PAP holds on to Bukit Batok, with 61.2% of the vote
By-election effect among factors that led to 12-point swing against ruling party
By Tham Yuen-C, Assistant Political Editor, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
The People's Action Party (PAP) held on to the Bukit Batok seat, with its candidate Murali Pillai securing 61.2 per cent of the vote, against the 38.8 per cent share of his rival, Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) chief Chee Soon Juan.
The result for the PAP was 11.8 points lower than the 73 per cent achieved by the constituency's former MP David Ong at the General Election just eight months ago, where the PAP scored a landslide victory with a vote share of 69.9 per cent.
Still, it is a significant win, which saw the PAP retaining a single seat in a by-election for the first time in 37 years, and with a minority-race candidate.
The victory last night also broke its streak of having lost the last two by-elections - Hougang and Punggol East - held in recent times.
After the final result was announced at 11.30pm last night, Mr Murali thanked Dr Chee and the SDP for running a well-organised campaign, which gave him the opportunity to pitch his plans to voters in the ward, he said.
Dr Chee, in turn, congratulated his opponent while addressing his supporters at Bukit Gombak Stadium.
At a press conference in the PAP branch office, Mr Murali, 48, said he was humbled and encouraged by the results and pledged to start on his agenda for the constituency "tomorrow".
He dedicated his victory to Bukit Batok residents, saying: "This forms my statement of whom I'm serving and why I'm serving.''
Asked about his margin of victory, he said: "Coming from Aljunied, I'm used to razor-thin margins''.
He was in the PAP team that got 49 per cent of the vote in Aljunied GRC at last year's General Election.
For Dr Chee, 53, the defeat was his fifth, but supporters took consolation in the fact that it was also his best electoral showing since 1992.
He told his supporters: "I am so touched. I am so honoured. This doesn't quite feel like a defeat."
Although he did not win, he did better than SDP candidate Sadasivam Veriyah, who got 26.4 per cent of the votes in last year's General Election in a three-way fight.
Dr Chee told reporters he was "very disappointed" he did not "meet the 50 per cent threshold", but pledged to stay on in Bukit Batok to fight for their votes.
The contest had been billed as a tough one by the PAP from the start, given the damaging circumstances that triggered it. In March, Mr Ong had resigned over an alleged extramarital affair, the second PAP MP to do so in four years.
There was also the by-election effect, which Minister for Culture, Community and Youth Grace Fu alluded to last night. She said: "During a by-election, it's always difficult to gauge how voters will vote and we like to think that this is a strong mandate."
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, in a Facebook note last night, thanked Bukit Batok voters for their "strong support".
Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam told reporters: "To my mind, he came out stronger than I expected. He did exceptionally well."
Analysts said it was a clear win for the ruling party, despite the vote swing being larger than the 10.8 percentage point in the 2013 Punggol East by-election.
They said the PAP's results in last year's polls had been boosted by the country's 50th birthday celebrations and the emotions brought on by the death of founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.
Some observers also pointed to race as a possible factor contributing to the swing, although it was unclear to what extent this shaped the outcome.
UniSIM College senior lecturer Walter Theseira said: "I think most Singaporeans don't vote on race but we would be hopelessly idealistic to think it played no part at all."
Political watchers said Dr Chee's performance was also a sign that questions about his character, raised by some PAP leaders during the campaign, might have caused some voters to think twice about him, although others felt that it could have turned some voters off.
Looking ahead, Mr Murali said his focus will now be on residents and rolling out his "ambitious agenda" for the constituency.
"There is a lot of work to be done and I will start tomorrow. Let me say again that I will serve everybody, irrespective of their political affiliation," he said.
Murali thanks voters, says he is humbled by win, not triumphant
He says he will get started on schemes proposed in campaign
By Charissa Yong, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
In the end, there was no jubilant acceptance speech, no grand celebration by the winner of the Bukit Batok by-election.
Instead, People's Action Party (PAP) candidate Murali Pillai, in the face of his 61.2 per cent victory, said: "I am humbled by the results. I'm encouraged by the results but certainly not feeling triumphant."
Mr Murali, who was speaking at PAP's traditional press conference held after the result was announced at 11.30pm, was also quick to thank his rival, Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) chief Chee Soon Juan, who got 38.8 per cent of the vote.
Said Mr Murali of Dr Chee and the SDP: "They ran a well-organised campaign. I want to thank them for the contest because it helped me articulate my plans for our Bukit Batok residents much better."
Residents, whom he thanked for giving him the mandate to serve, were front and centre of his speech.
"I will serve everybody, irrespective of their political affiliation," he stressed.
His press conference was a low-key one, held not at PAP headquarters or a stadium but at the party branch in Bukit Batok.
Also, Mr Murali was flanked, not by ministers but by four members of his campaign team, whom he said he was "eternally grateful to" for their time and hard work.
The quartet were: Madam Angelina Lim, branch assistant treasurer, Mr Lim Boon Lye, branch activist, Ms Noor Fatimah and Mr Tan Han Sen, branch activist.
Much of his brief speech focused on his immediate plans, which are to roll out the programmes he had proposed in his nine-day campaign.
These include a job placement programme, healthcare plans, and a mentorship scheme for children from low-income homes.
Mr Murali said the schemes would be ready in the next few months. "I'll start work tomorrow," he added, even as he said that his agenda was "ambitious".
"So I'll be out there looking for people to join me. And I would like to work with a number of civic organisations as well," he said.
"We really need lots of help and I welcome anyone to join me, and we'll take it from there."
Mr Murali, when asked, did not dwell on his margin of victory.
It was 11.8 percentage points lower than what the PAP's David Ong, who stepped down over an alleged affair, scored at the general election last year.
Instead, he quipped that he was "used to razor-thin margins", coming from Aljunied GRC where he contested in a team against the Workers' Party and lost with 49 per cent of the vote.
"I said from the start that this will be a tough by-election. And I'm really grateful for the results that have been announced," he said.
"It gives me encouragement, but certainly there's lots of work to be done."
Tomorrow will likely be a busy day for Mr Murali, as Parliament will sit in the afternoon.
Asked if he would be sworn in then, Mr Murali said: "If the Speaker permits, then I will attend."
He will hold his first Meet-the-People Session tomorrow evening.
Speaking to reporters after the press conference ended, several PAP leaders said they had expected a tough fight and were very happy with the result.
Minister in the Prime Minister's Office Chan Chun Sing said: "It's never easy to win a by-election."
These local elections are always a tough fight for the incumbent party, he added. "We never, never take for granted a by-election. It's not something that you can compare with a general election result."
Mr Chan added: "So of course we're very pleased that the residents of Bukit Batok have renewed their faith in the party."
His colleagues were also full of praise for Mr Murali.
Said Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam: "He came out stronger than I expected. I think he did exceptionally well."
Minister for Culture, Community and Youth Grace Fu said: "It was a good fight. It is a good win."
PAP activists held back from celebrating till last moment
By Rachel Au-Yong and Samuel Mak, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
After the polls closed last night in Bukit Batok, a crowd began to form outside the People's Action Party (PAP) branch office at Block 148 to await the results.
Yet, most of those gathered were not party members clad in white but ordinary voters.
Unlike the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), whose supporters gathered at Bukit Gombak Stadium last night, the PAP did not have an official assembly centre.
It used a classroom in a PAP Community Foundation kindergarten located next to its branch office.
While PAP activists waited there, about 50 residents - overwhelmingly PAP voters - milled outside the branch, curious to know how their candidate fared.
Many huddled over their smartphones to keep abreast of the news. A number even asked reporters if they had, by any chance, heard of the results already.
At 9.24pm, the early sample count came in showing PAP candidate Murali Pillai leading with 61 per cent to SDP chief Chee Soon Juan's 39 per cent.
Someone in the crowd was overheard asking another: "The sample poll - accurate or not?"
The crowd included housewife Lee Mei Chee, 56, and retiree Chia Lai Kuen, 68. The long-time PAP supporters were among those who looked relieved. They explained that what they heard on the ground in the initial days of the election worried them.
Said Madam Chia in Mandarin: "When we did our grocery shopping, some of the aunties said, 'Why should we vote for someone with darker skin?' I thought this was very dangerous thinking. So every day, I went to the market to tell people why they should choose Murali and vote PAP."
Madam Lee added: "Mr Murali has been working very hard. But we thought it would be a close fight because Dr Chee has been very energetic."
In the end, Dr Chee secured 38.8 per cent of the vote, against Mr Murali's 61.2 per cent.
For the PAP, this was a drop of almost 12 percentage points from the 2015 General Election result for the seat, in which former MP David Ong obtained 73 per cent. But for PAP branch vice-chairman William Chung, last night's result was more than good enough.The 63-year-old businessman said he was glad his six weeks of leave to help Mr Murali with his campaign had paid off, adding: "Considering that this is a by-election, this is a very good result - it shows that residents are supportive of Murali's plans."
Most party activists, meanwhile, held back from celebrating even after the sample poll counts were released. Their conservatism seemed to echo Mr Murali's. He came out more than once to thank the growing crowd of residents for their support, but would not be drawn to give comments and told reporters to wait for the official results.
It was only after the official results were announced at around 11.30pm that shouts and cheers could finally be heard from the room which they were in.
Those cheering in the room included his family. About a dozen family members were there to show their support, including his wife, his two younger daughters and in-laws.
Said Mr Murali's brother-in-law N. Prem, 42, a field engineer: "We are extremely proud of him. I'm especially happy for the family. I hope to get the chance to talk to him later if he's not too busy."
Mr Murali, for his part, presented his mother, Madam Vasanthi Ramadass, 75, with a bouquet of flowers and gave her a kiss on the cheek. The beaming mother said: "I am very proud of him."
SDP's Chee Soon Juan to stay on in Bukit Batok and run in next election
He is encouraged by the result and is determined to press on
By Walter Sim, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) chief Chee Soon Juan yesterday vowed to stay on in Bukit Batok and win over its residents, even as his contest in the by-election ended in defeat.
In a five-minute speech to thank supporters at Bukit Gombak Stadium shortly after the result was announced at 11.30pm, he said: "Bukit Batok, you've invited me here... I've come to know you, and hopefully you'll come to know me better in the years to come.
"We'll see better times, better results, for the SDP the next round."
Dr Chee, 53, was presented with garlands and was joined by his wife Huang Chih Mei on the podium as he addressed the crowd.
"I want to bow - not in defeat, but with grace and to thank again everyone who worked so hard to make this situation a possibility," he said.
"We go out with our head held high."
He later told reporters, when asked if he will stand in Bukit Batok at the next election if it remains a single seat: "Definitely, definitely."
The opposition veteran, who entered politics in 1992, won 38.8 per cent of the vote against his People's Action Party (PAP) rival Murali Pillai, who scored 61.2 per cent.
This was his best electoral performance over five attempts to enter Parliament since 1992, and marked a swing of 12.4 percentage points over the 26.4 per cent won by SDP candidate Sadasivam Veriyah in last year's general election.
Dr Chee's four-man team got 33.4 per cent of votes in Holland-Bukit Timah GRC in GE2015, which marked his political comeback after having to sit out two previous general elections as he was an undischarged bankrupt.
The SDP chief said while he was disappointed at not having won, he felt encouraged by the result.
"Given that we've so few resources, what we're up against is never easy," he said.
"We were never under the illusion that this was going to be anything other than an uphill battle."
He stressed that the SDP had continued to emphasise both local and national issues, "despite our opponents engaging in the kind of politics we wish we wouldn't see in Singapore".
He also repeated his view - made several times during the hustings - that the contest was not just a direct one between him and his rival.
Asked for his response to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's comments on Facebook last night that Mr Murali's win shows "the Government and people are united in building a better nation together", Dr Chee said the media had not been fair to him.
SDP member Damanhuri Abas said the party will serve Bukit Batok residents in whatever way it can. He told The Sunday Times: "We surely will want to continue whatever we can do in Bukit Batok, if we are given the space by Mr Murali."
Mr Sadasivam said the party will spend the next few days taking stock of the result. But he said he was encouraged that SDP managed to win some voters from the PAP.
Analysts were divided over what the result meant for Dr Chee, who has moved away from his adversarial politics of the past to adopt a more conciliatory tone.
Dr Norshahril Saat of the Iseas- Yusof Ishak Institute said his improved result shows "people are willing to forgive and forget Dr Chee for what he has done in the past".
But former Nominated MP Zulkifli Baharudin said the outcome also showed that "despite Chee's best effort, his past will still haunt him for a while".
Dr Chee told reporters he was determined to press on in future elections. He said: "This is a journey, a process. The destination is still far away, and we'll have to keep at it. One day, we'll get there."
SDP supporters upbeat despite disappointment over defeat
By Lim Yan Liang and Ng Keng Gene, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) chief Chee Soon Juan's fifth attempt to enter Parliament ended like the previous four - in defeat - but his supporters who gathered at Bukit Gombak Stadium remained upbeat about the result.
The 38.8 per cent vote that Dr Chee won was his best election showing since he entered politics in 1992. It also marked a swing of 12.4 percentage points over the 26.4 per cent won by SDP candidate Sadasivam Veriyah in last year's general election.
"There is definitely some potential in the SDP based on this by-election and they should work on it," said civil servant Kit Tan, 42. Mr Tan, who lives in Marine Parade, added that Dr Chee had shown he could be "eloquent, effective and combative".
At Bukit Gombak Stadium, the assembly site for SDP supporters, the mood swung from exuberant to sober and eventually to one of quiet satisfaction as the evening wore on.
As they waited for the results, the crowd occasionally chanted "SDP" and "Dr Chee".
Many snapped up books authored by Dr Chee and SDP merchandise like umbrellas.
In a show of support, other opposition figures like the Reform Party's Mr M. Ravi and Mr Osman Sulaiman, and Singapore People's Party's Mrs Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss showed up at the stadium.
The festive mood turned sober when news filtered in around 9.25pm that the sample count showed Mr Murali Pillai of the People's Action Party (PAP) comfortably leading the race against Dr Chee. Derived from a random count of 100 ballot papers at each of the nine polling stations in Bukit Batok, it showed that Mr Murali was on course to bag around 61 per cent of the vote, compared with Dr Chee's 39 per cent.
This was to be remarkably close to the final tally.
The stadium turned silent for a while as SDP supporters turned to their phones to confirm the news.
Some, like Mr Muhammad Salihin Murah, 27, who was at the stadium with his two-year-old daughter Sarah Edora, were disappointed.
The Ang Mo Kio resident had thought that Dr Chee had a good chance of winning.
"I expected more people to swing to the SDP because of the David Ong scandal," said the security supervisor, referring to the former PAP Bukit Batok MP who resigned over an alleged extramarital affair.
"Dr Chee would have been quite tough in Parliament, you can tell from the way he spoke against the Prime Minister," he added.
This was Dr Chee's second bid in eight months to enter Parliament, after he made his political comeback in last year's election.
He had to sit out two general elections because he was an undischarged bankrupt, having been sued for defamation after the 2001 election by former prime ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong.
Once they had accepted defeat, several of Dr Chee's supporters said the result was a sign of progress for him. Bukit Batok resident Sami Rasu, 54, said: "I think they should feel encouraged and work on improving the result in the next GE."
Fellow resident Hamidi Saidi, 38, felt "disappointed but encouraged" by the result. Said the facilities manager: "He managed to pull some PAP voters over, and I think it's a good sign going forward."
Additional reporting by Walter Sim
Verdict at kopitiam: 'Confirm already'
By Janice Heng, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
Around 9.25pm yesterday, the early results of the by-election the whole country's eyes had been on for the last nine days flashed across television.
You might have expected the Block 150 coffee shop in the very seat of contention - Bukit Batok - to be full of the chatter of excited voters eagerly awaiting the results.
But in the run-up, the patrons of the coffee shop just opposite the People's Action Party (PAP) branch were quietly focused on their food.
Then, the Chinese drama that had been playing gave way to a news bulletin. A sample count showed that the PAP's Mr Murali Pillai was in the lead against Singapore Democratic Party's Dr Chee Soon Juan.
And how was this greeted by Bukit Batok's kopitiam brigade? "As expected," one muttered in Mandarin, before returning to his drink. One woman, clad in white, pumped her fist in the air in triumph. Everyone else, having glanced up for the results, turned back to their food.
And that was that. At the huge central coffee shop at nearby Block 155, the TV channel hadn't even changed. It appeared to be another ordinary Saturday in the single-seat constituency. Away from the nine polling stations, you would not have realised that a by-election was being held.
Hours earlier, Block 155 had hummed gently with afternoon chatter - about everything except politics. Even a group of middle-aged men - usually a reliable demographic for political views - was talking about health issues instead.
"It's not exciting," said a semi-retired 67-year-old who wanted to be known only as Mr Tan. "Because we know it's very hard for Dr Chee to win."
Across the constituency, residents reacted with bemusement or amusement when I asked if they were excited about the by-election. A PAP presence in Bukit Batok seemed a given, a fact of life in the slow-paced estate.
"When we were young, in Mr Lee Kuan Yew's time, people would stay up late to wait for the news, very anxious," recalled a 73-year-old resident who wanted to be known only as Madam Low. "But now, the PAP has been here so long."
The seat has never been under any other party.
Even those who voted for Dr Chee had not expected to be on the winning side. Three older residents, relaxing on benches in the early evening, affirmed their support for him, but did not quite dare to hope.
"It'd be nice if the opposition wins but it's very hard to say," said a 77-year-old factory worker, who wanted to be known only as Mr Ang, in Mandarin.
The trio said they would wait for the results at home, and not stick around for the sample count.
The same equanimity was found on the PAP side, even though it was confident of victory.
Said lorry driver Lim Swee An, 63: "Whoever wins, we just carry on working as normal." But he was sure that "Ah Mu", the Mandarin name by which Mr Murali is known, would win.
For Mr Lim, the old altercation between Dr Chee and Mr Chiam See Tong - the former having ousted the latter from the SDP in the 1990s - proved impossible to forget.
"Young people don't understand, but my generation knows. Mr Chiam invited him into the party but was forced out. Would you vote for such a person?"
The PAP has also announced plans for the area, he noted. "It's good if they're helping people."
Technician Yusaini Kamaludin, 46, did not plan on staying up for the result: "All the way, we know we will win. For us, we are not scared. Confirm already."
Lawyer K.W. Tan was another who said he was unlikely to stay up - even though he had backed Dr Chee. "The results are quite foregone," said the 50-year-old, who was on the way to dinner with his wife.
As the results showed, he was right. There were no last-minute surprises, no changes to the status quo. The only drama was the TV serial.
Murali Pillai to be sworn in as Bukit Batok MP on 9 May 2016
Bukit Batok's new MP will also hold his first Meet-the-People Session in the evening
By Rachel Au-Yong, The Straits Times, 9 May 2016
The new MP for Bukit Batok, Mr Murali Pillai of the People's Action Party (PAP), will take his oath of allegiance when Parliament sits this afternoon.
"I hope to learn quickly from fellow PAP MPs and I want to start contributing actively," he told reporters yesterday, after going around the single-member constituency to thank residents for their support in Saturday's by-election.
Mr Murali won 61.2 per cent of the vote in the straight contest against Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) chief Chee Soon Juan.
Speaker of Parliament Halimah Yacob said Mr Murali will be sworn in today, as an MP is deemed to be elected once the Returning Officer declares he has won the election.
She told The Straits Times: "I am sure that Murali will stay true to his promise and will lend his voice strongly in Parliament to the issues that matter to his Bukit Batok residents and all Singaporeans."
Mr Murali said yesterday he has a full schedule of plans to implement, and is "raring to go".
He will also hold his first Meet-the-People Session as MP at PAP's Bukit Batok branch tonight.
Yesterday, activists joined him on the back of a lorry to thank residents, many of whom cheered him on."I am really very grateful for the great turnout of my supporters and volunteers. I draw great encouragement from that," he said.
Residents can also expect details of the projects he promised - like a health co-operative and job placement and youth mentorship programmes - "in a matter of months".
On Saturday, Mr Murali became the first PAP candidate to win a by-election in a single seat in over three decades. But his vote share was 12 percentage points lower than that won by former MP David Ong at the 2015 General Election.
The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Mr Ong in March over an alleged extra-marital affair, a factor analysts said cost the PAP some votes, as did the higher profile that Mr Murali's rival, Dr Chee, had.
Yesterday, Dr Chee also went around Bukit Batok to thank voters. He said he would continue working for residents and hoped to contest there again at the next election.
"We'll be back again," he said.
Mr Murali said he welcomed this: "It's good because we're talking about serving our residents."
As it was Mother's Day, Mr Murali gave out carnations to mums he met. Asked by reporters about the issue of race that arose in the campaign, he said: "I don't think of myself as a minority, I think of myself as a fellow Singaporean first. I'm here to help all communities, that's always been my orientation."
Administrative assistant P.C. Chua, 46, said she was relieved that he won: "When he spoke, he was very quiet and assured. I'm sure he can help us get things done."
Printing company owner Jack Ng, 47, said: "As long as he helps the lower-income and makes sure the estate is maintained, he would have done a good job."
'By-election effect' led to drop in PAP vote share
But 12 percentage point swing away in just eight months shows support can't be taken for granted
By Pearl Lee, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
Political watchers had expected the People's Action Party (PAP) to see a drop in vote share at the Bukit Batok by-election.
But the swing of almost 12 percentage points against the ruling party - in just eight months since the last general election - caught some by surprise yesterday.
"It tells you that the residents are quite affected by the David Ong scandal," said Dr Norshahril Saat of the Iseas-Yusof Ishak Institute.
He added that "the PAP can't take its good results in the last general election for granted".
PAP's Mr Murali Pillai won 61.2 per cent of votes against his opponent, Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) chief Chee Soon Juan, who got 38.8 per cent of votes, his best showing since entering politics in 1992.
By comparison, former PAP MP David Ong polled 73 per cent in last year's general election, when he was up against the SDP's Mr Sadasivam Veriyah and independent candidate Samir Salim Neji. Mr Ong resigned from Parliament in March after allegations of an extramarital affair, triggering the by-election.
Dr Norshahril noted that the by-election result "is similar to the 2011 General Election, where the PAP had a 60-40 kind of margin".
Observers noted that people tend to vote more freely in a by-election, as there is no worry that they may end up toppling the Government.
Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) deputy director for research Gillian Koh, who felt the PAP's win was remarkable, said: "The opposition has a natural advantage."
It is made worse for the PAP, as its MP had to resign over an extramarital affair, she said.
Mr Murali was also up against Dr Chee, one of the most well-known opposition politicians. Yet, the PAP won. "The PAP should have lost the seat, but it didn't," she said.
In 2013, the Workers' Party won the Punggol East by-election, which was brought on by the resignation of PAP MP Michael Palmer, who had bagged 54.5 per cent of the vote in 2011.
"It (Punggol East) was a marginal seat and there was unhappiness towards the Government", said economist Walter Theseira, who comments on political issues. "These two factors were not present for this by-election."
There was also some focus on the race of the two candidates, but Dr Theseira did not think fielding an Indian candidate in a constituency where seven in 10 residents are Chinese cost the PAP many votes, although race did matter to some residents.
Mr Murali's victory signals that race may be a smaller factor than thought, said Dr Norshahril.
Dr Koh of the IPS believes that Bukit Batok voters - mainly heartlanders - would have given careful thought to whether their estate was going to be managed well.
This, said Dr Koh, was why Dr Chee had sought to assure voters "that it would not cost them if they voted for him". But PAP had an established track record in this regard, she added.
It may be Dr Chee's fifth defeat, but he still has reasons to cheer, as this is his best showing yet since entering politics in 1992, said former Nominated MP Eugene Tan.
Said Dr Norshahril: "The results tell us that the opposition still has a future in Singapore politics."
Former Nominated MP Zulkifli Baharudin said the debate on a candidate's character may have cost the PAP some votes, too.
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong probably alluded to Dr Chee when he said a person's heart and character are crucial if he wants to enter politics. "Of course, focusing on a person's character is important. But there's a danger when you go overboard," said Mr Zulkifli.
After halo effect of SG50, a return to the norm?
By Chua Mui Hoong, Opinion Editor, The Sunday Times, 8 May 2016
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