TTIP FAQ – Negotiation phase
(Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership)
- Latest update: 7 November 2013 -
- The pre-negotiation phase TTIP FAQ can be accessed here -
1. Upcoming meetings, events & studies
A rescheduled second negotiation round is planned from 11 – 15 November 2013 in Brussels, both USTR and the European Commission have issued press releases. A press conference is scheduled for 15 November at 15.30 hours CET to be broadcasted live via Europe by Satellite.
A formal third round is expected to be held from 16 – 20 December 2013 in Washington DC with a so-called ‘political stocktaking’ meeting taking place in early 2014;
The US International Trade Committee (USITC) will investigate and produce a report on trade-related barriers that US small-and-medium enterprises perceive as disproportionally affecting their exports to the EU; this report should be prepared by 31 January 2014, a report due on 26 September 2013 on ‘on the Probable Economic Effect of Providing Duty-​Free Treatment for Imports‘ is still to be released after the shutdown delayed its publication;
The European Parliament plans to present a study early 2014 on its role in the envisaged closer Regulatory Cooperation to be included in TTIP; the Parliament’s International Trade Committee is currently working on a request for a study by the Parliament’s services into the Commission’s formal impact assessment;
Political groups in the European Parliament for now have decided not to adopt another political Resolution on TTIP in the current Parliamentary legislature.
2. Outlook to second negotiation round: 11 – 15 November, Brussels
Generally the ongoing revelations on the NSA and PRISM programs, the spying of European government leaders, interception of data flows of US data companies have dominated the TTIP debate;
The President of the European Parliament, on his own behalf, called on EU government leaders to freeze the negotiations given the ongoing worrying NSA revelations. Neither the European Parliament, the Commission nor the Council has voiced similar positions, and so far the talks will continue;
So far all players involved seek to keep the NSA / data protection discussions on a parallel track from the TTIP negotiations, as most recently voiced by the Commission Vice-President Reding in a speech at Yale University, the Commission has not received any formal request from any EU Member State to consider including data protection in the TTIP talks;
It is important to note that data protection is NOT included in the Commission negotiating mandate and therefore cannot be include in TTIP;
After the initial second round of talks (from 7-10 October) was postponed due to the US Federal Government shutdown both sides are happy to continue the formal talks (both face to face and via digital video conferences) in order to get the process back on track (keeping an eye on the very ambitious timetable that both parties set out);
The impression is that the first negotiation round in Washington, despite statements made by the parties at the time (see below) has not been really substantial and focused on the necessary preparatory work and structuring and organization of the talks;
Discussions since then have moved forward and positions on new topics have been exchanged, Commission officials report that not much substantial progress has been made;
During the summer months especially USTR has continued its consultation with the US Trade Community on TTIP, the Commission seems to have taken a more relaxed approach;
Regulatory barriers to trade are a key Commission point of focus, whilst not aiming to set up a transatlantic single market. Commissioner De Gucht’s proposal for the establishment of a new Regulatory Cooperation Council (presented during this speech in the Czech Republic) will probably be discussed;
It is widely expected that the negotiators this round will focus on reaching an agreement on which sectors will be tackled in terms of regulatory cooperation and coherence, these are likely to include: automotive, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment and machinery;
EU and US standard making bodies CEN/CENELEC and ANSI are seeking ways to cooperate; this will feed in to the talks and their plan depends on the scope of the regulatory cooperation efforts;
The talks will also focus on energy (raw materials, access to U.S. LNG), services and investment protection, especially the inclusion of Investor to State Dispute Settlement mechanisms (ISDS) are controversial in the EU – prompting the Commission the publish two fact sheets (see below). ISDS are covered by the current Commission mandate.
The EU does not envisage is fully fledged IPR chapter in TTIP.
Whether rules on financial services will be included in TTIP is another item likely to be discussed during this round. EU Internal Market Commissioner Barnier has expressed the EU’s insistence on this;
Prior to the scheduled October talks the Parliament received several new EU position papers, these are not public.
3. Past meetings and events
On 6 November 2013 the Commission briefed the Parliament’s US Monitoring Group on the upcoming formal 2nd round of talks;
On 14 October 2013 the Parliament’s International Trade Committee organized a public hearing on the regulatory part of TTIP, here’s the agenda.
An initial formal second negotiation round, from 7 – 11 October in Brussels, was cancelled because of the US Federal Government shutdown;
A Commission stakeholder meeting scheduled for 9 October 2013 was postponed because of the cancellation of second round of talks;
On 30 September 2013, US Trade Representative Michael Froman visited Brussels where he met with EU Trade Commissioner, Karel de Gucht to discuss the upcoming round of TTIP negotiations. Froman also spoke about TTIP at a meeting hosted by the German Marshall Fund (speech here);
On 4 September 2013 the US Monitoring Group of the International Trade Committee of the European Parliament met with the Commission negotiators to reflect on the first negotiation round that took place from 8-11 July in Washington DC. This meeting was not open to the public;
On 30 July 2013, US Trade Representative Michael Froman discussed TTIP at length with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, providing new details of the USTR position (Video recording);
On 18 July 2013 a hearing on the US President’s Trade Policy Agenda took place in the House Ways and Means Committee. (Video recording); the Committee has received extensive written answers from USTR to some of the questions posed, published on September 16th. Read them here:
On 16 July 2013 the European Commission organized a Civil Society dialogue to discuss the first negotiation round. (Minutes of the meeting);
The Commission published a number of TTIP initial position papers, which were also presented to the American negotiators. These official documents can be found here.
From 8 to 11 July 2013 in Washington DC US and EU negotiators met for the first round of formal negotiations. The first round was likely to focus on the framework of the negotiations and the scope of TTIP;
On 25 June in Brussels, the European Commission informed the ‘US Monitoring Group’ about the upcoming round of negotiations. This group was set up specifically to deal with TTIP and consists of delegates from the International Trade Committee (“INTA”) of the European Parliament. The meeting was not open to the public. The Commission will report on the first round of negotiations at the beginning of September. INTA will receive all the documents that the member states receive. In this way, the Parliament will remain involved and informed;
4. Review: First negotiation round: 8-11 July, Washington DC
EU and US negotiators met in Washington DC from 8-11 July. A joint press release was issued on the first day. The opening remarks by the United States Trade Representative (USTR), Mr. Michael Froman can be read here. A joint USTR, Commission update was published on 10 July. A joint press conference took place on 12 July.
According to the Lithuanian Presidency of the European Council 24 working groups have been established to streamline the negotiations. On 24 July the commission published the names of the chief negotiators. USTR has already published a list of lead negotiators.
Negotiators discussed the following topics on 8 July: investment, government procurement, cross-border services, textiles, rules of origin, energy and raw materials and legal issues (source: USTR).
Negotiators discussed the following topics on 9 July: sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, market access and industrial goods, government procurement, cross-border services, investment, and energy and raw materials. The negotiating groups on labor and environment also will hold a joint session (source: USTR).
Negotiators have met several times to discuss investments (daily), labor and SPS measures.
According to negotiators the talks so far have been of a technical nature, in terms of exchanging factual information, common practices on each side and how to streamline the negotiating process.
Both U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman and Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht will stay closely involved, while giving the negotiators space to do their job.
According to trade info portal insidetrade.com talks on detailed matters such as how to schedule trade liberalization commitments were also included. On services for example the US favors the “negative list” approach while the EU favors the “positive lists” approach, explicitly stating which areas are included in a final deal.
Regulators from US sides were involved in the talks: Food and Drug Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Telecommunications Commission and the Department of Transportation (source: insidestrade.com), from the EU side the DG’s Health and Consumers, Agriculture and Rural Development, Internal Market and Services, and Enterprises and Industry took part in the talks.
On 10 July an open stakeholder meeting was organized by USTR, attended by both the EU and US top negotiators
On 16 July the European Commission hosted an “ad hoc meeting” to update ‘on the Transatlantic and Investment Partnership – First Negotiation Round’.
5. State of play / timeline
The first phase – or ‘pre-negotiation phase’ was concluded with the granting of a negotiating mandate by the European Member States to the European Commission, and by the expiration of the 90-day consultation period (on 18 June 2013) of the US Congress after the Obama administration formally notified it of its intent to engage in trade negotiations with the EU. The second phase – or ‘negotiation phase’ started with the first talks on July 8th in Washington DC, a new second round is scheduled from 11-15 October in Brussels. The US side was not yet allowed to hold ‘market access’ discussion until the US International Trade Committee (“ITC”) publishes its impact investigation (upon request of the United States Trade Representative (“USTR”), the US negotiator) (formally due on 26 September 2013) so this could be addressed during the upcoming November negotiations.
The European Commission, as the exclusive negotiator for the European Union, has a binding obligation to duly inform the European Parliament before and after the negotiation rounds and will also share the final negotiating mandate with the INTA committee and other key documents, provided that the EU’s strategic position will not be undermined.
In the US the White House has indicated it intends to request so-called “Trade Promotion Authority” (“TPA”) or “Fast Track”, from the US Congress (where the House Ways and Means Committee is in the lead), by which the Congress agrees to a simplified consideration procedure for the negotiated trade deal, meaning that no amendments can be made and it has a limited amount of time to approve or reject the agreement. So far (7 November 2013) Congress has no yet received nor considered a White House TPA request relating to TTIP. Discussions on TPA in the context of the Trans-Pacific Partnership have started.
Commissioner De Gucht still envisages concluding negotiations by the end of 2014, though he has called for TTIP becoming a ‘living instrument’. The first political stocktaking moment is scheduled for early 2014 after the first three formal negotiation rounds, by that time negotiators expect to have a clear picture of the final scope of TTIP. Don’t expect the current European Parliament voting on any deal, the next 8th Parliament will be presented with a final vote on a deal.
6. Key figures/data
Data: CEPR
Total bilateral trade in goods between the EU and US in 2011 amounted to €455 billion, with a positive balance for the EU of just over €72 billion.
The US was the EU’s third largest supplier, selling it €192 billion of goods (representing around 11% of total EU imports) and the EU’s main export market, buying €264 billion of EU goods (representing around 17% of total EU exports).
Top sectors for trade in goods for the EU were machinery and transport equipment (some €71 billion of imports and €104 billion of exports), followed by chemicals (roughly €41 billion of imports and €62 billion of exports).
In 2011 trade in commercial services was worth €282.3 billion (according to the latest available figures from Eurostat) with a positive balance for the EU of €5.5 billion.
The US was the EU’s top partner for trade in commercial services, with its imports reaching €138.4 billion (around 29% of total EU imports) and its exports €143.9 billion (around 24% of total EU exports).
In total, the commercial exchanges of goods and services across the Atlantic average almost €2 billion per day.
In 2008 around 5 million jobs across the EU were supported by exports of goods and services to the US market.
In 2011, US companies invested around €150 billion in the EU and EU firms some €123 billion in the US. In the same year, the US stock of investments in the EU reached over €1.3 trillion and the total of EU stock of investments in US over €1.4 trillion.
An ambitious and comprehensive TTIP could generate 119 billion Euros in economic gains for the EU as a whole every year. This translates on average to 545 Euros of disposable income each year for a family of four in the EU. A Comprehensive TTIP would also structurally increase salaries for both skilled and unskilled workers by 0.5% on average. Aside from wages, the agreement would also stimulate the growth of jobs due to the increased output in most industry sectors.
The TTIP would boost exports in almost all sectors, but would be especially beneficial to certain sectors in both the EU and the US. In the motor vehicles sector, EU imports are expected to go up by 42% and exports by 43%. EU exports of motor vehicles to the US would increase by 149%. Other EU sectors that have a lot to gain from the TTIP by increased sales to the rest of the world would be the metal products (+12%), processed foods (+9%), chemicals (+9%), other manufactured goods (+6%) and other transport equipment (+6) sectors.
7. Transparency
Based on Article 207 (3) and Article 208 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU“) the European Parliament has to give its consent to any international agreement, including trade agreements, before these can enter into force. While the Parliament is not officially engaged in the negotiations with the US the European Commission has a binding obligation to fully inform the Parliaments about the progress and process of the negotiations (before and after each negotiation round). The Parliament has made it very clear in its two resolutions of October 2012 and May 2013 that maximum transparency and involvement of all stakeholders is required in order to build trust and legitimacy of both the negotiations and the outcome:
“Recalls the need for proactive outreach and continuous and transparent engagement by the Commission with a wide range of stakeholders, including business, environmental, agricultural, consumer, labor and other representatives, throughout the negotiation process, in order to ensure fact-based discussions, build trust in the negotiations, obtain proportionate input from various sides, and foster public support by taking stakeholders’ concerns into consideration; encourages all stakeholders to actively participate and to put forward initiatives and information relevant to the negotiations;”
8. Bottlenecks
SPS measures, food & product safety regulation
Both the EU and the US have high standards for food and product safety regulation. The EU treaty includes the so-called ‘precautionary principle’ (Art. 191 TFEU) that seeks to enable a rapid response by authorities in case of a direct danger to human, animal or pant health, or to protect the environment. The principle leads to preventive decision-making (‘better safe than sorry’) in the case of risk, which means that certain products are not allowed to be exported to the EU. The EU can invoke the principle if a scientific “evaluation does not allow the risk to be determined with sufficient certainty”, and puts the burden of proof on the manufacturer of the product to show there is no danger. The EU has invoked the precautionary principle to ban the import of US hormone-treated beef. Other areas of concern are chlorine-washed chicken, cherries, molluscan shellfish, tallow, raw milk and genetically modified/engineered crops (GMO/GE). High levels of consumer protection and current practices will make it difficult for both sides to compromise or adapt standards on these highly sensitive issues.
Public procurement
The EU and the US (except for 13 of the 50 individual States) have both signed up to the revised Agreement on Government Procurement (“GPA“), currently being implemented. The GPA rules and coverage will be the baseline for the procurement chapter in TTIP. Public procurement in the US is not a competence of the Federal Government, which cannot bind public procurement markets of the individual States. This is a concern for the EU which has a major interest in the opening up of US State procurement markets and wants TTIP to be binding on all levels of government. The EU is specifically worried about existing “Buy America (n) clauses which excludes EU companies from tendering. The US also maintains a preferential regime for national SME’s (Small and Medium seize Enterprises). Under the revised GPA commitments (yet to be implemented) only 32% (178 bln. EUR) of the US procurement market is open for EU businesses (source: EC estimates). The new GPA has not changed the current commitments of the US at state level, with the coverage in the 37 States varying but excluding the procurement of cities, municipalities (in charge of procurement in the domain of utilities). The EU’s public procurement market is de jure open.
Air and maritime transport
While it is impossible for EU airlines to hold more than 25% of an US carrier and the US cabotage market is totally closed to EU business both in air and maritime transport, the reverse does not hold for the EU. This has serious negative effects also on the EU express and courier services industry. Many of the additional regulatory barriers stakeholders brought to the attention of the Commission are on the US sub-federal (i.e. state) level. For the maritime sector the US Jones Act establishes the biggest barrier. The Jones Act (formally The U.S. Merchant Marine Act 1920) is a 1920 law that protects the U.S. maritime industry from competition. It also raises costs for many other industries, keeps foreign ships from helping when disasters like the BP oil spill strike. The Jones Act requires all waterborne shipping between US ports to be carried out by vessels built in the US and these vessels have to be owned, registered and operated by Americans. As a consequence of the Jones Act and its subsequent revisions, the European shipbuilding industry including ship repair and maintenance has been effectively excluded from selling vessels to be used in American coastwise trades. If the Jones Act would be partially lifted for European ship types, the European shipbuilding industry (including ship maintenance and repair, marine equipment) will be able to enter a new ‘market’ and to compete with the US industry on a fair level playing field.
9. Intellectual Property Rights
TTIP will inevitably include provision on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in order to protect the interests of European businesses in the United States and vice-versa. You can watch a recording of an event I hosted on May 15th in the European Parliament on “What role for IPR in TTIP” via this link. The European Commission has made it clear it does not want to include online copyright enforcement provisions in TTIP. An official summary of a so-called ‘civil society dialogue’ on IPRs in trade negotiations with the US (and Japan) can be read here. The Commission has repeatedly stressed it does not seek a fully-fledged IPR chapter in TTIP.
European Trade Commissioner De Gucht has made the following statements in the International Trade Committee on TTIP and ACTA:
“ACTA, one of the nails in my coffin. I’m not going to reopen that discussion. Really, I mean, I am not a masochist. I’m not planning to do that.”
“If the Commission advances new basic legislation, which I think she should, we will revisit the question, but I’m not going to do this by the back door”.
The approved negotiating mandate explicitly states in paragraph 30 that:
“The Agreement shall not include provisions on criminal sanctions”.
10. Key positions (** latest additions)
EU:
** Joint BUSINESSEUROPE, NAM and TABC letter on Trade Secrets in the TTIP – http://www.businesseurope.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=568&DocID=32257
** Open letter to Commission, CEN / CENELEC – http://www.geosynthetica.net/wp-content/uploads/CEN-CENELEC-Open-Letter-20131004.pdf
** Position paper TTIP and technical barriers to trade, CEN / CENELEC – http://www.cencenelec.eu/News/Policy_Opinions/PolicyOpinions/PositionPaperTTIP.pdf
** A Brave New Transatlantic Partnership, Seattle to Brussels Network – http://www.s2bnetwork.org/fileadmin/dateien/downloads/Brave_New_Atlantic_Partnership.pdf
Full list of contributions submitted to a public consultation round by the European Commission following the HLWG – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/july/tradoc_149761.pdf
European Commission initial TTIP position papers published after the first round of negotiations – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=943
Association for Ships and Maritime Equipment, SEA Europe – http://www.marietjeschaake.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/20130405-SEA-Europe-position-paper-for-TTIP-on-the-Jones-Act.pdf
FoodDrinkEurope – ‘Europe’s Food Manufacturers welcome EU – USA trade talks. http://www.fooddrinkeurope.eu/news/press-release/europes-food-manufacturers-welcome-eu-usa-trade-talks/
European Chemical Industry Council CEFIC – ‘Kick-off of EU-US Free Trade Agreement at G8 summit’ http://www.cefic.org/newsroom/top-story/20121/Kick-off-of-EU-US-free-trade-negotiations-at-G8-Summit/
Medica Technology Industry (AdvaMed, COCIR, Eucomed, EDMA, MITA) http://insidetrade.com/iwpfile.html?file=apr2013%2Fwto2013_1148a.pdf
IATP (Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy) position: http://www.iatp.org/files/2013_06_25_US_EU_letter.pdf
Orgalime (European Engineering Industries Association): http://www.orgalime.org/position/negotiations-comprehensive-transatlantic-trade-and-investment-partnership
(Something missing? Please send your suggestions to marietje.schaake@europarl.europa.eu)
US:
** Joint BUSINESSEUROPE, NAM and TABC letter on Trade Secrets in the TTIP – http://www.businesseurope.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=568&DocID=32257
** ANSI Supports Continued Dialogue on Standards for EU-U.S. Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, American National Standard Institute – http://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=3754
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations AFL-CIO – http://www.aflcio.org/content/download/83241/2300531/AFL-CIO+Comments+on+TTIP+%26+Request+to+Testify+May13.docx.pdf
National Association of Manufacturers, NAM – http://www.nam.org/~/media/26CB9C76E98C4284A9D45AEF21849587/JT_Letter_to_POTUS_on_EU.pdf
Business Coalition for Transatlantic Trade (BCTT) – http://insidetrade.com/iwpfile.html?file=apr2013%2Fwto2013_1127a.pdf
Medical Technology Industry (AdvaMed, COCIR, Eucomed, EDMA, MITA) http://insidetrade.com/iwpfile.html?file=apr2013%2Fwto2013_1148a.pdf
American Automotive Policy Council (AAPC) – http://insidetrade.com/iwpfile.html?file=apr2013%2Fwto2013_1151a.pdf
U.S. Food and Agricultural Groups – http://insidetrade.com//index.php?option=com_iwpfile&file=apr2013/wto2013_1196.pdf
Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation – http://insidetrade.com/iwpfile.html?file=apr2013%2Fwto2013_1266a.pdf
Financial Services Sector – http://www.sifma.org/workarea/downloadasset.aspx?id=8589943558
(Something missing? Please send your suggestions to marietje.schaake@europarl.europa.eu)
11. Short history of TTIP
In 2011 the U.S. and the EU jointly established a High Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth (HLWG) tasked with a scoping exercise into measures and sectors that could strengthen and optimize the transatlantic economy in order to create new jobs and economic growth. As the world’s largest trading partners (50% of world GDP) with bilateral trade flows representing 33% of world trade the benefits were expected to be huge and could alleviate the burdens of the financial and economic crisis that hit both the EU and the US. Moreover, in rapidly changing world with emerging economies displaying a more active role in global trade and politics a deepened transatlantic partnership also brings strategic benefits and robustness. The HLWG issued an interim report of the scoping exercise in June, reporting good progress, and recommended to transatlantic political leaders to launch formal negotiations as soon as possible. During his state of the Union address on February 12th President Obama politically endorsed the talk. On March 20th the US Administration formally notified the US Congress of its intend to start negotiations with the EU on a trade and investment agreement, kicking of a 90-day consultation allowing formal negotiations to start upon its expiry. On June 14th the 27 EU Trade Ministers handed gave the European Commission a broad mandate to negotiate on their behalf with the Americans. The European Parliament has adopted two political resolutions to feed into the final mandate. After the conclusion of the talks all EU Member States and the European Parliament have to approve the agreement. In the US the deal is subject to Congressional approval.
12. Official documents (** latest additions)
** October 2013 – Commission fact sheet on the Investor State Dispute Settlement mechanism – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/october/tradoc_151791.pdf and http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/october/tradoc_151790.pdf
** September 2013 – Commission fact sheet on ‘The Economic analysis of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) explained‘ http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/september/tradoc_151787.pdf
** July 2013 – Commission fact sheet on ‘ACTA vs TTIP’ – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/july/tradoc_151673.pdf
June 2013 – approved negotiating mandate for the European Commission of 14 June 2013 – http://www.marietjeschaake.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/TTIP-mandate.pdf
May 2013 – Commission Memo on the audiovisual sector and TTIP – http://blogs.r.ftdata.co.uk/brusselsblog/files/2013/06/non-paper-guarantees-of-the-treatment-of-AV-in-TTIP-1.pdf
May 2013 – European Parliament Resolution on draft Commission Mandate – http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2013-0227&language=EN&ring=B7-2013-0187
April 2013 – European Parliament impact assessment of Commission Impact assessment of TTIP – http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=92710
March 2013 – European Commission – Staff Working Document – Impact Assessment Report on the future of EU-US trade relations – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150759.pdf
March 2013 – Notification letter to the US Congress by the United States Trade Representative – http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/USA_EU/Negotiations/03202013_TTIP_Notification_Letter.PDF
February 2013 – Final report of the High Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/february/tradoc_150519.pdf
October 2012 – European Parliament Resolution on report High Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth – http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2012-0388&language=EN
June 2012 – Interim report of the High Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/june/tradoc_149557.pdf
13. Studies on the impact on TTIP
(Something missing? Please send your suggestions to marietje.schaake@europarl.europa.eu)(** latest additions)
** August 2013 – United States Government Accountability Office, International Regulatory Cooperation – http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/656488.pdf
** August 2013 – The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, How much will PRISM cost the US cloud computing industry – http://www2.itif.org/2013-cloud-computing-costs.pdf
** July 2013 – Congressional Resource Service, Proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment
Partnership (TTIP): In Brief – http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43158.pdf
July 2013 – International Trade Commission, Trade Barriers that U.S. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Perceive as Affecting Exports to the
European Union; Institution of Investigation and Scheduling of Hearing, July 2013 (report finished on 31 January 2014) – http://www.usitc.gov/press_room/news_release/2013/er0725ll1.htm
July 2013 – European Commission, How much does the TTIP have in common with ACTA? – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/july/tradoc_151673.pdf
June 2013 – ‘A Transatlantic Corporate Bill of Rights’, Corporate Europe Observatory & the Transnational Institute – http://corporateeurope.org/publications/transatlantic-corporate-bill-rights
June 2013 – ‘TTIP, Who Benefits From A Free Trade Deal?’, Bertelsmann Foundation, – http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-05089388-192802B3/bst_engl/xcms_bst_dms_38065_38066_2.pdf
February 2013 – ‘EU policies on online entrepreneurship. Conversations with U.S. venture capitalists’, ECIPE – http://www.ecipe.org/media/publication_pdfs/OCC22013.pdf
March 2013 – ‘Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment: An Economic Assessment’, Centre for Economic Policy Research – http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150737.pdf
March 2013 – ‘Crafting a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: What can be done?’, Peterson Institute for International Economics – http://insidetrade.com/iwpfile.html?file=mar2013%2Fwto2013_0813.pdf
February 2013 – ‘Dimensions and Effects of a Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement Between the EU and US, Ifo Institute – http://insidetrade.com//index.php?option=com_iwpfile&file=mar2013/wto2013_0979.pdf
October 2012 – ‘Study on EU-US High Level Working Group’, ECORYS – http://english.ecorys.nl/dmdocuments/EU-US%20HLWG%20Ecorys%20Final%20report.pdf
2012 – ‘A New Era For Transatlantic Trade Leadership’, ECIPE – http://www.ecipe.org/media/publication_pdfs/TATF_Report_2012__PDF.pdf
2012 – ‘Regulatory Cooperation in the EU-US Economic Agreement’, BusinessEurope, U.S. Chamber of Commerce – http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/international/cooperating-governments/usa/jobs-growth/files/consultation/regulation/9-business-europe-us-chamber_en.pdf
2012 – ‘Jobs and Growth Through a Transatlantic Trade and Economic Partnership’, BusinessEurope – http://www.businesseurope.eu/Content/default.asp?pageid=568&docid=30028