"The Holistic Prevention, Management of PCOs analysed through Conventional Medicine Research and Studies" provides you the accurate information of the use of natural sources to prevent, management and treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, because all presentations are proven through convention research and studies found in PubMed. This is the second time, a research paper have been written this way to general public that you will not find any where in the net. We would like to provide more of this kind the research, but unfortunately, it is time consuming and burden financially, we have run out of time and the site will be shut down Monday(July 6, 2015). If you like what you read, please donate generously to our site.
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Kyle J. Norton
The prevention and management In Herbal Medicine(Unaudited)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unpreventable in Western medicine. Early diagnosis and treatment may reduce risk of its complications, including infertility, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, etc.
Reduce fat intake less than 30% of total calories with a low proportion of saturated fat and high in fiber from predominantly low-glycaemic-index-carbohydrate foods for patients with PCOs(827a). Calorie intake should be distributed between several meals per day with restricted intake of snacks and drinks(827)(828).
The fertility herbs
Chaste tree berry
Chaste tree berry is a species of Vitex agnus-castus, genus Vitex, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region used in herbal medicine for thousands of year as anaphrodisiac herb and considered as Queen herb in tonifying female reproductive systems(869), including premenstrual problems(865) and menopause symtoms(866)(867)(868)(869). There was report that reports chaste tree berry stems and leaves used by women as bedding "to cool the heat of lust" during the time of the Thesmophoria(870),
1. Androstenedione
Chaste berry tree contains androstenedione which is the common precursor of female sex hormone by converting to testosterone and the estrogens. through the enzyme aromatase(871) by acting as a as a weak partial agonist(872) of the androgen receptor to reduce risk of hormone imbalance that causes infertility. Unfortunately, Epidemioligical evidences suugested that androstenedione may contribute to the worsening of PCOS features as women with PCOs are found to associate to high concentration of androstenedione(873)(874)(875).
2. Epitestosterone
Epitestosterone is an inactive epimer of the hormone testosterone which has been used to enhance athletic performance for some athelic during competition(876)(877). The phytochemical is also found to to improve sexual development(878), sexual desire and sexual arousal(879) induced fertility.
3. Hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone
Chaste tree contains plant hydroxyprogesterone which is a steroid hormone produced during the synthesis of glucocorticoids and sex steroids(880), including the corticosteroids and the androgens and the estrogens(881). The phytochemical also raises the levels of progesterone if it is loo low and reduces it when it is too high in the women body(882), induced fertility.
4. Iridoid
The herb also contaaining iridoid as a intermediator of the biosynthesis of alkaloids improves the immune system in fighting against inflammation(883) and lessens the risks of immune system abnormal function in production of antibody against sperm invasion(884).
5. Glycoside
Glycoside is a flavonoid acted as an antioxidant in increasing the immune system in fighting against forming of free radical as well as guarding our body against irregular cell browth infection and inflammation(885)(886), and reducing the risk of abnormal function of immune system in production of antibody against sperm invasion(884).
Side effects
According to Drug.com the most common side effects of taking chaste berry tree include
Acne; cramping; diarrhea; hair loss; headache; increased menstrual flow; stomach pain; tiredness, etc....(887).
Angelica sinensis
Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis) is a herb of Genus Angelica from the family Apiaceae, indigenous to China, used as a Queen herb in traditional Chinese medicine as anti inflammatory(889), antispasmodic(890) and vasodilatory agent(891)(890), and to balance the hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation(890), reduce menopausal syndromes(888) and improve digestive system(890) and immunity(890).
1. Reproductive organs tonic
Traditional Chinese medicine views angelica roots as queen herb which has been used to enhance the productive system(892) for treatment of gynecological diseases(897) such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhoea, menopause and promote menstrual health(892). It is said that angelica roots has the power to restore any deficiency caused by hormone imbalance(894)(895)(896).
2. Blood tonic
A reproductive blood tonic herb(894) not only help to increase blood production(895) to replace blood loss for women after menstruation(893), but also increases the blood flow to abdominal region(890)(891), for induction of healthy conception.
3. Digestive system
Dangqui consists a didestice system protective effects(898) against gastrointestinal damage, but also increases the digestive system function(890) in absorbing essential vitamins and minerals(890), thereby reducing the risks of infertility caused by nutrients deficiency(899).
4. Blood and qi deficiency
Blood(896) and qi(890)deficiency may lead to irregular menstrual cycle, absence of period or painful period(896). Angelica roots increase blood and qi flow(890), resulting in normalizing the function of reproductive organs(892)(897).
5. Kidney tonic
It is said that angelica root also helps to improve kidney function not only in regulating water and fluid through urinary extraction(900), but also improving kidney normal function in regulating the natural menstrual process(900) of the reproductive organs, induced fertility.
6. Immune system
Angelica root containing variety chemicals strengthens the immune system(903) in fighting against infection and inflammation(894)(889), thereby decreasing the risk of yeast infection during menstruation(891) as well as forming of irregular cell growth in the reproductive organs(901)(902)(903).
Side effects
1. It may cause skin inflammation and rashes, if it is taken in high dose(904)
2. Since angelica root causes uterus constraction, the herb should be used on pregnant(904) unless with the approval of her herbalist(904).
Black cohosh
Black cohosh is a glabrous herbaceous perennial plant, producing large, compound leaves from an underground rhizome and belongs to the family Ranunculaceae used in traditional medicine in treating symptoms of all kinds of gynaecological problems(905), including symptoms of premenstrual tension(907) and menopause(906)
1. Phytoestrogen
Phytoestrogen found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor sites in women body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic effects(909), to induce hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of ovulation and fertility(910)(911).
2. Immunity
Black cohosh processes anti inflammatory(913)(914) and anti oxidant(914) effect through enhancing immune system fighting against microbial(915)(916) invasion and irregular cell growth(917)(918) and other inflammatory diseases(913). According to
School
of
Medicine
,
Wuhan
University
black cohosh may be beneficiary for patient with patients with coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, pulmonary heart disease and thrombosis throught its anti inflammatory effects(912).
3. Metabolic Syndrome
In rat model study, black cohosh and its triterpene-saponins showed to reduce high load with fat tissue in the PFD and in the knee joints, body weight, serum leptin and cholesterol and glucose levels caused by metabolic syndrome, according to University Medical Center Göttingen(919). The consumption of black cohost also effectively decreases enhanced pituitary LH secretion, attenuates body weight gain, plasma lipids and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) accumulation, lowers FPI and has no effects on uterine mass(920).
4. Fertility
Use conjunction with clomiphene citrate, black cohosh induced endometrial thickness, serum progesterone and clinical pregnancy rate and cycle outcomes in some infertile couples(921). According to Assiut University, in the differentiation of relatively low pregnancy rates in CC induction cycles of clomiphene citrate in infertile couple, follicular-phase supplements imicifuga racemosa or ethinyl oestradiol needed significantly fewer days for adequate follicular maturation, had a thicker endometrium and higher oestradiol concentration at the time of human chorionic gonadotrophin injection with better outcome of pregnancy rate(922)(923).
5. Condense Tannins
It also contains condense tannin, a type of proanthocyanidin which has been used as nutritional and therapeutic supplements in Europe in promoting the function of flavonoids as an antioxdant(924)(925) to improve Immunity(926)(927) against auto immune response induced infertility(962)(933) and microbial invasion(928)(929), but also maintain DNA integrity about irregular cell growth(930)(931).
6. Nervous Symptoms
Back cohost is said to contain chemical agent to bind the activities to serotonin receptors(939) in decreasing the risk of depression(936), anxiety(934), sleep problem(935) and emotional and physical stress(937)induced risk of infertility(938).
side effects
1. Common side effects include
In high doses of black cohosh may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, joint pains, nausea, slow heart rate, tremors, visual dimness, vomiting, and weight gain, according to
University of
Maryland
Medical
Center
(941)(943)
2. Liver damage
Over dose of back cohosh may cause liver damage(940).
3. Digestive system
Over dose may cause occasional gastrointestinal discomfort, such as diarrhea; nausea and vomiting. sweating; constipation(942).
4. Etc.
Red Clover
Red clover is an herbaceous, perennial plant, native to
Europe
, western
Asia
and northwest
Africa
, used traditional in treating whooping cough(945), respiratory problems, and skin inflammations(945). menopause symptoms(945)(946)(947) and inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease(944) by purifying the blood and clearing mucus from the lungs(948).
1. Isoflavones
Red clover contains isoflavonoid, one type of phytoestrogen used in regulating the levels of estrogen in the body by occupying the estrogen receptor site(949)(950)(951), through its estrogenic(951) and anti estrogenic(952) effects in hormonal balancing for a better chance for fertility(953).
2. Neuroprotective effects
Formononetin (FMNT), an isoflavone found in red clover may be next potential candidate used for neurodegenerative disorders(958)(959) in central nervous system as it significantly attenuated the cell loss induced by induced by N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) in primary-cultured cortical neurons, according to the study by Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an(954). On central nervous system, the herb also was found effective in improve anxiety(955)(856), profuse sweating, insomnia, memory loss, decreased sexual drives(956), depression(957), etc.
3. Metabolic syndrome(967)
Women with PCOs are associated to increased risk metabolic syndrome such as metabolic syndrome risk factors high blood pressure, obesity, high cholesterol, and insulin resistance. Intake of red clover has shown effectively in reduced total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol(960)(961), lowered cardiovascular risk(962)(963), improved obesity(964) and insulin resistance(965)(966).
4. The weight loss vitamin C
Vitami C found abundantly in red clover has shown strong evidneces epidemiologically in reducing weight loss for obese population, espexially for obese women with PCOs.
See The weight loss vitamin C for more details
[Vitamin C and other nutrients deficiency not only is associated to the risk of Obesity(807) but also enhances the risk of lipids, inflammation and insulin resistance(808).
According to the research team at Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, there is an associated link between Obesity and Zinc and vitamins A and C concentration in in women from rural
Mexico
, in a fasting blood sample analysis (809).
Although genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms affecting biochemical pathways which also impacted by specific foods and nutrients. According to Dr. Johnston CS., vitamin C depletion is associated to positively related to body mass, individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status(810)
Vitamin C, the protective effect against obesity
Endothelial dysfunction has found to be associated to the incidence of obesity(811). The study of 76 healthy subjects (50 men and 26 women aged 21-45 years) obese subject, showed a positive effect of vitamin C and indomethacin in reduced oxidative stress contributed to endothelial dysfunction in human obesity(812).
In the evaluation of the potential inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase by Citrus spp. fruits of Spanish origin, grapefruit, contained higher contents of phytochemicals such as vitamin C, is found to have a great value for nutrition and treatment of diet-related diseases(813).
L-Ascorbic acid in the study, whether would facilitate the anti-obesity effects of chitosan and psyllium husk in vivo, showed addition of vitamin C in diet influenced the reduction in body weight gain and food efficiency ratio, and the increase in total fecal weight and fecal fat excretion in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet(814)]
5. Immunity
Epidemiological studies suggested that red clover processes tenacious anti oxidant(968)(969) and anti inflmmatory(970)(971) effects in fighting against bacterial and viral infection(972)(973) and inflammation(974), free radical(975)(976) causes of irregular cell growth(970)(977) and protecting DNA integrity(979).
Side effects
1. There are no side effects from red clover, but people takes the herb for the first time may experience headache, nausea, and rash(980).
2. Do not use red clover during pregnancy as the herb may increase the risk for vaginal prolapse before the term(981)
3. Risk of bleeding due to its anticoagulant effects(982).
Licorice
See the common herbs used for treatment of PCO
[Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti allergy(856), anti inflammation(855), anti ulcer(857), anti convulsion(858), oxidative stress(858) and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength, palpitation and short of breath, cough with abundance of phlegm, stomach and solar plexus pain(859), etc., as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi, moistens the Lungs, calms cough, deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12 channels(859). Licorice, in a review of 33 studies of herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), showed a stronge evidences in improved metabolic hormone profile and improved fertility outcomes and regulation of ovulation and inhibition of hyperandrogenism in PCOS(860). In model rats experiment, Ganshao Paste (CGP), also decreased serum levels of LH, T, and FSH and increased of serum estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P)(861)(860)(865). According to
University
of
Natural Resources
and Life Sciences Vienna, licorice may have a potential effect on metabolic syndrome(862) in women with PCOs.]
2. Blow flow
Licorice improves the blood flow in the body by exerting its anti thrombosis(983) and inhibiting the levels of bad cholesterol(984)(985) and triglyceride levels(985) and increasing HDL-cholesterolcontent(984) in reduced risk of cardiovascular disease(985) and blood stagnation(897) in the abdominal region induced induced infertility(986).
3. Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin, one of main ingredient from licorice, exhibited anti inflammatory effect pharmacologically in treatment of inflammatory diseases(988)(989)(990), lowered high serum testosterone levels in oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic women, and induced conception in some women(991). As antioxidant, the phytochemical also inhibit irregular cell growth(992)(993) and microbial invasion(994)(995) causes of cancers(992)(993) and infection and inflammation(994)(995) respectively. in adrenocortical function and behavour, it also regulated the levels of cortisol(996), induced by over production of serotonin cause of hormone imbalance(997).
4. Phytoestrogen
See phytoestrogen in black cohosh
[Phytoestrogen found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor sites in women body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic effects(909), to induce hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of ovulation and fertility(910)(911)].
5. Lecithin
Lecithin is a fat like substance called a phospholipid improved lipid transfer, cholesterol efflux, HDL genesis and and remodeling at the blood-brain barrier (BBB)(998). against cells from oxidation surrounding the brain(999), in reducing psychotic symptoms(1002) such as stress(1000)(1001), and depression(1002) .
Side effects
1. It may raise blood pressure(1003)(1004(1006)
2. Long term usage of large dosage can also cause edema(1004)(1006) and hypokalemia(1004)(1005)(1006).
3. Overdose can be toxic(106), in inducing rhabdomyolysis or myoglobinuria(1006).
4. Etc.
White willow
White willow is also known as salix alba in herbal medicine, native to Europe and western and central Asia, used in traditional medicine as pain reliever(1007)(1008), anticancer(1009)(1010), antimicrobial(1013), antioxidant(1014)(1015), anti-inflammatory(1011)(1012) and fertility enhancing herb(1016).
1, Antiestrigenic effects
White willow processes antiestrigenic effects(1017) by blocking proliferation in hypersensitive cells (1018) which cause estrogenic diseases, including breast cancer(1019) and metabolism imbalance(1020) diseases, such as obesity and diabetes(1021).
2. Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid, a chemical compound converted from salincin found abundantly in white willow has shown to process anti acne(1022)(1023) one of many symptoms of PCOs) effects, probably through its antioxidant activity(1026) in blocking elevated production of sebum by hyperactive sebaceous glands and blockage of the follicle(1022). According to
Telemark
Hospital
, the acid may also be beneficiary for increased the clinical pregnancy rate when used conjunction with vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)(1024) and protective against fetal losses(1025), through its anti antithrombotic property(1025). The synthetic version of salicylic acid has also shown to consisting aspirin's cardioprotective effects through its antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions(1027).
3. Immune system
The antioxidant(1028)(1029) and anti inflammatory(1030)(1031) effects of white willow enhance immune system fighting against microbial invasion and guarding our body DNA integrity(1033) against irregular cell growth(1032)(1033) through inhibiting the effect of intermediate enzymes and other mechanisms(1027)
d. Vitamin C
Natural vitamin polypeptide C white willow found in white willow not only is found to consist the weight loss property(See the weight loss vitamin C)[
Vitami C found abundantly in red clover has shown strong evidneces epidemiologically in reducing weight loss for obese population, espexially for obese women with PCOs.
See The weight loss vitamin C for more details
[Vitamin C and other nutrients deficiency not only is associated to the risk of Obesity(807) but also enhances the risk of lipids, inflammation and insulin resistance(808).
According to the research team at Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, there is an associated link between Obesity and Zinc and vitamins A and C concentration in in women from rural
Mexico
, in a fasting blood sample analysis (809).
Although genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms affecting biochemical pathways which also impacted by specific foods and nutrients. According to Dr. Johnston CS., vitamin C depletion is associated to positively related to body mass, individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status(810)
Vitamin C, the protective effect against obesity
Endothelial dysfunction has found to be associated to the incidence of obesity(811). The study of 76 healthy subjects (50 men and 26 women aged 21-45 years) obese subject, showed a positive effect of vitamin C and indomethacin in reduced oxidative stress contributed to endothelial dysfunction in human obesity(812).
In the evaluation of the potential inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase by Citrus spp. fruits of Spanish origin, grapefruit, contained higher contents of phytochemicals such as vitamin C, is found to have a great value for nutrition and treatment of diet-related diseases(813).
L-Ascorbic acid in the study, whether would facilitate the anti-obesity effects of chitosan and psyllium husk in vivo, showed addition of vitamin C in diet influenced the reduction in body weight gain and food efficiency ratio, and the increase in total fecal weight and fecal fat excretion in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet(814)]
but also improves the immune function in fighting against the forming of free radicals(1034) and foreign invasion(1035) but also increases the blood flow to the reproductive organ(1036)(1037)(1038) through reducing oxidant stress, increasing NO bioavailability(1037) of which may reduce risk sexual libido(1038) and enhance the chance of conception(1039)(1040)(1041).
Side effects
1. Risk of anaphylactic reaction to patients with a history of allergy to salicylates(1042).
2. Over dose of white willow may cause digestive disorder such as nausea and stomachache(1044)
3. Do not use the herb(1043)
4. If you are aspirin allergy/sensitivity,
5. If you are taking anticoagulants or "blood thinners," and
6. On children with flu-like symptoms or Reye's syndrome.
(4,5,6) According to author of the PCOS section in Dr. Romm’s 2010 book Botanical Medicine for Women’s Health (Churchill Livingstone, 2010), Angela Hywood, ND, illustrates the potential that herbs offer for this complex condition by discussing a successful case report.
The insulin resistance improvement and/or anti metabolic syndrome herbs
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)(1045)
Huang Qi or Bei Qi is also known as Astragalus root. The sweet herb has been used as diuretic agent and to lower blood pressure, increase blood pressure, lessens proteinuria, improve endurance, protect liver function, regulate blood sugar, etc. as it tonifies Qi, raises Yang, strengthens the Defensive-Qi and the Exterior, expels toxins, etc. by enhancing the functions of lung and spleen channels(1045).
Ingredients
1. Astragaloside I,
2. Astragaloside II,
3. Daucosterol,
3. Beta-sitosterol,
4. Palmitic acid
5. Astragalus saponin A,B,C
6. Astramenbrangenin
7. Kumatakenin,
8. Choline,
9. Betaine,
10. Folic acid
11. Calyxosin,
12. Formononetin,
13. Cycloastragenol,
14. Astragaloside III,IV
15. Antibacterial ingredient,
16. L-3-hydroxy-9-methoxpterocarpan
17. Etc.
Epidemiological studies showed that stragalus polysaccharides (APS) ameliorates insulin resistance(1046)(1047) (IR) in rat cells and to elucidate the associated mechanisms, including increasing adiponectin secretion and reducing IL-6 secretion(1046), decreasing myostatin expression(1047), improving beta cell function(1049), regulating insulin signaling in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle(1047)(1048). insulin resistance related mRNA expression(1049), etc.
In metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight(1050), mild hypertension(1050), hyper insulinemia(1050), hyper triglyceridemia(1050), impaired glucose tolerance(1050)(1053) and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation(1050)(1051)(1052), astragaloside IV, a major constituent found in astragalus showed effectively in ameliorating metabolic syndrome(1050)(1052), probably through its antioxidant(1051), inhibition of abnormal TNF-alpha-induced intracellular free Ca(2+) accumulation in endothelial cells(1052), decreasing the elevated expression and activity in the skeletal muscles(1053).
Alfalfa(1054)
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North American aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush(1054).
Nutrients
1. Essential amino acids
2. Calcium
3. Magnesium
4. Potassium
5. Iron
6. Phosphorus
7. Zinc
8. Beta carotene
9. vitamin C
10. vitamins D
11.Vitamin E
12. Vitamin K
13. Flavones
14. Isoflavones
15. Sterols
16. Derivatives of coumarin
17. Etc.
In diabetes, alfalfa exhibited prevention of the onset of developing Type 1 Diabetes(1056)
diabetogenic or anti-diabetic potentials(1055), through its estrogenic activity in modulation of diabetes(1055), protection against pancreas from autoimmune destruction(1056), antihyperglycaemic(1057), insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity(1057).
The Insulin resistance improvement and/or anti metabolic syndrome herbs: Licorice
See fertility herbs Licorice for more infomation
[Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti allergy(856), anti inflammation(855), anti ulcer(857), anti convulsion(858), oxidative stress(858) and to treat stomach weakness, tired and lack of strength, palpitation and short of breath, cough with abundance of phlegm, stomach and solar plexus pain(859), etc., as it tonifies the Spleen, benefits the Qi, moistens the Lungs, calms cough, deaf or acute pain, by enhancing all 12 channels(859). Licorice, in a review of 33 studies of herbal medicine for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS), showed a stronge evidences in improved metabolic hormone profile and improved fertility outcomes and regulation of ovulation and inhibition of hyperandrogenism in PCOS(860). In model rats experiment, Ganshao Paste (CGP), also decreased serum levels of LH, T, and FSH and increased of serum estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P)(861)(860)(865). According to
University
of
Natural Resources
and Life Sciences Vienna, licorice may have a potential effect on metabolic syndrome(862) in women with PCOs.
2. Blow flow
Licorice improves the blood flow in the body by exerting its anti thrombosis(983) and inhibiting the levels of bad cholesterol(984)(985) and triglyceride levels(985) and increasing HDL-cholesterolcontent(984) in reduced risk of cardiovascular disease(985) and blood stagnation(897) in the abdominal region induced induced infertility(986).
3. Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin, one of main ingredient from licorice, exhibited anti inflammatory effect pharmacologically in treatment of inflammatory diseases(988)(989)(990), lowered high serum testosterone levels in oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic women, and induced conception in some women(991). As antioxidant, the phytochemical also inhibit irregular cell growth(992)(993) and microbial invasion(994)(995) causes of cancers(992)(993) and infection and inflammation(994)(995) respectively. in adrenocortical function and behavour, it also regulated the levels of cortisol(996), induced by over production of serotonin cause of hormone imbalance(997).
4. Phytoestrogen
See phytoestrogen in black cohosh
[Phytoestrogen found it balck cohosh showed to occupy the estrogen receptor sites in women body(908), through it antiestrogenic and extrogenic effects(909), to induce hormone balancing may result in improving the chance of ovulation and fertility(910)(911)].
5. Lecithin
Lecithin is a fat like substance called a phospholipid improved lipid transfer, cholesterol efflux, HDL genesis and and remodeling at the blood-brain barrier (BBB)(998). against cells from oxidation surrounding the brain(999), in reducing psychotic symptoms(1002) such as stress(1000)(1001), and depression(1002).
Side effects
1. It may raise blood pressure(1003)(1004(1006)
2. Long term usage of large dosage can also cause edema(1004)(1006) and hypokalemia(1004)(1005)(1006).
3. Overdose can be toxic(106), in inducing rhabdomyolysis or myoglobinuria(1006).
4. Etc.]
Phytochemicals(1058)
1. Glycyrrhizic acid
2. Licochalcone A
3. Licochalcone B
4. Licoflavone
5. Liquiritin
5. Liquiritigenin
7. Isoliquiritigenin
8. Ononins
9. 4′，7-dihydroxyflavone
10. Glycyrrhetinic acid
11. 11-deoxyglycyrrhetinic acid
12. β-sitosterol
13. Etc.
Licorice's phytochemicals, especially glycyrrhizin, have shown efffectively in ameliorated insulin resistance(1059)(1061)(1063)(1064), hyperglycemia(1059)(1060), dyslipidemia(1059)(1063) and oxidative stress(1064) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome(1059)(1061)(1063) in animal(1059)(1060)(1061)models, probably through its interference of the development of visceral obesity(1064) and cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome(1062), anti inflammatory(1062), antioxidant(1062) and an associated with a decrease in tissue lipid deposition(1063) effects.
Green Tea(1065)
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from
China
. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world(1065).
Ingredients
1. Epigallocatechin gallate
2. Flavonoids
3. Tannins
4. Caffeine
5. Polyphenols
6. Boheic acid
7. Theophylline
8. Theobromine
9. Anthocyanins
10. Gallic acid
11. Etc.
Epidemiological studies, linking green tea in reduced risk of prevented the development of insulin resistance(1066)(1067) and metabolic sundrome such as obesity(1068)(1069)(1073), hypertension(1070)(1071) hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia(1072)(1073), diabetes(1074)(1075)... have produced some statistic results.
In inslunin resistances, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major chemical constituents of green tea effectively modulate of insulin productionb through inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake(1076)(1078)(1077) via some mechnisms, including attenuated inflammatory cytokine levels(1076), inhibition of the GLUT4(the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac).) translocation(1077), AMPK pathways(an enzyme that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis)(1078)....
In metabolic synfrome, green tea extract, polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate significantly controled abnormalities linked to metabolic syndrome (MS)(1079)(1080)(1083)(1084)(1085) through influence the maintenance of weight loss(1079)(1082)(1084), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(1079), triglycerides(1079), and glucose concentrations(1079)(1080), counteracted endothelial dysfunction(1080)(1081) and ameliorated metabolic insulin resistance(1080) in skeletal muscle and liver(1080).
Cinnamon(1086)
Cinnamon is a spice derived from the inner bark of tree, native to South East Asia, of over 300 species of the genus Cinnamomum, belongings to the family Lauraceae used in herbal and traditional medicine as anti-microbial agent(1087) and to improve reproductive organs(1088), prevent flatulence(1089) and menstrual cramping(1087), treat gastrointestinal complaints(1089), diarrhea(1087), bad breath(1090), headache(1087), etc.(1086)(1087).
Ingredients(1087)
1. Cinnamic aldehyde
2.Cinnamyl acetate
3. Eugenol
4. Aldehyde
5. Pinene
6. Coumarins
7. Cinnzeylanol
8. Cinnzeylanine
9. Safrol
10. Methylhydroxy chalcone polymer (MHCP)
Epidemiological studies suggested that cinnamon cocsist a sgnificant anti insulin resistance(1091)(1092)(1094) and anti metabolic syndrome(1093)(1094)(1095)(1096)(1097) properties, such as lowering total cholesterol(1093), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(1093) and improving high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(1093), may be due to its antihyperglycaemic (1091)(1093) and potential to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels(1091)(1092), liver fat(1098) and and improved glucose homeostasis(1098) properties, by regulating the mechanisms of-medicated glucose and lipid metabolism(1099), such as decreased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokine(TNF-alpha) in adipose tissue(1100) and upregulated mRNA expression of insulin-regulated membrane trafficking(1100) and whole body glucose homeostasi(GLUT-4) in skeletal muscle(1100).
The stress response and management herbs
Stress in a natural reaction of human fight or fight response induced by pressure due to such as an environmental condition or a stimulus. Long term stress can cause deleterious and cumulative effects on human body(1104), including emotional or cognitive problems, such as an increased risk of attentional deficit/hyperactivity, anxiety, and language delay(1103), especially for people with chronic illness, including women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs)(1105).
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera), also known as Indian Ginseng is a nightshade plant belongings to the family Solanaceae, native to India, northern Africa, and the Middle East used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years(1101) as antitumors(1107)(1108), anti ulcers(1111), anti-stress(1112)(1115)(1118), cognition Dysfunction(1109)(1110)(1118), anti-inflammatory(1113)(1116), antioxidant(1114)(1117), immunomoduratory(1120)(1121), anti-aging(1119), etc., herbal medicine.
Phytochemicals(1102)
1. Isopelletierine
2. Anaferine
3. Cuseohygrine
4. Anahygrine
5. Withanolides
6. Withaferins
7. Saponins
8. Sitoindosides
9. Acylsterylglucosides
10. Z-Guggulsterone(1106)
10. Etc.
Epidemiological strong evidences suggested that herbal ashwagandha processes anti stress related disorders( induced by oxidative stress(1122)(1123) and long term stress(1123) effects, probably through its antioxidant(1123)(1124)(1126), anti-stress(1112)(1115)(1118), anti-inflammatory(1113)(1116), antioxidant(1114)(1117), immunomoduratory(1120)(1121) effects. In rat model, hydroalcoholic extract enhances its antioxidant effect against psychological symptoms(1132) induced by long term stress, such as reduced motor performance(1124), cognitive impairmen(1125)(1126, anxiety(1127)(1128), sleep disorder(1129)(1130), depression(1131), etc. In phyisological symptoms, the herb has showed to reduce fatigue(1133) risk of hypertension(1134), risk of stroke(1135). risk of diabetes(1136), improve energy(1132), etc.
Ginseng (Panax spp.)
(See Herbal treatment for PCOs for more information)
[ Ginseng
Asia
is also known as Panax ginseng. Since it has been grown in the cold places in the Asian, Asian ginseng is considered as yang promoting, according to traditional Chinese medicine.
Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) in the experiment in PCOs induced rodent, improved PCO-related ovarian dysfunction(830). In rat model, induced by injection of estradiol valerate (EV), the extract also regulated sympathetic nerve activity by significantly lower expression of NGF protein (involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells) and NGF mRNA(the form of RNA that carries information from DNA) involved in the abnormal process caused by steroid-induced PCO(830). Also, in the experiment of Ginseng total saponins (GTS) involved polycystic ovaries induced by a single intramuscular injection of 4 mg estradiol valerate (EV) in rats, GTS decreased the expression of NGF in ovary tissue(831)].
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