The birth of the World Wide Web 25 years ago was the big bang event that spurred more change in the serials and scholarly publishing world than seen in the century that preceded it. Since that time, we have rapidly evolved from the print world to that of e-journals, e-journal packages, and open access (OA). But in the serials ecosystem, as in nature, not all things evolve at the same rate, and the cumulative impact of subtle steps can bring about profound change over time.
Despite some notable events, such as the purchase of Mendeley by Elsevier, the sale of Springer to BC Partners, and the launch of SCOAP 3, there was no major disruption in the serials world during 2013.
Not fully recovered
The overall economic news appears positive, but if the broad figures are closely scrutinized, public funding and spending in libraries have not yet recovered to 2008 levels adjusted for inflation or population growth. According to reports from the National Association of State Budget Officers, overall state spending decreased in 2012 for the first time in the 26 years that this group has been gathering budget data. Overall in 2013 and 2014, total general fund expenditures for all states will exceed the prerecession high of $687 billion, with spending in 2013 reported as $696 billion and spending in 2014 projected to be $722 billion. However, if these figures are adjusted for U.S. population growth, 304 million to 316 million, and inflation, which averaged 1.6% per year, current spending still falls well below 2008 levels. Funding for K-12 education has seen some relief, as a total of $8.8 billion was added to state budgets in 2014, and higher education also saw a healthy increase of $3.6 billion, but these increases also do not bring budgets up to the prerecession level of 2008 spending.
Table 1: Average 2014 Price
for Scientific Disciplines
Discipline
Average Price Per Title
Chemistry
$4,215
Physics
3,870
Engineering
2,785
Biology
2,520
Astronomy
2,234
Food Science
2,069
Geology
2,031
Botany
1,938
Technology
1,876
Math & Computer Science
1,750
Zoology
1,746
Heath Sciences
1,479
Agriculture
1,422
General Science
1,370
Geography
1,308
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY 2014
The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reinforces this budget picture in its report on academic libraries, which was released in February. Between 2008 and 2012, total expenditures for information resources increased from $2.7 billion to $2.8 billion. This represents a 4.8% increase. When adjusted for inflation by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), or by serials inflation, or for growth in student enrollment (about 10% from 19.1 million to over 21 million) this increase does not bring spending up to prerecession levels. There is some good news for private colleges and universities, however, as Inside Higher Ed reported that endowments increased 12% in 2013. Nonetheless, if deferred maintenance and deferred capital improvement projects are considered, then funding for libraries is well short of recovery. In the current environment, the continued increases in serials costs add to budget pressures.
Parsing the prices
As it has for the past 20 years, with the exception of Table 3, this price survey uses the standard, retail print price for the titles in the indexes widely used in the United States. Print pricing is featured whenever possible for consistency because not all publishers make their online-only pricing available. The index does contain some pricing for print plus online and online-only, but simply if those were the rates offered.
Average prices for science, technology, and medical (STM) serials (Table 1) remain the highest, compared with prices for serials in other subject areas. Chemistry has historically seen the highest average serials prices, and that has not changed. Recent reports show that the average price for chemistry journals hovers around $4,215 annually. There were only slight shifts in the overall average prices for serials broken down by subject area. There is normally a move of one or two positions, but overall there are not large changes in the relative ranks of the subject areas.
Table 2: Average 2014 Price
Per Title by Country
Country
No. of ISI Titles
Avg. Price Per Title
RUSSIA
47
$4,757
IRELAND
39
3,585
HUNGARY
12
3,226
AUSTRIA
26
2,944
NETHERLANDS
567
2,876
SINGAPORE
22
2,526
GERMANY
435
2,081
SWITZERLAND
86
2,027
ENGLAND
2,204
1,813
GREECE
5
1,468
NEW ZEALAND
24
1,444
UNITED STATES
2,800
1,142
CHINA
9
897
AUSTRALIA
65
661
SWEDEN
12
572
POLAND
13
543
FRANCE
121
532
JAPAN
55
519
NORWAY
16
516
CANADA
86
439
AVERAGE COST OF ALL TITLES: $1,608
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY 2014
There was little change in the relative order for the average price per title sorted by country of origin (Table 2). While the average price per title increased from previous years, titles from Russia and Ireland continue to have the highest cost per title for all included in the merged ISI indexes. Hungary, Austria, the Netherlands, Singapore, Germany, Switzerland, Greece (replacing the United States in the Top 10), and England round out the top ten countries with the highest cost per title in 2014.
Titles in the combined ISI Arts and Humanities, Science Citation, and Social Sciences Citation indexes offer published rates for online formats (Table 3). As in past years, the data reflects online only, print plus free online, and the first tier of any tiered pricing, with the common element being pricing for the online format.
Elsevier, Wiley, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and SAGE continued to dominate the combined indexes with more than half of the titles; the percentage of OA titles grew from 3% in 2013 to 5.4% of titles in the 2014 combined indexes. The 2014 average cost for this set of titles is $1,340. While this increase over last year’s average price of $1,147 may seem exorbitant, it is very important to keep in mind that the individual titles in the data set and associated pricing models reflected by Table 3 change dramatically each year, so the price increase is probably owing to changes in the data and not reflective of actual price changes. What remains consistent is the relative high cost of titles by subject areas, with science and technology at the top of the chart.
The Big Deal: still a big deal
Table 3: Average 2014 Price for
Online Journals in the ISI Indexes*
Discipline
Average Price Per Title
Chemistry
$4,333
Physics
3,852
Astronomy
2,401
Biology
2,360
Engineering
2,140
Botany
2,085
Zoology
1,931
Health Sciences
1,544
Geology
1,537
Math & Computer Science
1,480
Technology
1,462
Food Science
1,384
General Science
1,274
Agriculture
1,157
Geography
1,035
Social Sciences
847
Education
813
Psychology
812
Military & Naval Sciences
804
Business & Economics
800
Sociology
758
Political Science
674
Anthropology
604
Recreation
602
Law
569
Library Science
496
General Works
495
Arts & Architecture
463
History
434
Philosophy & Religion
417
Language & Literature
358
Music
300
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY, 2014
* Prices represent print-plus-free online, online only and the first tier of tiered pricing.
While the philosophical debate about pricing models and the quest for the ideal evaluation metrics to measure them evolves—as documented in the Association of Research Libraries’ (ARL) The State of Large-Publisher Bundles in 2012 by Karla Streib and Julia Blixrud—the Big Deal e-journal package continues to dominate academic library purchasing. In announcing its decision not to renew one of its major e-journal bundles, the California Digital Library detailed its evaluation process for packaged content, which included pricing, alignment of cost to value, and maintaining a high-quality collection across a range of disciplines. In returning to individual subscriptions to meet content needs, researchers at the University of Michigan examined the consequences of terminating a publisher bundle, including the greater use of and reliance upon aggregator databases, open access content, and increased interlibrary loan activities.
A comparison of publisher e-journal packages ordered by more than 2,800 clients of EBSCO Information Services in 2013 and 2014 revealed an average price increase of 5.19%, comparable to the 6% overall increase projected for 2014.
Print proportion falls
Driven by user demand and by technology such as discovery products, the number of individual print orders in North American libraries continues to decline. In a survey of 30 major publisher partners of EBSCO Information Services conducted in the spring of 2013, a third reported that their print orders had decreased by 5% to 10% while another third said that print orders had declined by more than 10%.
Individual subscriptions to digital replica publications have been available for some time through iTunes, Zinio, Amazon, and Barnes & Noble. The Netflix model of unlimited access to content for a fixed monthly price came to consumer and popular magazines this year with the launch of Next Issue. A joint venture of Condé Nast, Hearst, Meredith, News Corp., and Time Inc., Next Issue offers unlimited access to more than 120 titles for a flat monthly fee. While not dissimilar to the unlimited access offered by scholarly publishers through pricing tiers based upon institutional attributes, it will be interesting to see how the Next Issue model evolves.
Products such as BrowZine, which support the management of personal article collections harvested from e-journals and OA sources, have become very popular in academic libraries. As both this type of product and article level–use metrics evolve, libraries and publishers will increasingly deal with content from multiple sources converging into an information stream, as opposed to individual unit purchase models.
Periodical Prices for High School and Public Libraries
Overall price increases for titles in EBSCO Publishing’s MasterFILE Premier are expected to be in the 4% to 5% range.
Table 6: Cost History for Titles in Masterfile Premier
Masterfile Premier
No. of
Titles
2012–2014
Average
Cost Per
Title 2012
Average
Cost Per
Title 2013
% of
Change
2012–2013
Average
Cost Per
Title 2014
% of
Change
2013–2014
U.S.
705
$97
$101
4.7
$105
4.4
Non-U.S.
154
249
263
5.7
275
4.4
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY, 2014
Periodical Prices for University and College Libraries
Overall price increases for titles in EBSCO’s Academic Search Premier are expected to be in the 5% to 7% range for 2015.
Table 7: 2015 Cost Projections for Titles in Academic Search Premier
Academic
Search
Premier
No. of
Titles
% of
List
2014
Average Cost
per Title
% of
Cost
Projected
% of
Increase
Projected
2015 Average
Cost per Title
% of
Cost
Projected
Overall %
Increase
U.S.
1,316
40.6
$649
34.8
6.4
$691
34.8
6.2
Non U.S.
1,891
59.4
1,218
65.2
6.1
1,292
65.2
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY 2014
Table 8: Cost History for Titles in Academic Search Premier
Subject
Average No.
of Titles
2012-2014
% of
Change
’12–’14
Average
Cost Per
Title 2012
Average
Cost Per
Title 2013
% of
Change
2013
Average
Cost Per
Title 2014
% of
Change
2014
Agriculture
79
0
$947
$1,020
8
$1,078
6
Anthropology
30
0
393
426
9
464
9
Arts & Architecture
43
0
276
296
7
317
7
Astronomy
18
0
2,419
2,501
3
2,597
4
Biology
214
0
1,746
1,838
5
1,938
5
Botany
28
0
1,450
1,527
5
1,613
6
Business & Economics
107
0
397
421
6
444
6
Chemistry
54
0
3,566
3,769
6
3,973
5
Education
189
0
469
502
7
532
6
Engineering
193
0
1,479
1,557
5
1,658
6
Food Science
16
0
612
661
8
709
7
General Science
57
0
778
828
6
869
5
General Works
67
-1
121
127
5
132
4
Geography
58
0
715
768
7
808
5
Geology
23
0
1,118
1,181
6
1,259
7
Heath Sciences
589
1
973
1,064
9
1,139
7
History
236
2
307
323
5
343
6
Language & Literature
153
1
233
248
6
262
6
Law
118
1
295
307
4
324
5
Library Science
50
0
224
236
5
249
5
Math & Computer Science
125
1
1,366
1,425
4
1,517
6
Military & Naval Science
20
0
234
242
3
218
-10
Music
28
0
229
253
11
265
5
Philosophy & Religion
200
1
264
280
6
298
6
Physics
87
0
3,235
3,467
7
3,696
7
Political Science
67
-1
463
492
6
521
6
Psychology
88
1
719
766
6
828
8
Recreation
11
0
297
318
7
337
6
Social Sciences
29
0
323
344
6
361
5
Sociology
186
0
559
595
6
636
7
Technology
29
0
1,040
1,109
7
1,247
12
Zoology
53
0
921
984
7
1,049
7
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY 2014
Open access
Open access continues to evolve. Several major developments surfaced over the past year. As part of the bill that funded the U.S. government for 2014, Congress passed an OA mandate. Under the bill, federal agencies under the jurisdiction of the Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (LHHS) Committee that have research and development expenditures in excess of $100 million per year must develop a policy that provides for free online public access to final peer-reviewed manuscripts or published versions of funded research not later than 12 months after the official date of publication. Though the scope is limited and some argue that the embargo period is too long, this does represent progress in support of public access to the results of research funded by the U.S. government.
After several years of planning and development, SCOAP3 (Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing) went live in January; the first articles are available and the SCOAP3 Repository was launched. The business model for SCOAP3 relies upon an international partnership of libraries, funding agencies, and research centers. Journals from leading publishers in the field of high-energy physics have been converted to OA. SCOAP3 pays publishers for the costs involved in providing the journals as open access, and publishers reduce subscription fees to their customers by the amount that customers pay to SCOAP3. Fall 2013 was a busy time as SCOAP3, libraries, and publishers worked out the details of those costs. It will be interesting to see if this model is sustainable in the long term and replicated in other disciplines.
Although there are many different approaches to OA, “green” (authors deposit a copy of their work in an OA repository for free) and “gold” (authors pay processing charges to have an article published immediately and freely available to all) are the two most common designs. There has always been tension between the two models and this year was no exception, as green advocates found much to criticize. In the UK, the Finch Report was released and the Research Councils UK (RCUK) Open Access Policy adopted; both seemed to be throwing their support behind gold OA modes and shifting support from the green scheme. Most major publishers have also created gold publishing platforms and have been marketing their OA activities widely. Megajournals such as PLOS One and PeerJ are growing, with PeerJ now reporting that 28 universities have now implemented institutional plans. Gold OA seemed to be in the spotlight more frequently in 2013, and green advocates were vocal in their opposition.
Table 9: ISI Indexes Cost History by LC Subject
Subject
Average
No. of Titles
2012-2014
Change
From
’12–’14
Average
Cost Per
Title 2012
Average
Cost Per
Title 2013
% of
Change
2012
Average
Cost Per
Title 2014
% of
Change
2013
Agriculture
185
0
$1,251
$1,343
7
$1,422
6
Anthropology
58
0
387
411
6
437
6
Arts & Architecture
130
0
291
311
7
335
8
Astronomy
34
2
1,871
2,115
13
2,234
6
Biology
631
0
2,273
2,400
6
2,520
5
Botany
69
0
1,720
1,829
6
1,938
6
Business & Economics
585
1
1,064
1,134
7
1,208
7
Chemistry
257
-1
3,860
4,046
5
4,215
4
Education
179
3
706
775
10
827
7
Engineering
447
4
2,442
2,616
7
2,785
6
Food Science
26
0
1,802
1,939
8
2,069
7
General Science
100
1
1,239
1,295
5
1,370
6
General Works
83
2
183
195
6
207
6
Geography
122
3
1,101
1,220
11
1,308
7
Geology
99
4
1,761
1,920
9
2,031
6
Health Sciences
1,411
6
1,289
1,385
7
1,479
7
History
399
0
294
314
7
334
6
Language & Literature
552
-17
269
287
7
288
0
Law
152
-3
298
313
5
335
7
Library Science
61
-1
497
520
5
551
6
Math & Computer Science
223
2
1,650
1,664
1
1,750
5
Military & Naval Science
13
0
729
762
5
761
0
Music
71
1
205
218
6
231
6
Philosophy & Religion
266
3
272
291
7
310
7
Physics
248
6
3,460
3,704
7
3,870
4
Political Science
120
0
585
624
7
663
6
Psychology
193
1
707
757
7
818
8
Recreation
36
0
490
529
8
577
9
Social Sciences
75
1
613
654
7
696
6
Sociology
365
1
706
758
7
810
7
Technology
78
3
1,668
1,775
6
1,876
6
Zoology
139
1
1,580
1,650
4
1,746
6
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY 2014
The 2015 forecast
The 2015 serials marketplace will still see steady increases in prices, while the development of scholarly communications and libraries will continue to be in flux. Budget compression, price inflation, and questions of value will collide with OA trends, government mandates, new evaluation tools such as altmetrics, and the increased distribution of information offered by research platforms and social networks.
All players in the information marketplace—libraries, publishers, and vendors—will continue to be affected by changing market conditions. The 2014 6% average price increase is expected to remain stagnant for 2015, hovering in the 6% to 7% range. That 6% seems to be a level of inflation that is neither too hot for libraries nor too cold for publishers, so for the time being, 5.5% is a safe bet. However it is only April, and a lot could change before 2015 pricing is finalized.
Table 10: 2015 Cost Projections by Broad Subject
No. of
Titles
% of
List
2014
Cost
% of
Cost
Average
Cost
per Title
Projected
% of
Increase
Projected
2015 Cost
% of
Cost
Projected
Overall %
Increase
ARTS AND HUMANITIES CITATION INDEX
U.S.
480
31
$93,223
20
$194
5.9
$98,723
20
5.3
NON-U.S.
1,091
69
368,079
80
337
5.2
387,219
80
SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX
U.S.
962
40
598,106
29
622
7.1
640,571
29
7.0
NON-U.S.
1,420
60
1,450,310
71
1,021
6.9
1,550,381
71
SCIENCE CITATION INDEX
U.S.
1,358
39
2,507,500
30
1,846
7.1
2,685,532
31
5.9
NON-U.S.
2,098
61
5,783,819
70
2,757
5.4
6,096,145
69
PROJECTED OVERALL INCREASE FOR ALL ISI TITLES: 6.1%
SOURCE: LJ PERIODICALS PRICE SURVEY 2014
Read “Measuring the Value of Journals” >>
Stephen Bosch is Materials Budget, Procurement, and Licensing Librarian, University of Arizona Library, Tucson, and Kittie Henderson is Vice President for Academic, Law and Public Library Markets, EBSCO Information Services, Birmingham, AL