.
Most complainants allege public sector involvement or sub-contracted private companies.[171] Remote behavioral influence research has long been funded by the US,39 with evidence of development19 22 36 45 46 and weapons,18 44 47 48 51 though denying on national security grounds project results37 and foreign literature analyses.[172] Some thirty countries evidence active behavioral influence weapon research.[173]
Though there is some scant psychoanalytical acknowledgement,[174] current medical awareness ensures effective neutralization of the afflicted. Not all those affected are stigmatized. However phenomena of 'hearing voices', or perception of remote manipulation, when recounted to health professionals results in various stigmatizing diagnoses, [175] [176] totally without investigation. Determination of relevant fields around complainants is mandatory, or abatement by proven shielding of such phenomena. Professional opinions formed without excluding these technologies are negligent.
The medical community has long heard either identical or similar complaint[177] to that above delineated as known internal voice technology from numerous victims. This fact indicts the scholarship and presumption of impossibility evident in the pertinent medical literature. In addition, microwave bioeffects have considerable congruence with reported symptoms of major psychosis other than 'voices.' [178] All of society should be disturbed at the prospect of technologic induction of voice, since the unaware subject would perceive such voices as his own natural thought, without such an assault as to provoke complaint.
It is difficult to deny the level of substantiation for the possibility that a thought reading capacity exists, even with references that support a remote basis. The logic that in the thirty years since the Pinneo work started, this capability has had full development is too sound to dismiss victim corroboration. It would have to be admitted that funding for projects by the defense and security agencies is considerably greater than for open science, and that thought reading would be a priority area. Educated democracies should not be complacent at this prospect, given the potential for political control, and existence of a remote EEG method in the public domain.
Acknowledgements: Thanks are given to God for inspiration, and a benefactor of Christians Against Mental Slavery for financial support. There is gratitude also to Dr. Paul Canner, and Dr. Allen Barker for their suggestions.
All patents are printable from the U. S. Patent Office website.
EEG word recognition articles are printable thru Pubmed as designated.
Each is free
Pinneo LR and Hall DJ. "Feasibility Study for Design of a Biocybernetic Communication System" is available from Christians Against Mental Slavery at info@slavery.org.uk.
REFERENCES
[a] Address: 903 N. Calvert St., Baltimore MD 21202. Email- Johnmcmurt@aol.com Phone- 410-539-5140.
[b] Financial contribution to this article was made by fellow members of Christians Against Mental Slavery.
[c] American discovery may not be the first. Soviet and East European electromagnetic bioeffect literature is prior, more extensive, and transparent. A translated Russian treatment is the next text reference, which refers to F. Cazzamalli, an Italian, who mentioned radiofrequency hallucination about 1920.
[d] Also called S-quad, Silent Sounds, Inc. licensed Lowery Patent #5159703 "Silent subliminal presentation system", and has advanced brain wave entrainment technology (vide infra) with several classified patents. (See http://www.mindspring.com/~silent/menu.htmand links.) Unessential is individual direction, but possible by ultrasound.
[e] Loos Patent # 6017302 "Subliminal acoustic manipulation of nervous system" can "cause relaxation, drowsiness, or sexual excitement, depending on the precise acoustic frequency near ½ Hz used. The effects of the 2.5 Hz resonance include slowing of certain cortical processes, sleepiness, and disorientation."
[f] Referred to, but unavailable, however are a CIA Office of Technology Assessment report, a security industry publication, and a doctoral dissertation.
[g] Jane's is the most respected and authoritative of defense reporting services.
[h] A means evading detection.
[i] National Security Advisor to President Carter.
[1] Citizens Against Human Rights Abuse, Director, Cheryl Welsh, 915 Zaragoza Street, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Website at http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~welsh/Email is welsh@dcn.davis.ca.us
[2] Christians Against Mental Slavery, Secretary, John Allman, 98 High Street, Knaresbourough, N. Yorks HG5 0HN, United Kingdom. Email is info@slavery.org.uk
[3] Moscow Committee for the Ecology of Dwellings, Chairman, Emile Sergeevne Chirkovoi, Korpus 1006, Kvrtira 363, Moscow Zelenograd, Russia 103575. . Website at http://www.moskomekologia.narod.ruEmail is moskomekologia@narod.ru
[4] International Movement for the Ban of Manipulation of the Human Nervous System by Technologic Means, Founder, Mojmir Babacek, P. O. Box 52, 51101 Turnov, Czech Republic, Europe. Website at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/2289/webpage.htmEmail is mbabacek@iol.cz
[5] Presman AS. Electromagnetic Fields and Life Plenum, New York-London, 1970. Presman mentions Cazzimalli and another English reference to this Italian work is at http://www.datafilter.com/mc/jaski.htmlp 2, a semi-popular treatment with references.
[6] Frey AH. "Human Auditory System response to modulated electromagnetic energy" J Applied Physiol 17 (4): 689-92, 1962. Also at http://www.raven1.net/frey.htm
[7] Stocklin PL. Patent #4858612 "Hearing device" USPTO granted 8/22/89.
[8] Frey AH and Messenger R. "Human Perception of Illumination with Pulsed Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Energy" Science 181: 356-8, 1973.
[9] Eichert ES and Frey AH. "Human Auditory System Response to Lower Power Density Pulse Modulated Electromagnetic Energy: A Search for Mechanisms" J Microwave Power 11(2): 141, 1976.
[10] Michaelson SM. "Sensation and Perception of Microwave Energy" In: Michaelson SM, Miller MW, Magin R, and Carstensen EL (eds.) Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation Plenum Press, New York, p 213-24, 1975.
[11] Puranen L and Jokela K. "Radiation Hazards Assessment of Pulsed Microwave Radars" J Microwave Power Electromagn Energy 31(3): 165-77, 1996.
[12] Hermann DM and Hossman K-A. "Neurological effects of microwave exposure related to mobile communication" J Neurol Sci 152: 1-14, 1997.
[13] Lai H. "Neurological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation" In: Lin JC (ed.) Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems vol 1, Plenum, N Y & London, p 27-80, 1994.
[14] Elder JA and Chou CK. "Auditory Responses to Pulsed Radiofrequency Energy" Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 8: S162-73, 2003. Also at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/106565261/PDFSTARTand http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc28/sc4/Human%20Perception%20FINAL.pdf
[15] Kreithen ML. Patent #5774088 "Method and system for warning birds of hazards" USPTO granted 6/30/98.
[16] Lenhadt ML and Ochs AL. Patent #6250255 "Methods and apparatus for alerting and/or repelling birds and other animals" USPTO granted 6/26/01.
[17] Nordwall BD. "Radar Warns Birds of Impending Aircraft" Aviation Wk Space Technol March 10, p 65-6, 1997.
[18]Center for Army Lessons Learned Thesaurus at http://call.army.mil/products//thesaur/00016275.htm
[19] Justesen DR. "Microwaves and Behavior" Am Psychologist, 392(Mar): 391-401, 1975. Excerpted reference at http://www.raven1.net/v2succes.htm
[20] Lin JC. Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications Thomas, Springfield Ill, p 176, 1978.
[21] "Surveillance Technology, 1976: policy and implications, an analysis and compendium of materials: a staff report of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee of the Judiciary. United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, second session, p 1280, US GOV DOC Y 4.J 882:SU 7/6/976.
[22] Oskar KJ. "Effects of low power microwaves on the local cerebral blood flow of conscious rats" Army Mobility Equipment Command Report,. # AD-A090426, 1980. Available form NASA Technical Reports. Abstract at http://www.raven1.net/v2s-nasa.htm
[23] Brunkan WB. Patent #4877027 "Hearing system" USPTO granted 10/31/89.
[24] Frey AH. "Behavioral Biophysics" Psychol Bull 63(5): 322-37, 1965.
[25] Thijs VMJ. Application #WO1992NL0000216 "Hearing Aid Based on Microwaves" World Intellectual Property Organization Filed 1992-11-26, Published 1993-06-10. Also at http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=WO09310730A1Not a US Patent.
[26] Stocklin PL and Stocklin BF. "Possible Microwave Mechanisms of the Mammalian Nervous System" T-I-T J Life Sci 9: 29-51, 1979.
[27] Beason RC and Semm P. "Responses of neurons to an amplitude modulated microwave stimulus" Neurosci Lett 333: 175-78, 2002.
[28] Adey WR. "Biological Effects of Low Energy Electromagnetic Fields On the Central Nervous System" NATO Advanced Study Institute on Advances in Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Low Energy Electromagnetic Fields Erice Italy, Plenum, p 359-391, 1981.
[29] Shepherd GM. Neurobiology 2nd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, New York-Oxford, p146-7, 1988.
[30] Bise W. "Low power radio-frequency and microwave effects on human electroencephalogram and behavior" Physiol Chem Phys 10(5): 387-98, 1978.
[31] Puharich HK and Lawrence JL. Patent #3629521"Hearing systems" USPTO granted 12/21/71.
[32] Flanagan GP. Patent #3393279 "Nervous System Excitation Device" USPTO granted 7/16/68.
[33] Frolich H. "The Biological Effects of Microwaves and Related Quiestions" Adv Electonics Electron Physics 53: 85-152, 1980.
[34] Steneck NH. The Microwave Debate MIT Press Cambridge, Mass, London Eng, 1984.
[35] Becker RO. Cross Currents Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc, Los Angeles, St Martin's Press, p 297-304 & p 303-4, 1990.
[36] Kohn B. "Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect" Defense Department Awarded SBIR Contract # F41624-95-C9007, 1993. Also at http://es.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/sbir/other/monana/kohn.html& http://www.raven1.net/v2s-kohn.htm
[37] Margo P. Cherney Freedom of Information Act Memorandum at http://www.raven1.net/usafletr.jpg
[38] Castelli CJ. "Questions Linger about Health Effects of DOD's 'Non-Lethal Ray' Inside the Navy 14(12): 1-6, 2001. http://globalsecurity.org/org/news/2001/e20010327questions.htm
[39] Becker RO and Selden G. The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life Quill William Morrow, New York, p 319 & 320, 1985.
[40] Lowery OM. Patent #5159703 "Silent subliminal presentation system" USPTO granted 10/27/92.
[41] Lowrey A. Patent #6052336 "Apparatus and method of broadcasting audible sound using ultrasonic sound as a carrier" USPTO granted 4/18/00.
[42] Monroe RA. Patent #5356368 Method of and apparatus for inducing desired states of conscisousness" USPTO granted 10/18/94.
[43] Norris EG. Patent #5889870 "Acoustic Heterodyne device and method" USPTO granted 3/20/99.
[44] American Technology Corporation Announces Acoustic Non-Lethal Acoustical Weapon Technology for Military and Law Enforcement, press release of 10/30/01.
[45] American Technology Corporation Shareholder Alert, press release of 4/23/03 at http://www.atcsd.com/PressReleases/04_23_03.html.
[46] American Technology Corporation Announces Generation II HSSR Emitter at Annual General Meeting, press release of 5/30/03 at http://www.atcsd.com/PressReleases/05_30_03.html
[47] American Technology Corporation Awarded Key Military Contract to Deliver Modified Long Range Acoustic Devices (LRADTM) press release of 10/21/03 at http://www.atcsd.com/PressReleases/10_21_03.html
[48] American Technology Corporation Announces Expansion of Military Business press release of 6/30/03 at http://www.atcsd.com/PressReleases/06_30_03.html
[49] Sparrow D. "Best of What's New Grand Award Winner: Hypersonic Sound" Popular Science, Dec, p 94, 2002. Also at http://www.popsci.com/popsci/bown/article/0,16106,388134,00.html
[50] Bunker RJ (ed.) Less-than-lethal Weapons: Reference Guidebook Los Angles Calif {National Law Enforcemnt and Corrections Technology, Western Region}, 2000. Similar treatment is Bunker RJ (ed.) "Nonlethal Weapons Terms and References" INSS Occasional Paper 15, USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy, Colorodo at http://www.usafa.af.mil/inss/OCP/ocp15.pdf
[51] Alexander JB. Future War: Non-Lethal Weapons in Twenty-First-Century Warfare, St. Martin's Press, New York, p. 101, 1999.
[52] Audio Spotlight, Holosonic Research Labs, 51 Water Street Watertown, MA 02472 at http://www.holosonics.com/
[53] Lawton G. "They are playing my tune" New Scientist 9 Sept. p 38-42, 2000.
[54] Loos HG. Patent #6017302 "Subliminal acoustic manipulation of nervous systems" USPTO granted 1/25/00.
[55]Hunt A, Tillery C, and Wild N. "Through-the-Wall Surveillance Technologies" Corrections Today 63(4): 132-3, 2001. Also at http://www.ojp.gov/nij/sciencetech/aca/07_01.pdf
[56] Frey AH. "Headaches from Cellular Telephones: Are They Real and What Are the Implications" Environ. Health Perspect. 106(3): 101-3, 1998.
[57] Lin JC, "Cellular Telephones and Their Effect on the Human Brain" Mob Comput and Comm Review, 3(3): 34-5, July, 1999. Also at http://www.eecs.uic.edu/eecspeople/lin_acm3.htm
[58] Nolan PJ, Fundaments of College Physics Wm. C. Brown: Dubuque, Iowa, Melbourne, Australia, Oxford England, p 716, 1993.
[59] Reits BJ. Patent #5736966 "Adjustable microwave antenna" USPTO granted 4/7/98.
[60] Maier G and Harrison D. Patent #5825554 "Lenses with a variable refraction index" USPTO granted 10/20/98.
[61] Jasper LJ. Patent #6407708 "Microwave generator/radiator using photoconductive switching and dielectric lense" USPTO granted 6/18/02.
[62] Hablov DV, Fisun OI, Lupichev LN, Osipov VV, Schestiperov VA, and Schimko R. Patent #5448501 "Electronic life detection system" USPTO granted 9/5/95.
[63] Hablov DV, Fisun OI, Lupichev LN, Osipov VV, Schestiperov VA, and Schimko R. Patent #5530429 "Electronic surveillance system" USPTO granted 6/25/96.
[64] Giori FA and Winterberger AR. "Remote Physiological Monitoring Using a Microwave Interferometer" Biomed Sci Instr 3: 291-307, 1967.
[65] Fullerton LW and Richards JI. Patent #6400307 "System and method for intrusion detection using a time domain radar array" USPTO granted 6/4/02.
[66] Time Domain Corporation, Cummings Research Park, 7057 Old Madison Pike, Suite 250, Huntsville, AL 35806 at http://www.radarvision.com/, company website is at http://www.timedomain.com/
[67] Nacci P. "Radar-Based Through-the-Wall Surveillance System" National Law Enforcement and Corrections Center at http://www.raven1.net/nij_p26.htm
[68] Ferris DD. "Microwave and millimeter-wave systems for wall penetration" SPIE Proceedings 3375: 269-79, 1998.
[69] Frazier LM. "Surveillance through walls and other opaque materials" SPIE Proceedings 2497: 115-19, 1995.
[70] Radar PC at http://www.salsburg.com/product/radar.html
[71] Rowan L. Patent #4893815 "Interactive transector device commercial and military grade" USPTO granted 1/16/90.
[72] Systems & Electronics Inc., 201 Evans Ave., St. Louis MO 63121, Manportable Surveillane and Target Acquisition Radar at http://www.seistl.com/images/pdf/mstar.pdfCompany website is at http://www.seistl.com/directions.html
[73] Brookner E. Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy Wiley, New York, 1998.
[74] Tisdale GE and Lindemann HB. Patent #4497065 "Target recognition system enhanced by active signature measurements" USPTO granted 1/29/85.
[75] Peralta EA and Reitz KM. Patent #4562439 "Imaging radar seeker" USPTO granted 12/31/85.
[76] Ahlstrom LGW. Patent #4796834 "Method for combating of targets and projectile or missile for carrying out the method" USPTO granted 1/10/89.
[77] Suppes P, Lu Z, and Han B. "Brain wave recognition of words" Proc Natl Acad Sci 94: 14965-69, 1997. Printable free online thru Pubmed or at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/94/26/14965
[78] Suppes P, Han B, and Lu Z. "Brain-wave recognition of sentences" Proc Natl Acad Sci 95: 15861-66, 1998. Printable free online thru Pubmed or at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/95/26/15861
[79] Suppes P, Han B, Epelboim J, and Lu Z. "Invariance of brain-wave representations of simple visual images and their names" Proc Natl Acad Sci 96: 14658-63, 1999. Printable free online thru Pubmed or at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/25/14658
[80] Suppes P, Han B, Epelboim J, and Lu ZL. "Invariance between subjects of brain wave representations of language" Proc Natl Acad Sci 96(22): 12953-8, 1999. Printable free online thru PubMed or at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/22/12953
[81] Suppes P and Han B. "Brain-wave representation of words by superposition of a few sine waves" Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 8738-43, 2000. Printable free online thru Pubmed or at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/15/8738
[82] Assadullahi R and Pulvermuller F. "Neural Network Classification of Word Evoked Neuromagnetic Brain Activity" In: Wermter S, Austin J, and Willahaw D (eds.) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Emergent Neurocomputational Architechures Based on Neuroscience Heidelberg Springer, p 311-20, 2001. More limited preliminary communication at http://www.his.sunderland.ac.uk/durhamab/ramin.doc
[83] Pinneo LR and Hall DJ. "Feasibility Study for Design of a Biocybernetic Communication System" Report #ADA017405 National Technical Information Service, 1975. Prepared for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Order #2034, Program Code #2D20, Contractor: Stanford Research Institute Contract dates: 2/9/72-8/31/76, SRI Project LSU-1936. (US cost ~$50.)
[84] Selden G. "Machines That Read Minds" Sci Digest Oct 89: 60-6, 1981. Also at http://www.datafilter.com/mc/machinesThatReadMinds.html
[85] Kiyuna T, Tanigawa T, and Yamazaki T. Patent #5785653 "System and method for predicting internal condition of live body" USPTO granted 7/28/98.
[86] Mardirossian A. Patent #6011991 "Communication system and method including brain wave analysis and/or use of brain activity" USPTO granted 1/4/00.
[87] Pulvermuller F. "Words in the brain's language" Behav Brain Sci 22: 253-336, 1999.
[88] Assadollahi R and Pulvermuller F. "Neuromagnetic evidence for early access to cognitive represtentations" Cog Neurosci Neurophysiol 12(2): 207-13, 2001.
[89] Preissl H, Pulvermuller F, Lutzenberger W, and Birbaumer N. "Evoked potentials distinguish between nouns and verbs" Neurosci Lett 197: 81-3, 1995.
[90] Pulvermuller F, Mohn B, and Schleichert H. "Semantic or lexico-syntactic factors: what determines word-class specific activity in the human brain?" Neurosci Lett 275: 81-4, 1999.
[91] Pulvermuller F, Lutzenberger W, and Preissl H. "Nouns and Verbs in the Intact Brain: Evidence from Event-retlated Potentials and High-frequency Cortical Responses" Cerebral Cortex 9(5): 497-506, 1999.
[92] Pulvermuller F, Preissl H, Lutzenberger W, and Birbaumer N. "Brain Rhythms of Language: Nouns Versus Verbs" Eur J Neurosci 8: 917-41, 1996.
[93] Kellenbach ML, Wijers AA, Hovius M, Mulder J, and Mulder G. "Neural Differentiation of Lexico-Syntactic Categories or Semantic Features? Event-Related Potential Evidence for Both" J Cog Neurosci 14(4): 561-77, 2002.
[94] Muller HM and Kutas M. "What's in a name? Electrophysiological differences between spoken nouns, proper names and one's own name" Neuroreport 8: 221-5, 1996.
[95] Dehaene S. "Electrophysiological evidence for category-specific word processing" Neuroreport 6: 2153-7, 1995.
[96] Neville HJ, Mills D, and Lawson DS. "Fractionating Language: Different Neural Subsystems with Different Sensitive Periods" Cerebral Cortex 2: 244-58, 1992.
[97] Pulvermuller F, Lutzenberger W, and Birbaumer N. "Electrocortical distinction of vocabulary types" Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 94: 357-70, 1995.
[98] Mohr B, Pulvermuller F, and Zaidel E. "Lexical Decision After Left, Right, and Bilateral Presentation of Function Words, Content Words, and Non-Words: Evidence For Interhemispheric Interaction" Neuropsychologia 32(1): 105-24, 1994.
[99] Munte TF, Wieringa BM, Weyerts H, Szentkuti A, Matzke M, and Johannes S. "Differences in brain potentials to open and closed class words: class and frequency effects" Neuropsychologia 39: 91-102, 2001.
[100] Pulvermuller F, Harle M, and Hummel F. "Walking or Talking? Behavioral and Neruophysiological Correlates of Action Verb Processing" Brain Lang 78: 143-68, 2001.
[101] Pulvermuller F, Harle M, and Hummel F. "Neurophysiological distinction of verb categories" Cog Neurosci 11(12): 2789-93, 2000.
[102] Kounios J and Holcomb PJ. "Concreteness Effects in Semantic Processing: ERP Evidence Supporting Dual-Coding Theory" J Exp Psychol 20(4): 804-23, 1994.
[103] Federmeier KD, Segal JB, Lombrozo T, and Kutas M. "Brain responses to nouns, verbs and class-ambiguous words in context" Brain 123(12): 2552-66, 2000.
[104] Krause CM, Korpilahti P, Porn B, Joskim J, and Lang HA. "Automatic auditory word perception as measured by 40 Hz EEG responses" Encephal Clin Neurophysiol 107: 84-7, 1998.
[105] Diesch E, Biermann S, and Luce T. "The magnetic mismatch field elicited by words and phonological non-words" Neuroreport 9(3): 455-60, 1998.
[106] Lutzenberger W, Pulvermuller F, and Birbaumer N. "Words and pseudowords elicit distinct patterns of 30-Hz EEG responses" Neurosci Lett 176: 115-18, 1994.
[107] Kiefer M. "Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects: Event-related potentials during picture and word categorization" Mem Cog 29(1): 100-16, 2001.
[108] Skrandies W. "Evoked potential correlates of semantic meaning-A brain mapping study" Cog Brain Res 6: 175-183, 1998.
[109] Skrandies W and Chiu MJ. "Dimensions of affective meaning - behavioral evoked potential correlates in Chinese subjects" Neurosci Lett 341: 45-8, 2003.
[110] Patton RE. Patent #6292688 "Method and apparatus for analyzing neurological response to emotion-inducing stimuli" USPTO granted 9/18/01.
[111] Deeke L. "Bereitschaftspotential as an indicatory of movement preparation in supplementary motor area and motor cortex" Ciba Found Symp 182:132-231, 1987.
[112] Chen R. and Hallett M. "The Time Course of Changes in Motor Cortex Excitability Associated with Voluntary Movement" Can J Neurol Sci 26(3): 163-9, 1999.
[113] Pfurtscheller G, Kalcher J, Neuper CH, Flotzinger D, and Pregenzer M. "On-line EEG classification during externally-paced hand movements using a neural network classifier" Electrophysiol and Neurophysiol 99: 416-25, 1996.
[114] Birch GE. "Initial On-Line Evaluations of the LF-ASD Brain-Computer Interface With Able Bodied and Spinal-Cord Subjects Using Imagined Voluntary Motor Potentials" IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 10(4): 219-24, 2002.
[115] Guger C, Harkam W, Hertnacs C, and Pfurtscheller G. "Prosthetic Control by an EEG-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)" In: Bühler C and Knops H (eds.) Assistive Technology on the Threshold of the new Millennium, 2003 :at http://www.gtec.at/research/Publications/aaate.pdf
[116] Millan JR. "Adaptive Brain Interfaces" Communications of the ACM 46(3): 74-80, 2003. Abstract at http://www.idiap.ch/publications/millan-2003-comm-acm.bib.abs.html
[117] Millan JR and Mourifio J. "Asynchronous BCI and Local Neural Classifiers: An Overview of the Adaptive Brain Interface Project" IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (Brain-Computer Interface Technology) 11(2): 159-61, 2003. Article also at ftp://ftp.idiap.ch/pub/reports/2003/millan_2003_nsre.pdf
[118] Millan JR, Renkens F, Mourifio J, and Gerstner W. "Non-Invasive Brain-Actuated Control of a Mobile Robot" Proceedings of the 18th Joint International Confe