History
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== History ==
== History ==
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[[Gandhara]] was an historic region of ancient India, (which corresponds to areas of north west Pakistan including Attock). Situated astride the middle [[Indus River]], the region had [[Taxila]] and [[Peshawar]] as its chief cities
. It was originally a province of the Persian Empire and was reached (327 B.C.) by Alexander the Great. The region passed to Chandragupta, founder of the [[Maurya empire]], in the late 4th century B.C., and under [[Asoka]] was converted (mid-3d cent.) to [[Buddhism]]. It was part of Bactria from the late 3d cent. to the 1st cent. B.C. Under the [[Kushan]] dynasty (1st cent.–3d cent. A.D.), and especially under [[Kanishka]], [[Gandhara]] developed a noted school of sculpture, consisting mainly of images of Buddha and relief’s representing scenes from [[Buddhist]] texts, but with marked Greco-Roman elements of style. The art form flourished in Gandhara until the 5th century, when the region was conquered by the [[Hun]]s
.
+
'''
[[Gandhara]]
'''
was an historic region of ancient India, (which corresponds to areas of north west Pakistan including Attock). Situated astride the middle [[Indus River]], the region had [[Taxila]] and [[Peshawar]] as its chief cities.
−
In the early 11th century, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi launched seventeen expeditions into South Asia. In 1001, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni defeated [[Raja Jayapala]]
of the
[[Hindu Shahi Dynasty]] of [[Gandhara]], the Battle of [[Peshawar]]
and
marched further into [[Peshawar]] and, in 1005, made it the center for his forces
.
Attock became part of Ghannavi Empire
.
Many Sufi missionaries settled in Attock and converted the native population to Islam. The
'''
Attock fort
'''
was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Emperor Akbar.
Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2005). Historical forts in Pakistan. National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 37. ISBN 978-969-415-069-7.
In 1759-60, Maratha forces had captured the Fortress of Attock.
Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1 January 2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6
.
+
It was originally a province
of the
Persian Empire
and
was reached (327 B
.
C
.
) by
'''
Alexander the Great
'''.
−
The Sikh Kingdom (1799–1849) under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780–1839) captured fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Afghan Kingdom (Attock then part of [[Afghanistan]]). After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh invaded and occupied Attock. The Muslims faced severe restrictions during the Sikh rule.
+
The
region passed to [[Chandragupta]], founder of the [[Maurya empire]], in the late 4th century B.C., and under [[Asoka]] was converted (mid-3d cent.) to [[Buddhism]].
+
+
It was part of [[Bactria]] from the late 3d cent. to the 1st cent. B.C. Under the [[Kushan]] dynasty (1st cent.–3d cent. A.D.), and especially under [[Kanishka]], [[Gandhara]] developed a noted school of sculpture, consisting mainly of images of Buddha and relief’s representing scenes from [[Buddhist]] texts, but with marked Greco-Roman elements of style. The art form flourished in Gandhara until the 5th century, when the region was conquered by the [[Hun]]s.
+
+
'''[[Hindu Shahi Dynasty]]''' - In the early 11th century, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi launched seventeen expeditions into South Asia. In 1001, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni defeated [[Raja Jayapala]] of the [[Hindu Shahi Dynasty]] of [[Gandhara]], the Battle of [[Peshawar]] and marched further into [[Peshawar]] and, in 1005, made it the center for his forces. Attock became part of Ghannavi Empire. Many Sufi missionaries settled in Attock and converted the native population to Islam.
+
+
The '''Attock fort''' was completed in '''1583''' under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of '''Emperor Akbar'''.
Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2005). Historical forts in Pakistan. National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 37. ISBN 978-969-415-069-7.
In 1759-60, Maratha forces had captured the Fortress of Attock.
Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1 January 2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
+
+
The '''
Sikh Kingdom
'''
(1799–1849) under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780–1839) captured fortress of Attock in 1813 from the Afghan Kingdom (Attock then part of [[Afghanistan]]). After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh invaded and occupied Attock. The Muslims faced severe restrictions during the Sikh rule.
Then in 1849 Attock went to the British who created a district named it '''Campbellpur''' District. After 1947, the Pakistani Government renamed it as Attock in 1978.
Then in 1849 Attock went to the British who created a district named it '''Campbellpur''' District. After 1947, the Pakistani Government renamed it as Attock in 1978.
−
The city's foundations were laid in 1903, and it was named Campbellpur after Sir Colin Campbell. The city was established near Attock fort.
+
The city's foundations were laid in 1903, and it was named Campbellpur after Sir Colin Campbell. The city was established near Attock fort.
+
== Attock Fort ==
== Attock Fort ==
[[File:Attock Fort.jpg|thumb|Attock Fort]]
[[File:Attock Fort.jpg|thumb|Attock Fort]]
'''Attock Fort''' - Attock fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Emperor Akbar. The Mughal caravan sarai outside the fort, which is almost on the Grand Trunk (GT) Road, was also built during this period.
'''Attock Fort''' - Attock fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Emperor Akbar. The Mughal caravan sarai outside the fort, which is almost on the Grand Trunk (GT) Road, was also built during this period.
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== In Jat History ==
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[[Bhim Singh Dahiya]]
[[Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study)/The Jats]],p.67
writes that Tughluk Khan's dynasty was of the [[Oghlan]] clan of the [[Jats]] who were [[Buddhist]]s at that time. It should be mentioned that '''Khan''' is not a Muslim title, it is a pre-Muslim [[Central Asian]] title adopted by many [[Buddhist]] kings. It is derived from [[Khakan]]/ [[Kagan]]/[[Khan]]. This title was being used in India, as late as the fourteenth century A.D. [[Kalhana]]'s Rajatarangini mentions a king, Alakhan of Gujrat (Punjab), and Jonaraja's Chronicles show that at the time of its capture by Sultan Shihabuddin of [[Kashmir]] (1354-1373), the ruler of Udabhaṇḍa (modern [[Und]], near [[Attock]]), was one Govinda Khan.196 It is also well known to historians that in 1289 A.D. '''Jat king [[Arghun]]''', son of Abaga had proposed to the Christians of [[Khurasan]] area, a joint attack on the Muslims who were a new rising power in the [[Oxus]] region. It was his successor Ghajan Khan who upon his accession to the throne in 1295 A.D., proclaimed himself a Muslim. He was the first [[Jat]] king who embraced '''Islam''', and this marked the beginning of the process of conversion of [[Central Asia]] to that faith.
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== Notable persons ==
== Notable persons ==