@marimphil wrote:
Letter Sign Name Specialty Associated conditions External link
(if no internal link) Descriptor
A Aaron sign Charles Dettie Aaron surgery appendicitis epigastric pain with pressure on McBurney's point
A Abadie's sign Jean Marie Charles Abadie endocrinology Graves' disease levator palpebrae superioris spasm
A Abadie's symptom Joseph Louis Irenée Jean Abadie neurology tabes dorsalis absence of pain on Achilles tendon pressure
A Abderhalden reaction Emil Abderhalden obstetrics pregnancy serum reaction;obsolete
A Abelin reaction Isaak Abelin infectious disease syphilis presence of arsenical anti-syphilitic;obsolete
A Addis count Thomas Addis nephrology pyelonephritis quantitative cells and casts in 24hr. urine
A Adie pupil William John Adie neurology ciliary nerve damage dilated pupil, poorly reactive but with normal near accommodation
A Adson's sign Alfred Washington Adson vascular surgery thoracic outlet syndrome obliteration of radial pulse with manoeuvres
A Alexander's law Gustav Alexander neurology, neurosurgery, ENT vestibular lesions describes nystagmus in vestibular lesions
A Allen's test Edgar Van Nuys Allen vascular surgery, critical care[1] arterial supply of the hand tests for presence of palmar ulnar-radial anastomosis (palmar arch)
A Apgar score Virginia Apgar obstetrics assess health of newborn
A Apley grind test Alan Graham Apley orthopaedic surgery meniscal lesions manoeuvres to elicit knee pain
A Argyll Robertson pupils Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson neurology neurosyphilis[2] light-near dissociation
A Arneth count Josef Arneth haematology, nutrition folate deficiency lobulation of neutrophil nuclei
A Asboe-Hansen sign Gustav Asboe-Hansen dermatology bullae extension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressed
A Aschheim–Zondek test Selmar Aschheim, Bernhard Zondek obstetrics normal pregnancy synd/1834 at Who Named It? oestral reaction in mouse injected with pregnant urine
A Aschoff body Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff rheumatology, pathology rheumatic fever foci of interstitial inflammatiuon in the myocardium and elsewhere
A Ashby technique Winifred Ashby haematology, pathology haemolysis synd/233 at Who Named It? agglutination test for erythrocyte survival
A Auberger's blood group Auberger (patient) haematology normal physiology synd/283 at Who Named It? Aua antigen
A Auenbrugger's sign Josef Leopold Auenbrugger cardiology pericardial effusion synd/284 at Who Named It? bulging epigastrium
A Auer rods John Auer hematology acute myeloid leukemia cytoplasmic inclusions in myeloblasts
A Auspitz's sign Heinrich Auspitz dermatology psoriasis punctate bleeding when scales are scraped
A Austin Flint murmur Austin Flint cardiology aortic insufficiency mid-diastolic rumble heard at apex
B Babinski sign Joseph Babinski neurology abnormal plantar reflex Kumar SP, Ramasubramanian D (December 2000). "The Babinski sign--a reappraisal". Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. PMID 11146592. Retrieved 2009-04-13. dorsiflexion of the hallux with fanning of the remaining phalanges upon soft stimulation of the lateral plantar surface of the foot
B Bainbridge reflex Francis Arthur Bainbridge cardiology normal physiology increase in heart rate with increase in circulating blood volume
B Balbiani rings Edouard-Gérard Balbiani genetics RNA transcription synd/601 at Who Named It? large chromosome puff indicating site of RNA transcription
B Ballance's sign Charles Alfred Ballance general surgery abdominal/splenic trauma percussive dullness left flank, LUQ, percussive resonance right flank
B Bancroft's sign Joseph Bancroft vascular medicine deep vein thrombosis pain on anterior, but not lateral, compression of calf
B Bárány test Robert Bárány ENT,neurology vertigo, vestibular dysfunction synd/595 at Who Named It? nystagmus elicited by hot or cold irrigation of ear canal
B Barlow's maneuver Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet paediatrics, orthopaedic surgery hip dysplasia dislocation on adduction of hip
B Bart hemoglobin Barts Hospital Obstetrics, pathology indicates a specific cause of death in some stillborns Loss of all four alpha-globin genes (total alpha-thalassemia) leads to severely anemic stillborn babies with small amounts of an abnormal hemoglobin composed of four gamma sub-units (Bart's Hemoglobin)
B Bastian–Bruns sign Henry Charlton Bastian, Ludwig Bruns neurology spinal cord transection loss of muscle tone and reflexes below lesion level
B Battle's sign William Henry Battle neurosurgery/traumatology basal skull fracture mastoid ecchymosis
B Beau's lines Joseph Honoré Simon Beau dermatology, internal medicine multiple, including trauma transverse ridges on nails
B Beck's triad Claude Schaeffer Beck cardiology cardiac tamponade hypotension, increased central venous pressure (JVP), distant heart sounds
B Becker's sign Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker ophthalmology, endocrinology thyrotoxicosis visible pulsation of retinal arteries
B Beevor's sign Charles Edward Beevor neurology, neurosurgery spinal trauma at T10, als,fsmd caudal movement of navel on cervical flexion
B Bekhterev-Jacobsohn reflex Vladimir Bekhterev, Louis Jacobsohn-Lask neurology pyramidal tract lesions stroking dorsal radial skin, with forearm in supination, elicits wrist and finger flexion
B Bekhterev-Mendel reflex Vladimir Bekhterev, Kurt Mendel neurology pyramidal tract lesions toe flexion on percussion of dorsum of foot
B Bence Jones protein Henry Bence Jones hematology multiple myeloma
B Benedict solution Stanley Rossiter Benedict endocrinology diabetes mellitus reagent for presence of monosaccharides
B Berger wave (rhythm) Hans Berger neurology normal physiology electroencephalographic alpha wave
B Bezold-Jarisch reflex Albert von Bezold, Adolf Jarisch pharmacology, toxicology effect of certain alkaloids apnea, bradycardia, hypotension
B Bielschowsky's head tilt test Alfred Bielschowsky neurology, ophthalmology lesions of cranial nerve IV test for palsy of superior oblique muscle
B Bing's sign Paul Robert Bing neurology pyramidal tract lesions extension of the great toe on pricking the dorsum of the foot with a pin
B Biot's respiration Camille Biot neurology brain stem herniation quick shallow respirations followed by period of apnea
B Bitot's spots Pierre Bitôt ophthalmology vitamin A deficiency spots of keratin deposition in the conjunctiva
B Bjerrum scotoma Jannik Peterson Bjerrum ophthalmology glaucoma comet shaped visual field defect,extending temporally from the physiological blind spot
B Blumberg sign Jacob Moritz Blumberg surgery peritonitis rebound tenderness
B Boas' point Ismar Isidor Boas gastroenterology gastric ulcer dermal hyperaesthesia just left of T12
B Boas' sign Ismar Isidor Boas gastroenterology acute cholecystitis dermal hyperaesthesia at inferior angle of R scapula
B Bodansky unit Aaron Bodansky clinical chemistry unit of alkaline phosphatase concentration in blood
B Boston's sign Leonard N. Boston ophthalmology, endocrinology thyrotoxicosis spasmodic ptosis on downward gaze
B Bouchard's nodes Charles-Joseph Bouchard rheumatology osteoarthritis bony outgrowths on dorsa of proximal interphalangeal joints
B Bracht-Wachter bodies Erich Franz Eugen Bracht, Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter cardiology infective endocarditis yellow-white spots in the myocardium
B Branham's sign Henry Branham pressing on proximal portion of AV fistula results in bradycardia
B Braxton Hicks contraction John Braxton Hicks obstetrics normal pregnancy "false labour". sporadic contractions beginning as early as mid 1st trimester
B Brewer infarcts George Emerson Brewer nephrology, pathology pyelonephritis dark red wedge shaped areas on kidney section resembling infarcts
B Brissaud's reflex Édouard Brissaud neurology pyramidal tract lesions plantar stimulation elicits contraction of tensor fasciae latae
B Broadbent inverted sign Sir William Broadbent, 1st Baronet cardiology L atrial hypertrophy systole palpable in posterior chest wall
B Broadbent sign Walter Broadbent cardiology adhesive pericarditis recession of L inferior intercostal spaces
B Broca aphasia Paul Broca neurology, neuropsychology developmental or other pathology of various frontal cortical areas expressive aphasia
B Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburg general medicine, surgery varicose veins superficial vein is percussed proximally; if impulse is felt over vein distally, valvular incompetence is present
B Brodie-Trendelenburg test Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, Friedrich Trendelenburg general medicine,surgery varicose veins identifies level of valvular incompetence
B Brudziński neck sign Józef Brudziński neurology meningitis neck flexion elicits hip and knee flexion
B Brudziński cheek sign Józef Brudziński neurology meningitis pressure beneath zygoma elicits flexion of forearm
B Brudziński symphyseal sign Józef Brudziński neurology meningitis pressure over symphisis pubis elicits knee, hip flexion and leg abduction
B Brudziński reflex Józef Brudziński neurology meningitis passive flexion of knee to abdomen elicits flexion of contralateral hip and knee
B Bruit de Roger Henri-Louis Roger paediatric cardiology ventricular septal defect loud pansystolic murmur
B Bruns ataxia Ludwig Bruns neurology frontal lobe lesions difficulty moving feet in contact with floor, tendency to fall backwards
B Bruns nystagmus Ludwig Bruns neurology cerebellopontine angle tumor, vestibular schwannoma nystagmus that coarsens in amplitude on lateral gaze
B Brushfield spots Thomas Brushfield ophthalmology, genetics Downs' syndrome or non-pathological greyish-white spots at periphery of iris
B Burton line Henry Burton toxicology lead poisoning NEJM 354:e21 5/18/06 blue discolouration of the gingival border
C Cabot rings Richard Cabot hematology lead poisoning, anaemias threadlike strands in erythrocytes
C Caput medusae Medusa gastroenterology, surgery portal hypertension distended veins radiating from umbilicus
C Cardarelli's sign Antonio Cardarelli cardiology, thoracic surgery aortic arch dilatation or aneurysm, mediastinal tumour left displacement of trachea elicits palpable pulsation of same
C Carey Coombs murmur Carey Coombs cardiology,rheumatology rheumatic fever mid-diastolic rumble
C Carnett's sign John Berton Carnett primary care, surgery abdominal mass and/or pain Am J Med Sci 174 (1927): 579–599 supine patient lifts head from bed;↑ pain - abdominal wall ;↓ pain - intraperitoneal
C Carvallo's sign José Manuel Rivero Carvallo cardiology tricuspid regurgitation increase in volume of murmur on inspiration
C Casal collar Gaspar Casal nutrition pellagra (niacin deficiency) Casal collar at Medscape widely variable collar of dermatitis characteristically in c3,c4 dermatomes
C Casoni test Tomaso Casoni infectious disease, tropical medicine hydatid disease intradermal injection of hydatid fluid causing wheal
C Celsus signs of inflammation Aulus Cornelius Celsus various inflammation 1. Rubor (redness) 2. Tumor (swelling)3. Calor (heat) 4. Dolor (pain)
C Chaddock reflex Charles Gilbert Chaddock neurology pyramidal lesions, corticospinal tract lesions extension of big toe with stimulation of skin over lateral malleolus
C Chadwick sign James Read Chadwick obstetrics pregnancy cyanosis of vulva, vagina and cervix
C Charcot's triad Jean-Martin Charcot surgery ascending cholangitis jaundice, fever and chills, RUQ pain
C Charcot's triad Jean-Martin Charcot neurology multiple sclerosis nystagmus, intention tremor, staccato speech
C Charcot-Leyden crystals Jean-Martin Charcot, Ernst Viktor von Leyden pathology any disorder characterized by eosinophil proliferation, e.g. ascariasis lysophospholipase crystals in various tissues
C Cheyne–Stokes respiration John Cheyne, William Stokes palliative care respiratory center damage fluctuation between apnoea and tachypnoea
C Churchill–Cope reflex Edward Delos Churchill, Oliver Cope cardiology heart failure distension of pulmonary vascular bed causes tachypnoea
C Chvostek's sign František Chvostek endocrinology hypocalcemia tapping over facial nerve elicits abnormal muscle contraction(s)
C Claybrook sign Edwin Claybrook emergency medicine, surgery blunt abdominal trauma heart and/or breath sounds heard through abdominal wall indicate rupture of viscus
C Clutton's joints Henry Hugh Clutton paediatrics congenital syphilis painless symmetrical hydrarthroses, particularly of the knees
C Codman's triangle Ernest Codman oncology, orthopaedic surgery, radiology osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma triangular subperiosteal growth
C Comby sign Jules Comby paediatrics rubeola whitish patches on gingiva and buccal mucosa
C Coombs test Robin Coombs hematology hemolytic anemia
C Coons fluorescent antibody method Albert Coons immunology Albert Coons at National Academies Press detection of antibodies by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein-labelled antibodies
C Cornell's sign ? neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. scratching alongside big toe extensor tendon elicits an extensor plantar response
C Corrigan pulse Dominic John Corrigan cardiology aortic insufficiency carotid pulsations with abrupt ascending and descending phases
C Councilman body William Thomas Councilman infectious disease yellow fever, viral haemorrhagic fevers eosinophilic globules in liver
C Courvoisier's law Ludwig Georg Courvoisier gastroenterology obstructive jaundice palpable gall bladder w/ painless jaundice unlikely to be cholelithiasis
C Crichton-Browne sign Sir James Crichton-Browne neuropsychiatry 'general paresis' tremor at corners of mouth and of outer canthus
C Crowe sign Frank W. Crowe dermatology neurofibromatosis type I axillary freckling
C Cruveilhier–Baumgarten bruit Jean Cruveilhier, Paul Clemens von Baumgarten hepatology Cruveilhier–Baumgarten disease bruit around the umbilicus
C Cullen's sign Thomas S. Cullen surgery intraabdominal haemorrhage ecchymosis around umbilicus predicts onset of acute pancreatitis
C Curschmann spirals Heinrich Curschmann pulmonology asthma spiral mucus plugs found in sputum
C Cushing's triad Harvey Cushing neurology raised intracranial pressure elevated systolic bp, bradycardia, irregular respiration
D Dagher Maneuver Nabil Dagher trauma surgery penetrating pelvic trauma bimanual palpation of foreign object lodged in pelvis with one digit in an incision lateral to the anus and the other digit inserted in the rectum
D Dahl's sign K.V. Dahl pulmonology COPD pigmented calluses on anterior surface of thighs (from leaning on elbows)
D Dalrymple sign John Dalrymple ophthalmology, endocrinology thyrotoxicosis synd/494 at Who Named It? widened palpebral opening
D Dance's sign Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance (paediatric)surgery ileo-cecal intussusception synd/3355 at Who Named It? empty RLQ (retracted right iliac fossa)
D Darier's sign Ferdinand-Jean Darier allergy,dermatology urticaria pigmentosa dermatographia
D Dawson's fingers James Walker Dawson neurology multiple sclerosis [1] [2] characteristic fingerlike appearance of lateral ventricle on mri, ct, or at autopsy
D De Musset's sign Alfred de Musset cardiology aortic insufficiency head nodding in time with heartbeat
D Dennie–Morgan fold Charles Clayton Dennie
DB Morgan dermatology atopic dermatitis Dennie's line at TheFreeDictionary.com accentuated fold below the lower eyelid
D Destot's sign ? orthopaedic surgery pelvic fracture [3] ecchymosis superior to inguinal ligament, in scrotum or of thigh
D Dix–Hallpike test Margaret R. Dix, Charles Skinner Hallpike Otolaryngology Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo synd/3615 at Who Named It? Elicitation of extreme vertigo upon lateral movement of a patient's head when lying in a supine position
D Döhle bodies Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle pathology various including trauma and neoplasm basophilic inclusions in peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils
D Doi's sign Hitoka Doi neurology Eaton-Lambert syndrome reappearance of absent deep tendon reflexes after short period of maximal muscle contraction
D Dunphy sign ? surgery appendicitis [4] increase in abdominal pain on coughing
D Duroziez's sign Paul Louis Duroziez cardiology aortic insufficiency double bruit heard over femoral artery when it is compressed distally (see Traube's sign)
E Elschnig spots Anton Elschnig ophthalmology hypertensive retinopathy
E Epstein's pearls Alois Epstein paediatrics normal newborn cystic papules on palate
E Ewart's sign William Ewart cardiology pericardial effusion percussive dullness, aegophony and bronchial breath sounds at L scapular tip
F Faget sign Jean-Charles Faget infectious disease Yellow fever Typhoid Fever tularaemia brucellosis others Faget's sign at Who Named It? the unusual constellation of fever and bradycardia
F Finkelstein's test Harry Finkelstein rheumatology DeQuervain's tenosynovitis
F Forchheimer spots Frederick Forchheimer paediatrics rubella small red spots on the soft palate
F Fothergill's sign John Fothergill surgery rectus sheath hematoma anterior abdominal mass which does not cross the midline and is still palpable when abdominal wall muscles are tensed
F Fox's sign George Henry Fox gastroenterology haemorrhagic pancreatitis ecchymosis of inguinal ligament (blood tracks retroperitoneally)
F Frank's sign Sanders T. Frank cardiology ischaemic heart disease ear crease indicating risk of heart disease (disputed)
F Friedreich's sign Nikolaus Friedreich cardiology constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid insufficiency collapse of distended neck veins in diastole
F Froment's sign Jules Froment neurology ulnar nerve palsy patient required to hold paper between thumb and palm (against attempt to withdraw);ability to do so is assessed
G Gallavardin phenomenon Louis Gallavardin cardiology aortic stenosis dissociation of musical and noisy elements in ejection murmur
G Gamna–Favre bodies Carlos Gamna,
Maurice Favre histology lymphogranuloma venereum Gamna-Favre bodies at Who Named It? basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
G Gandy–Gamna nodules Charles Gandy,
Carlos Gamna histology splenomegaly due to portal hypertension and sickle cell disease Gandy-Gamna bodies at Who Named It? small yellow-brown foci in the spleen
G Garrod's pads Archibald Garrod dermatology repeated extreme tension of extensor tendon in interphalangeal joint thickening of skin and tissue over interphalangeal joint
G Gerhardt's sign Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt Gerhardt's sign at Who Named It?
http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?Biermer's+sign controversial: see references
G Goetz sign ? (needed)
G Gonda's sign ? neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. flexing then suddenly releasing the 4th toe elicits an extensor plantar response
G Goodell's sign William Goodell obstetrics pregnancy softening of the vaginal part of the cervix during the first trimester
G Goodsall's rule David Henry Goodsall gastroenterology, general surgery anal fistula anatomical relationships, differentiation of fistula types
G Gordon's sign Alfred Gordon neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. squeezing the calf muscle elicits an extensor plantar response
G Gottron's papules Heinrich Adolf Gottron rheumatology dermatomyositis Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th Ed), Robbins & Cotran Scaling, erythematous eruption or dusky red patches over the knuckles, elbows and knees
G Gowers' sign [3] William Richard Gowers neurology muscular dystrophy
G Graham Steell murmur Graham Steell cardiology mitral stenosis pulmonary regurgitation murmur in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis
G Grey Turner's sign George Grey Turner surgery retroperitoneal hemorrhage flank ecchymosis
G Griffith's sign ? endocrinology Graves' ophthalmopathy (needed) lid lag of the lower eyelid on upward eye movement
G Gunn's sign Robert Marcus Gunn ophthalmology hypertension Gunn's sign at Who Named It? AV "nicking" or "nipping" in hypertensive retinopathy
H Hamman's sign Louis Hamman thoracic surgery oesophageal perforation w/ pneumomediastinum crepitus in sync w/ heartbeat but not respiration
H Hampton's hump Aubrey Otis Hampton pulmonology, radiology pulmonary embolus with infarct Hampton's hump at Who Named It? wedge shaped consolidation at periphery with base on the pleura
H Hampton's line Aubrey Otis Hampton radiology, gastroenterology peptic ulcer Hampton's line at Who Named It? line on barium meal indicating mucosal oedema associated with ulcer
H Hannington-Kiff sign John G. Hannington-Kiff general surgery obturator hernia absent thigh adductor reflex with positive patellar reflex
H Harrison's groove Edward Harrison internal medicine rickets Harrison's sulcus at Who Named It? rib deformity at the lower thorax
H Hatchcock's sign ? paediatrics, infectious disease mumps (needed) tenderness behind angle of jaw (typically before swelling is evident)
H Heberden's node William Heberden rheumatology osteoarthritis same as bouchard's nodes, but over dip joints
H Hegar's sign Ernst Ludwig Alfred Hegar obstetrics normal pregnancy softening of cervical isthmus appearin between 4th and 6th weeks (usually)
H Hess test Alfred Fabian Hess internal medicine capillary fragility Rumpel-Konchalevskii-Leede phenomenon or sign at Who Named It? appearance of petechiae after compression of arm by bandage or blood pressure cuff
H Hildreth's Sign DH Hildreth dermatology glomus tumor Relief of pain at tumor site upon vascular occlusion of limb, with acute return of pain on reperfusion
H Hippocratic face Hippocrates palliative care impending death
H Hippocratic fingers Hippocrates pulmonary medicine chronic hypoxia clubbing of distal phalanges
H Hirschberg test Julius Hirschberg ophthalmology strabismus corneal reflection centred (-) or not centred (+) on pupil
H Hoffmann's sign Johann Hoffmann neurology corticospinal tract lesions tapping distal phalanx of 3rd or 4th finger elicits flexion of same in thumb
H Hollenhorst plaque Robert Hollenhorst ophthalmology hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or diabetes cholesterol embolus(i) of retinal artery(ies)
H Homans' sign John Homans thrombosis deep venous thrombosis knee bent, ankle abruptly dorsiflexed, popliteal pain
H Hoover's sign (leg paresis) Charles Franklin Hoover neurology, psychiatry lower extremity paresis differentiates organic from non-organic etiology
H Hoover's sign (pulmonary) Charles Franklin Hoover pulmonology COPD inward movement of lower ribs during inspiration
H Howship-Romberg sign John Howship,
Moritz Heinrich Romberg surgery obturator hernia Howship's syndrome at Who Named It? pain from an obturator hernia radiating to knee
H Hutchinson's freckle Sir Jonathan Hutchinson dermatology melanoma Hutchinson's freckle at Who Named It? precancerous facial pigmentation
H Hutchinson's pupil Sir Jonathan Hutchinson neurology oculomotor nerve lesion Hutchinson's pupil at Who Named It? dilated pupil on the side of an intracranial lesion due to IIIrd nerve compression
H Hutchinson's sign Sir Jonathan Hutchinson ophthalmology herpes zoster Hutchinson's sign 2 at Who Named It? lesion on tip of the nose which can presage ocular herpes zoster
H Hutchinson's teeth [4] Sir Jonathan Hutchinson pediatrics congenital syphilis small, widely spaced incisors with notched biting surfaces
H Hutchinson's triad Sir Jonathan Hutchinson pediatrics congenital syphilis interstitial keratitis,nerve deafness, Hutchinson's teeth
J Janeway lesion Theodore Caldwell Janeway cardiology infective endocarditis palmar or plantar erythematous or haemorrhagic papules
J Jendrassik maneuver Ernő Jendrassik neurology hyporeflexia compares patellar reflex w/ and w/o distraction
J Joffroy's sign Alexis Joffroy endocrinology exophthalmos in Graves disease Joffroy's sign I at Who Named It? lack of forehead wrinkling when patient looks up with head bowed
J John Thomas sign [5] ? radiology various, including Reiter's syndrome (needed) penile shadow points at affected hip (+) or unaffected hip (-) (2)
J Jolly's test Friedrich Jolly neurology myasthenia gravis or Eaton-Lambert syndrome electromyography test using repeated stimuli to show fatiguability in myasthenia
J Jones criteria T. Duckett Jones rheumatology rheumatic fever criteria used to diagnose rheumatic fever
K Kanavel's sign Allen B. Kanavel orthopedics, rheumatology tenosynovitis of flexor digitorum tendon http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/TOPIC97.HTM (1) finger held in slight flexion, (2) fusiform swelling, (3) tenderness along the flexor tendon sheath, and (4) pain with passive extension of the digit.
K Kayser-Fleischer ring Bernhard Kayser,
Bruno Fleischer neurology,gastroenterology Wilson's disease(hepatolenticular degeneration) ring of brownish copper deposit at corneo-scleral junction
K Kehr's sign Hans Kehr trauma surgery ruptured spleen referred pain to L shoulder
K Kelly's sign Howard Atwood Kelly surgery visible response of ureter when touched (means of identifying same)
K Kerley lines Peter Kerley radiology pulmonary edema
K Kernig's sign Woldemar Kernig neurology meningism, meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage synd/2200 at Who Named It? hip and knee fully flexed, extension of knee elicits pain and/or opisthotonus
K Koebner's phenomenon Heinrich Koebner dermatology various conditions
K Koeppe's nodules Leonhard Koeppe ophthalmology uveitis granulomatous nodules at pupillary margin
K Koplik's spots Henry Koplik pediatrics measles
K Korotkoff sounds Nikolai Korotkov cardiology auscultatory sphygmomanometry Korotkov described 5 sounds. Only the first (the onset of audible sound,and corresponding to systolic pressure) and the fifth (sound becomes inaudible,corresponding to diastolic pressure) are of practical clinical significance (however,see:Auscultatory gap)
K Kussmaul breathing[6] Adolph Kussmaul endocrinology metabolic acidosis laboured deep breathing with normal or reduced frequency
K Kussmaul's sign Adolph Kussmaul cardiology various, including right side failure increased jugular distension on inspiration
K Kveim test Morten Ansgar Kveim pulmonary medicine sarcoidosis intradermal injection of lymphatic extract from known sufferer; obsolete
L Lachman maneuver John Lachman orthopedic surgery anterior cruciate ligament injury modified anterior drawer test with knee in less flexion
L Ladin's sign ? obstetrics normal pregnancy (needed) softening of uterus; similar to Hegar's sign
L Lancisi's sign Giovanni Maria Lancisi cardiology tricuspid regurgitation giant v-wave in seen in jugular vein
L Larrey's sign Dominique Larrey rheumatology sacroiliitis pain in sacroiliac area on sitting down on hard chair
L Lasègue's sign Charles Lasègue neurosurgery, orthpaedic surgery lumbar disc lesions, sciatica better known as straight leg raise test
L Leopold's maneuver Christian Gerhard Leopold obstetrics Leopold's maneuver at Who Named It? determination of fetal lie
L Leser-Trélat sign Edmund Leser,
Ulysse Trélat oncology malignant neoplasm Leser-Trélat sign at Who Named It? sudden onset of multiple pruritic seborrheic keratoses
L Levine's sign Samuel A. Levine cardiology myocardial infarction patient clenches fist over chest when asked to describe pain
L Lhermitte's sign Jean Lhermitte neurology lesions of cervical cord dorsal columns or caudal medulla, MS, chemotherapy, Behçet's disease electrical sensation down the back and into limbs with neck flexion or extension
L Liebermeister's rule Carl von Liebermeister internal medicine Liebermeister's rule at Who Named It? For each fever degree Celsius an increase of 8 beats per minute in cardiac frequency
L Lisch nodule Karl Lisch ophthalmology type I neurofibromatosis yellow brown hamartomata on iris
L Lisker's sign ? internal medicine deep venous thrombosis (needed) tenderness on percussion of antero-medial tibia
L Litten's sign Moritz Litten cardiology infective endocarditis eMedicine cotton-wool exudate in the retina
L Lombard effect Étienne Lombard psychiatry malingering due to simulated deafness automatic rise in the loudness of a person's voice when they speak in noise
L Louvel's sign ? internal medicine deep venous thrombosis (needed) increased pain along vein with valsalva; proximal pressure prevents this
L Lowenberg's sign ? vascular medicine deep vein thrombosis (needed) immediate pain on inflating blood pressure cuff around calf
M MacDonald triad John M. MacDonald psychiatry sociopathic personality disorder eneuresis, firesetting and animal torture predictive of future criminal behaviour
M Macewen's sign Sir William Macewen neurology, neurosurgery hydrocephalus, brain abscess resonance on percussion of fronto-temporo-parietal suture
M Magnan's sign Valentin Magnan addiction medicine cocaine dependence Magnan's sign at Who Named It? feeling of moving foreign body under the skin
M Mantoux test Charles Mantoux infectious disease tuberculosis intradermal protein derivative - diameter of wheal evaluated
M Marcus Gunn pupil Robert Marcus Gunn ophthalmology, neurology severe retinal disease, lesion of optic nerve anterior to chiasm Gunn's pupillary phenomenon at Who Named It? Relative pupil dilatation when light swings to the affected side
M Markle sign ? surgery appendicitis (needed) RLQ pain on dropping from standing on toes to heels
M Mayne's sign ? cardiology aortic insufficiency (needed) systolic blood pressure drop of >15mmHg on raising arm
M McBurney's point Charles McBurney surgery appendicitis 2/3 of the way lateral on a line from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine (corresponds to junction of vermiform appendix and cecum)
M McConnell's sign M.V. McConnell cardiology pulmonary embolism echocardiography finding of akinesia of the mid-free wall of the right ventricle but normal motion of the apex
M McDonald's sign ? (needed)
M McMurray test Thomas Porter McMurray orthopaedics meniscal tear McMurray's sign at Who Named It? knee extended, valgus stress applied, leg rotated produces palpable or audible click
M Means–Lerman scratch J. Lerman, J.H. Means endocrinology hyperthyroidism systolic heart murmur similar to pericardial rub
M Mees' lines R.A. Mees toxicology arsenic or heavy metal poisoning transverse white lines across the nails
M Mentzer index William C. Mentzer Jr. hematology microcytic anemia differentiates iron deficiency anaemia from beta thalassaemia
M Miller Fisher test Charles Miller Fisher neurology normal pressure hydrocephalus Improvement in cognitive function after withdrawal of CSF during lumbar puncture used to confirm diagnosis
M Moniz sign António Egas Moniz neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. forceful plantar flexion of the ankle elicits an extensor plantar response
M Möbius sign Paul Julius Möbius endocrinology thyrotoxicosis Möbius sign at TheFreeDictionary.com inability to maintain convergence of eyes
M Muehrcke's lines Robert C. Muehrcke nephrology, oncology hypoalbuminaemia, chemotherapy paired transverse white lines on nail bed
M Mulder's sign Jacob D. Mulder neurology, podiatry Morton's neuroma transverse compression of the forefoot elicits pain in the distribution of the affected nerve
M Müller's maneuver Johannes Peter Müller pulmonology collapsed section of airway patient attempts to breathe in with nose and mouth closed (opposite of Valsalva maneuver)
M Müller's sign Friedrich von Müller cardiology aortic insufficiency Müller's sign at Who Named It? visible pulsation or bobbing of uvula
M Murphy's punch sign John B. Murphy urology perinephric abscess Murphy's punch at Who Named It? punch tenderness at the costovertebral angle
M Murphy's sign John B. Murphy surgery cholecystitis Murphy's sign at Who Named It? hesitation on inspiration while gall bladder is palpated
M Myerson's sign Abraham Myerson neurology Parkinson's disease inability to resist blinking when glabella is percussed
N Naegele's rule Franz Karl Naegele gynecology gestation method of estimating due date
N Nardi test George Nardi gastroenterology dysfunction of sphincter of Oddi administration of morphine and neostigmine reproduces sharp LUQ pain; not in general use
N Nikolsky's sign Pyotr Nikolsky dermatology various, including pemphigus vulgaris mild shear stress applied to skin causes bullae to form
O O'Brien's test ? (needed)
O O'Donoghue's triad D. O'Donoghue orthopaedics, sports medicine knee injury coincidence of anterior cruciate injury,medial collateral injury and meniscal tear
O Oliver's sign William Silver Oliver cardiology aortic arch aneurysm caudal movement of trachea with systole
O Oppenheim's sign Hermann Oppenheim neurology pyramidal tract lesions Oppenheim's reflex at Who Named It? irritation downward of the medial tibia causes dorsiflexion of big toe
O Ortolani test Marino Ortolani pediatrics & orthopedics congenital hip dislocation Ortolani's sign and test at Who Named It? palpable clunk on moving hip
O Osborn wave John J. Osborn (1917–) cardiology, emergency medicine hypothermia positive deflection at QRS-ST junction
O Osler's node Sir William Osler internal medicine various, including SBE and SLE painful red lesions on the pads of the fingers and plantar surfaces
O Osler's sign Sir William Osler internal medicine atherosclerosis falsely elevated bp reading due to incompressibility of calcified vessels
P Palla's sign ? internal medicine pulmonary embolism Pulmonary embolism at Merck Manual online enlarged right descending pulmonary artery on chest x-ray
P Pastia's sign Constantin Chessec Pastia pediatrics scarlet fever Pastia's sign at Who Named It? lines of confluent petechiae in skin creases (associated with Scarlatiniform rash and strep pyogenes)
P Patrick's test Hugh Talbot Patrick rheumatology sacroiliitis Patrick's test at Who Named It? external rotation of the hip causes pain
P Peabody's sign C.N. Peabody internal medicine deep vein thrombosis calf muscle spasm when raising the affected leg with the foot extended
P Pemberton's sign Hugh Pemberton thoracic surgery retrosternal mass with superior vena cava syndrome arms elevated over head elicits facial plethora, distended neck veins and inspiratory stridor
P Phalen's maneuver George S. Phalen rheumatology, hand surgery carpal tunnel syndrome 30–60 seconds of full forced flexion of wrist elicits symptoms
P Piskaçek's sign Ludwig Piskaçek obstetrics normal pregnancy Piskaçek's sign at Who Named It? palpable lateral bulge at tubal-uterine junction; present at 7–8 weeks
P Plummer's nail Henry Stanley Plummer endocrinology thyrotoxicosis Plummer's nail at Who Named It? onycholysis especially of ring and little fingers
P Pratt's sign Gerald H. Pratt internal medicine deep venous thrombosis pain elicited by compression of posterior calf
Q Queckenstedt's maneuver Hans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedt neurology spinal stenosis Queckenstedt's phenomenon at Who Named It? bilateral jugular vein pressure during lumbar puncture causes sudden rise in CSF pressure
Q Quincke's sign Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke cardiology aortic insufficiency Quincke's capillary pulse at Who Named It? visible pulsation in ungual capillary bed
R Reynolds' pentad B.M. Reynolds gastroenterology ascending cholangitis Reynold's pentad at Who Named It? Charcot's triad + hypotension and altered mental state
R Riesman's sign David Riesman endocrinology thyrotoxicosis bruit over globe of the eye
R Rigler's sign[7] Leo George Rigler radiology, abdominal surgery pneumoperitoneum Rigler's sign at Who Named It? gas outlines both mucosal and serosal surfaces of bowel
R Rinne test Heinrich Adolf Rinne ENT, neurology, audiometry hearing impairment Rinne's test at Who Named It? comparison of air conduction to bone conduction differentiates sensorineural from conductive deafness
R Romaña's sign Cecilio Romaña tropical medicine Chagas' disease Romaña's sign at Who Named It? painless unilateral periorbital swelling
R Romberg test Moritz Heinrich Romberg neurology dorsal column lesions, cerebllar lesions, alcohol intoxication Romberg's sign at Who Named It? inability to maintain posture with eyes closed
R Rose's sign ? vascular medicine deep vein thrombosis (needed) Warm, stiff feeling of skin when affected leg is pinched
R Rosenbach's test Ottomar Rosenbach clinical chemistry bilirubinuria Rosenbach's test at Who Named It? colour produced on addition of nitric acid
R Rossolimo's sign Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. percussion of the tips of the toes causes exaggerated flexion of the toes
R Roth's spots Moritz Roth ophthalmology, internal medicine various, including SBE and systemic vasculitides Roth's spot at Who Named It? retinal haemorrhages with pale centres seen at fundoscopy
R Rovsing's sign Niels Thorkild Rovsing general surgery appendicitis Rovsing's sign at Who Named It? palpation of LLQ elicits pain in RLQ
R Rumpel–Leede sign Theodor Rumpel,
Carl Stockbridge Leede haematology capillary fragility Rumpel-Leede test at Who Named It? petechiae seen after compression by tourniquet
R Russell's sign Gerald Russell psychiatry bulimia nervosa scarring of the dorsum of one hand (contact with incisors when purging)
S Salus's sign Robert Salus ophthalmology hypertension Hypertension at Medscape deflection of retinal veins at right angle junctions due to elongation or shortening of connected arterioles
S Schaeffer's sign Max Schaeffer neurology pyramidal tract lesions Schäffer's reflex at Who Named It? squeezing the Achilles tendon elicits an extensor plantar response
S Schamroth's window test Leo Schamroth pulmonology, cardiology chronic hypoxia identifies clubbing of distal phalanges
S Schiller's test Walter Schiller gynecology cervical cancer Schiller's test at Who Named It? affected areas of cervix fail to stain brown with iodine solution
S Schilling test Robert F. Schilling internal medicine pernicious anaemia, coeliac disease, other malabsorption disorders B12 radioassay; rare
S Schirmer's test Otto Schirmer ophthalmology keratoconjunctivitis sicca, as in Sjögren's syndrome quantifies lacrimal secretion
S Schober test Paul Schober physiatry, rheumatology, orthopaedics various disorders of lumbar vertebrae Schober's sign at Who Named It? quantifies lumbar flexion
S Sherren's triangle James Sherren surgery appendicitis Sherren's triangle at Who Named It? area of hyperaesthesia over the right lower abdomen
S Shone's complex John D. Shone cardiology congenital heart defect supravalvular mitral ring, parachute deformity of mitral valve, subaortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta
S Siegrist streaks August Siegrist ophthalmology malignant hypertension hyperpigmented sreaks parallel to choroidal vessels
S Simmonds' test Franklin Adin Simmonds orthopaedics Achilles tendon rupture squeezing of calf fails to produce plantar flexion
S Sims–Huhner test Harry M. Sims, Max Huhner reproductive medicine infertility Sims-Huhner test at Who Named It? determination of sperm count and motility in a sample taken from the cervical canal within an hour of intercourse
S Sister Mary Joseph nodule[8] Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey (born Julia Dempsey) oncology various abdominal malignancies palpable lymph node in the umbilicus
S Spurling's test Roy Glenwood Spurling neurology cervical radiculopathy Spurling's manoeuvre and sign at Who Named It? axial compression and rotation of cervical spine to the side of symptoms causes pain
S Stellwag's sign Karl Stellwag von Carion endocrinology thyrotoxicosis infrequent and/or incomplete blinking, accompanied by Dalrymple's sign
S Still's murmur Sir George Frederick Still paediatric cardiology subaortic stenosis, small VSD Still's mmurmur at Who Named It? systolic ejection sound ; vibratory/musical; best heard at left lower sternal border
S Stransky's sign ? neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. sudden abduction and release of little toe causes extensor plantar response
S Stroop test John Ridley Stroop neuropsychology various, including ADHD and schizophrenia reaction times for incongruent stimuli (e.g., word red printed in blue)
S Strümpell's sign Adolph Strümpell neurology spastic pareses of the lower extremity Strümpell's sign I at Who Named It? failure of abrupt passive flexion of the hip and/or knee to elicit dorsiflexion and adduction of foot
T Terry's nails R. Terry internal medicine various including hepatic failure white 'ground glass' nails;absence of lunula
T Terry-Thomas sign Terry-Thomas Orthopaedics Scapho-lunate dissociation Atlas of Signs in Musculoskeletal Radiology Gap between the scaphoid and lunate bones on AP wrist radiograph
T Thomas test Hugh Owen Thomas Orthopaedics Fixed flexion deformity of hip Supine patient flexes one hip whilst keeping other leg flat; back arches if flexion deformity is present
T Throckmorton's reflex Tom Bentley Throckmorton neurology pyramidal tract lesions The Babinski sign - a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. pressure over dorsal bog toe MTP joint elicits an extensor plantar response
T Tinel's sign Jules Tinel neurology neuritis, compression disorders 'DTP' - distal tingling on percussion
T Todd's paresis Robert Bentley Todd neurology seizure disorders focal weakness for as much as 48 hours after seizure
T Traube's sign Ludwig Traube various splenomegaly dull percussion sound over Traube's space
T Trendelenburg's sign Friedrich Trendelenburg neurology inferior gluteal palsy, other causes of hip abductors weakness pelvic tilt contralateral to 'stance leg'
T Troisier's sign Charles Emile Troisier internal medicine, oncology Various abdominal malignancies, especially stomach cancer Troisier's node or sign at Who Named It? Enlargement of the left supraclavicular lymph node (=Virchow's node)
T Trousseau's sign of malignancy Armand Trousseau internal medicine various malignancies, including pancreatic spontaneous thrombosis of multiple veins, including portal circulation
T Trousseau's sign of latent tetany Armand Trousseau internal medicine, endocrinology hypocalcaemia Trendelenburg's phenomenon at Who Named It? in hypocalcaemia, occlusion of brachial artery induces carpal spasm
U Uhthoff's phenomenon Wilhelm Uhthoff neurology multiple sclerosis Uhthoff's symptom at Who Named It? ↑ in neurological symptoms with exercise or other increase in body temperature
U Unterberger test Siegfried Unterberger neurology, ENT vestibular lesions patient walks in place with eyes closed;direction of rotation indicates vestibular lesion on that side
V Virchow's node Rudolf Virchow internal medicine, oncology Various abdominal malignancies, especially stomach cancer Virchow's node at Who Named It? Enlargement of the left supraclavicular lymph node (=Troisier's sign)
V Virchow's triad Rudolf Virchow hematology etiology of thrombosis Hypercoagulability, Hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence) and Endothelial injury/dysfunction
V Von Braun-Fernwald's sign Karl von Braun-Fernwald obstetrics pregnancy softening of the uterine fundus at the site of implantation at 4–5 weeks gestation
V Von Graefe sign Albrecht von Graefe endocrinology Graves' disease ' lid lag'; immobility of upper lid on downward gaze
W Wada test Juhn Atsushi Wada neurology epilepsy, anatomical lesions of cerebrum Wada's test at Who Named It? short acting barbiturate injected in internal carotid; lateralizes language function
W Waddell's signs G. Waddell primary care, psychiatry chronic pain identify non-organic sources of low back pain
W Waddell's triad J.P. Waddell paediatric trauma child pedestrian stuck by motor vehicle Head trauma, thoracic and/or abdominal trauma, femoral fracture
W Watson's water hammer pulse Thomas Watson cardiology aortic regurgitation J. Suvarna Watson's water hammer pulse Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2008-04-01 bounding forceful pulse elicited with postural manoeuvres
W Westermark sign ? pulmonology pulmonary embolism Area of oligaemia on chest x-ray
W Whipple's triad Allen Whipple endocrinology hypoglycemia 1.symptoms associated with hypoglycaemia 2. measured low serum glucose 3. relief of symptoms with administration of glucose p.o. or iv
W Wickham's striae Louis Frédéric Wickham dermatology lichen planus white or greyish lines on the lichen planus lesions
W Widal test Georges-Fernand Widal microbiology enteric fever serum agglutination; obsolete(?)
W Winterbottom's sign Thomas Masterman Winterbottom tropical medicine trypanosomiasis posterior cervical chain adenopathy
W Wolff–Parkinson–White triad Sir John Parkinson,
Paul Dudley White,
Louis Wolff cardiology supraventricular tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at Who Named It? pre-excitation on ECG
W Wright's maneuver ? (needed)
Y Yeoman's test ? rheumatology sacroiliitis (needed) sacroiliac pain on rotation of ilium and extension of hip
mechanism of flushing in niacin
Some of niacin’s effects on FFAs may be because of its properties as a high-affinity agonist for the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR109A protein-upregulated in macrophages by interferon-γ (PUMA-G) in mice (20–22). In humans, GPR109A is expressed in adipocytes, dermal immune cells (Langerhans) and macrophages, but not in the liver (23). Mice that lack the PUMA-G GPR109A receptor do not show improvements in lipid parameters after niacin treatment (21). Whether this mechanism operates in humans is unclear because of rebound lipolysis that occurs after the acute initial reduction (24). There is strong evidence that activation of the GPR109A (12) receptor in Langerhans cells (13) leads to flushing, even though the antilipolytic effects of niacin are likely mediated through GPR109A receptors in the adipocytes.
A significant portion of the effects of niacin on flushing results from activation of the niacin receptor G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) in dermal Langerhans cells (12,13), leading to the production of prostaglandins, including prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which act on receptors in the capillaries. Flushing is characterised by cutaneous vasodilatation and manifests itself as redness or warmth of the skin, sometimes accompanied by tingling or itching. The onset of flushing can occur rapidly and usually lasts about 1 h. It is a transient, non-allergic response, but it may result in patient discomfort Mice that lack the PUMA-G GPR109A receptor do not flush when administered niacin, but can flush after the receptor is restored in immune cells following a bone marrow transplant from normal mice
Flushing is not unique to niacin; it has also been reported frequently by patients taking phosphodiesterase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), adenosine and tretinoin
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) was defined as the disease caused by tuberculous bacilli resistant to both Rifampicin and Isoniazid (two key first line drugs) on culture and sensitivity report. Extensive drug resistant tuberculosis (EXDR TB) was defined as multidrug resistant tuberculosis that is also resistant to at least three of the six classes of second line antituberculous drugs
After the spine, weight bearing joints of lower limb like knee, hip and ankle are the most frequent sites involved by osteoarticular tuberculosis
Radio logically metaphyseal infection (osteomyelitis) presented with typical osteolytic areas abutting joint articular surfaces. Tuberculous arthritis of early stages presented with nonspecific findings like osteoporosis and soft tissue swelling. The radiographic features of cystic expansion of the short tubular bones of hand and feet are termed as "spina ventosa". Though this lesion is typically found in tubercular dactylytis in children,10 but found among the adult patients as well.
Non-radioactive iodide (I-127) as protection from unwanted radioiodine uptake by the thyroid
Thyroid iodine uptake blockade with potassium iodide is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinognen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain iodine, but not in the iodide form. However, since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive iodide, it is common to administer non-radioactive potassium iodide to insure that iodide from these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by the normal affinity of the thryoid for iodide.
Potassium iodide has been distributed to populations exposed to nuclear fission accidents such as the Chernobyl disaster. The iodide solution SSKI, a saturated solution of potassium (K) iodide in water, has been used to block absorption of the radioiodine (it has no effect on other radioisotopes from fission). Tablets containing potassium iodide are now also manufactured and stocked in central disaster sites by some governments for this purpose. In theory, many harmful late-cancer effects of nuclear fallout might be prevented in this way, since an excess of thyroid cancers, presumably due to radioiodine uptake, is the only proven radioisotope contamination effect after a fission accident, or from contamination by fallout from an atomic bomb (prompt radiation from the bomb also cases other cancers, such as leukemias, directly). Taking large amounts of iodide saturates thyroid receptors and prevents uptake of most radioactive iodine-131 that may be present from fission product exposure (although it does not protect from other radioisotopes, nor from any other form of direct radiation). The protective effect of KI lasts approximately 24 hours, so must be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodines from fission products no longer exists.[5][6] Iodine-131 (the most common radioiodine contaminant in fallout) also decays relatively rapidly with a half-life of eight days, so that 99.95% of the original radioiodine has vanished after three months.
Table
vascular origin and stroke syndromes
Middle Cerebral Artery
Ataxic Hemiparesis
Gerstmann Syndrome (Gerstmann Syndrome)
Middle Cerebral Artery - Inferior Division
Middle Aerebral Artery - Superior Division
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Alexia without Agraphia
Balint Syndrome (Balint Syndrome)
Claude Syndrome
Cortical Blindness (Anton Syndome)
Posterior Cerebral Artery - Unilateral Occipital
Thalamic Pain Syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome)
Weber Syndrome (Weber Syndrome)
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Lateral Pontine Syndrome (Marie-Foix Syndrome)
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg Syndrome)
Basilar Artery
Ataxic Hemiparesis
Cortical Blindness (Anton Syndome)
Inferior Medial Pontine Syndrome (Foville Syndrome)
Lateral Pontine Syndrome (Marie-Foix Syndrome)
Locked-in Syndrome
Medial Medullary Syndrome (Dejerine Syndrome)
Ventral Pontine Syndrome (Raymond Syndrome)
Ventral Pontine Syndrome (Millard-Gubler Syndrome)
Vertebral Artery
Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg Syndrome)
Medial Medullary Syndrome (Dejerine Syndrome)
Anterior Spinal Artery
Medial medullary Syndrome (Dejerine Syndrome)
Anatomy
second most frequent lacunar syndrome)
Cerebral hemisphere: Posterior limb of external capsule, Pons: Basis pontis
Vascular
Middle cerebral artery: Small penetrating arteries
Basilar artery: Small penetrating arteries
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Contralateral Weakness – upper and lower extremity
Contralateral Ataxia – arm and leg
Notes
Weakness usually more prominent in leg than arm; extensor plantar response; no facial involvement or dysarthria. Other locations include thalamocapsular lesions, red nucleus, anterior cerebral artery distribution. Also called “homolateral ataxia and crural paresis.”
Eponym
Gerstmann Syndrome
Anatomy
Cerebral hemisphere: Dominant parietal lobe
Vascular
Middle cerebral artery
Signs & Symptoms
Agraphia (inability to write)
Acalculia (inability to calculate)
Right-left confusion
Finger agnosia (inability to recognize fingers)
Ideomotor apraxia
Vascular
Middle cerebral artery: Inferior Division
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Contralateral Visual loss – homonymous hemianopia
Contralateral Visual loss – upper quadrant anopsia
Contralateral Constructional apraxia Non-dominant hemisphere
Contralateral Aphasia – receptive Dominant hemisphere (Wernicke’s area)
Anatomy
Cerebral hemisphere: Left occipital region plus splenium of corpus collosum
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery: Collosal branches
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Neither Alexia Splenium of corpus collosum
Contralateral Visual loss – homonymous hemianopia Left occipital region
alexia
occurs when damage to the brain causes a patient to lose the ability to read.[1] It is also called word blindness, text blindness or visual aphasia.[2]
Those who suffer from "alexia" and "developmental dyslexia" can have similar difficulties, however, "alexia" refers to an acquired reading disability, where reading ability had previously been developed, usually occurring in adulthood conditions, while "developmental dyslexia" refers to developmental reading disability.[3][4]
Balint Syndrome
Anatomy
Cerebral hemisphere: Bilateral parietal-occipital lobes
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery: Bilateral
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation
Both Loss of voluntary but not reflex eye movements
Both Optic ataxia – poor visual-motor coordination
Both Asimultagnosia – inability to understand visual objects
it occurs rarely. The most frequent cause of complete Bálint's syndrome is said by some to be sudden and severe hypotension, resulting in bilateral borderzone infarction in the occipito-parietal region.
Claude Syndrome
Anatomy
Midbrain: Tegmentum
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation
Contralateral Ataxia – arm and leg
Notes
ipsilateral Oculomotor palsy with contralateral tremor and ataxia, lower facial and shoulder muscle palsy, contralateral hemiparesis
Anton Syndrome
Anatomy
Cerebral hemisphere: Bilateral occipital lobes
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery: Bilateral
Basilar artery: Top of the basilar
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation
Both Visual loss – bilateral
Both Unawareness or denial of blindness
also called anton babinski syndrome
Anatomy
Cerebral hemisphere: Occipital and infero-medial temporal lobes
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation
Contralateral Visual loss – homonymous hemianopia Optic pathway, calcarine cortex
Notes
Visual field defects are frequently the only neurological abnormalities. Other associated syndromes: alexia without agraphia, visual or color anomia.
Peripheral Territory Lesions
Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
cortical blindness with bilateral involvement of the occipital lobe branches
visual agnosia
prosopagnosia
dyslexia, Anomic aphasia, color naming and discrimination problems
memory defect
topographic disorientation
Central Territory Lesions
central post-stroke (thalamic) pain: spontaneous pain, dysesthesias and sensory impairments
involuntary movements: chorea, intention tremor, hemiballismus
contralateral hemiplegia
Weber’s syndrome: superior alternating hemiplegia) is a form of stroke characterized by the presence of an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia, contralateral parkinsonism (lesion in midbrain)
Bálint's syndrome: loss of voluntary eye movements optic ataxia, asimultagnosia (inability to understand visual objects
Weber Syndrome
Anatomy
Midbrain: Base
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery: Penetrating branches to midbrain
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Contralateral Weakness – upper and lower extremity Corticospinal tract
Ipsilateral Lateral gaze weakness CN 3
associated substantia nigra injury so contralateral parkinsonism and contralateral lower face weakness
Dejerine-Roussy syndrome
Anatomy
Thalamus
Vascular
Posterior cerebral artery: Penetrating branches to thalamus
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Contralateral Hemisensory loss – all modalities
Contralateral Hemi-body pain
Marie-Foix Syndrome
Vascular
Basilar artery: Long circumferential branches
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Ipsilateral Ataxia – arm and leg Cerebellar tracts
Contralateral Weakness – upper and lower extremity Corticospinal tracts
Contralateral Hemisensory loss – pain and temperature Spinothalamic tract
Notes
Lesion in the lateral pons, including the middle cerebellar peduncle.
Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia due to involvement of cerebellar tracts
Contralateral hemiparesis due to corticospinal tract involvement
Variable contralateral hemihypesthesia for pain and temperature due to spinothalamic tract involvement
facial nucleus involved causes facial palsy
vestibulocochlear nuclei causes ipsilateral central deafness and nystagmus,vertigo
Eponym
Wallenberg Syndrome
Vascular
Vertebral artery: Distal branches
Vertebral artery: Superior lateral medullary artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery: Less common than vertebral
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Ipsilateral Sensory loss – face – pain and temperature CN 5 nucleus
Ipsilateral Facial pain CN 5 nucleus
Ipsilateral Ataxia – arm and leg Restiform body, cerebellum
Ipsilateral Gait ataxia Restiform body, cerebellum
Ipsilateral Nystagmus Vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral Nausea / vomiting Vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral Vertigo Vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral Horseness Nucleus ambiguus nucleus ambiguus - (which affects vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve - localizing lesion (all other deficits are present in lateral pontine syndrome as well)
Ipsilateral Dysphagia Nucleus ambiguus
Ipsilateral Horner syndrome Descending sympathetics
Contralateral Hemisensory loss – pain and temperature Spinothalamic tract
Neither Hiccups
Foville Syndrome
Anatomy
Pons: Unilateral lesion in the dorsal pontine tegmentum in the caudal third of the pons
Vascular
Basilar artery: Paramedian branches
Basilar artery: Short circumferential arteries
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Contralateral Weakness – upper and lower extremity Corticospinal tract
Ipsilateral Weakness – face – entire side VII nucleus / fascicle
Ipsilateral Lateral gaze weakness PPRF or CN VI nucleus
Notes
Unilateral lesion in the dorsal pontine tegmentum in the caudal third of the pons.
Contralateral hemiplegia (with facial sparing) due to corticospinal tract involvement
Ispilateral peripheral-type facial palsy, due to cranial nerve VII nucleus/fascicle involvement
Inability to move the eyes conjugately to the ipsilateral side due to paramedian pontine reticular formation and/or abducens nerve nucleus involvement. That is, patient is unable to look toward the lesion, internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
Anatomy
Bilateral ventral pons
Vascular
Basilar artery
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Both Weakness – upper and lower extremity Quadriplegia: bilateral cortical spinal tracts
Both Weakness – face – entire side Bilateral corticobulbar tracts
Neither Lateral gaze weakness Bilateral fascicles of CN VI
Neither Dysarthria Bilateral corticobulbar tracts
Notes
Bilateral ventral pons lesions (iscemic or hemorrhagic) may result in this deefferented state, with preserved consciousness and sensation, but paralysis of all movements except vertical gaze and eyelid opening.
Quadriplegia due to bilateral corticospinal tract involvement
Aphonia due to corticobulbar tract involvement to lower cranial nerve nuclei
Occasionally, impairment of horizontal eye movements due to bilateral involvement of the fasciclesof cranial nerve
Reticular formation is spared, so the patient is typically fully awake. The supranuclear ocular motor pathways lie dorsally, so that vertical eye movements and blinking are intact.
Millard-Gubler Syndrome
Anatomy
Pons: Basis pontis and fascicles of CN VI amd VII
Vascular
Basilar artery: Short circumferential branches
Basilar artery: Paramedian branches
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Contralateral Weakness – upper and lower extremity Pyramidal tract
Ipsilateral Lateral gaze weakness CN VI
Ipsilateral Weakness – face – entire side CN VII
Notes
A unilateral lesion of the ventrocaudal pons may invovle the basis pontis and the fascicles of cranial nerves VI and VII. Symptoms include:
Contralateral hemiplegia (sparing the face) due to pyramidal tract involvement
Ipsilateral lateral rectus palsy with diplopia that is accentuated when the patient looks toward the lesion, due to cranial nerve VI involvement.
Ipsilateral peripheral facial paresis, due to cranial nerve VII involvement.
Eponym
Raymond Syndrome
Anatomy
Pons: Ventral medial pons
Vascular
Basilar artery: Paramedian branches
Signs & Symptoms
Side Manifestation Comments
Ipsilateral Lateral gaze weakness CN VI
Contralateral Weakness – upper and lower extremity Pyramidal tract
Notes
Raymond Syndrome (Alternating abducens hemiplegia) A unilateral lesion of the ventral medial pons, which affects the ipsilateral abducens nerve fascicles and the corticospinal tract but spares cranial nerve VII.
Ipsiplateral lateral rectus paresis, due to cranial nerve VI involvement
Contralateral hemipegia, sparing the face, due to pyramidal tract involvement
Runyon I: Photochromogens
Runyon I organisms (photochromogens) are slow growing, and produce a yellow-orange pigment when exposed to light. Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium simiae
my mnemonic simi took photo with kansas and asia marines
Runyon II: Scotochromogens
Runyon II organisms (s