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[[Image:GulfMexTemps 2005Hurricanes.gif|thumb|250px|Chart displaying the drop in surface temperature in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] as Hurricanes [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] and [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] passed over]]
[[Image:GulfMexTemps 2005Hurricanes.gif|thumb|250px|Chart displaying the drop in surface temperature in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] as Hurricanes [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] and [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] passed over]]
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The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially, which can influence subsequent cyclone development. This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean and the warm surface waters. This effect results in a negative feedback process which can inhibit further development or lead to weakening. Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops (this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes). Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean, by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage. All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.<ref name="NASA Cooling">{{cite web|author=Eric A. D'Asaro and Peter G. Black.|url=http://opd.apl.washington.edu/~dasaro/DENNIS/HurrConf.pdf|format=PDF|title=J8.4 Turbulence in the Ocean Boundary Layer Below Hurricane Dennis|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-22|publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref>
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The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially, which can influence subsequent cyclone development. This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean and the warm surface waters. This effect results in a negative feedback process which can inhibit further development or lead to weakening. Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops (this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes). Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean, by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage. All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.<ref name="NASA Cooling">{{cite web|author=Eric A. D'Asaro and Peter G. Black.|url=http://opd.apl.washington.edu/~dasaro/DENNIS/HurrConf.pdf|format=PDF|title=J8.4 Turbulence in the Ocean Boundary Layer Below Hurricane Dennis|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-22|publisher=[[University of Washington]]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050304004600/http://opd.apl.washington.edu/~dasaro/DENNIS/HurrConf.pdf|archivedate=2005-03-04}}</ref>
Scientists estimate that a tropical cyclone releases heat energy at the rate of 50 to 200 [[exajoule]]s (10<sup>18</sup> J) per day,<ref name="NOAA Question of the Month"/> equivalent to about 1 PW (10<sup>15</sup> watt). This rate of energy release is equivalent to 70 times the [[world energy resources and consumption|world energy consumption]] of humans and 200 times the worldwide electrical generating capacity, or to exploding a 10-[[megaton]] [[nuclear bomb]] every 20 minutes.<ref name="NOAA Question of the Month"/><ref name="UCAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/hurricanes/index.jsp|title=Hurricanes: Keeping an eye on weather's biggest bullies.|date=2006-03-31|publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]]|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
Scientists estimate that a tropical cyclone releases heat energy at the rate of 50 to 200 [[exajoule]]s (10<sup>18</sup> J) per day,<ref name="NOAA Question of the Month"/> equivalent to about 1 PW (10<sup>15</sup> watt). This rate of energy release is equivalent to 70 times the [[world energy resources and consumption|world energy consumption]] of humans and 200 times the worldwide electrical generating capacity, or to exploding a 10-[[megaton]] [[nuclear bomb]] every 20 minutes.<ref name="NOAA Question of the Month"/><ref name="UCAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/hurricanes/index.jsp|title=Hurricanes: Keeping an eye on weather's biggest bullies.|date=2006-03-31|publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]]|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
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{{Main|List of notable tropical cyclones|List of Atlantic hurricanes|List of Pacific hurricanes}}
{{Main|List of notable tropical cyclones|List of Atlantic hurricanes|List of Pacific hurricanes}}
Tropical cyclones that cause extreme destruction are rare, although when they occur, they can cause great amounts of damage or thousands of fatalities.
Tropical cyclones that cause extreme destruction are rare, although when they occur, they can cause great amounts of damage or thousands of fatalities.
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The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record, killing more than 300,000 people<ref name="faqe9">{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|year=1993|title=Which tropical cyclones have caused the most deaths and most damage?|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E9.html}}</ref> and potentially as many as 1 million<ref name="1970death">{{cite news|author=Lawson|title=South Asia: A history of destruction|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/503139.stm | date=1999-11-02}}</ref> after striking the densely populated [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[Bangladesh]] on 13 November 1970. Its powerful storm surge was responsible for the high death toll.<ref name="faqe9"/> The [[List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons|North Indian cyclone basin]] has historically been the deadliest basin.<ref name="Shultz Epid Reviews 2005">{{cite journal|author=Shultz, James M., Jill Russell and Zelde Espinel|title=Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development|journal=Epidemiologic Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=21–25|url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/1/21|month=July|year=2005|accessdate=2006-12-14|doi=10.1093/epirev/mxi011|pmid=15958424}}</ref><ref name="Deadliest cyclone">{{cite journal|author=Frank, Neil L. and S. A. Husain|title=The Deadliest Tropical Cyclone in History|month=June|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/52/6/pdf/i1520-0477-52-6-438.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=52|issue=6|pages=438–445|accessdate=2006-12-14|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1971)052<0438:TDTCIH>2.0.CO;2|year=1971}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Elsewhere, [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]] killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a [[100-year flood]] that caused 62 dams including the [[Banqiao Dam]] to fail.<ref>Linda J. Anderson-Berry. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html Fifth International Workshop on Tropycal Cyclones: Topic 5.1: Societal Impacts of Tropical Cyclones.] Retrieved on 2008-02-26.</ref> The [[Great Hurricane of 1780]] is the deadliest [[Atlantic hurricane]] on record, killing about 22,000 people in the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name=NHCPastDeadly>{{cite web | author = [[National Hurricane Center]] | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? | title = The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 | accessdate = 2006-03-31|date =1997-04-22|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> A tropical cyclone does need not be particularly strong to cause memorable damage, primarily if the deaths are from rainfall or mudslides. [[Tropical Storm Thelma]] in November 1991 killed thousands in the [[Philippines]],<ref name="JTWCThelma">{{cite web | url = http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/wnp/27w.pdf|title=Typhoon Thelma (27W)|accessdate=2006-03-31|author=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|work=1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|format=PDF}}</ref> while in 1982, the unnamed tropical depression that eventually became [[Hurricane Paul (1982)|Hurricane Paul]] killed around 1,000 people in [[Central America]].<ref name="MWR Paul 1982">{{cite journal|author=Gunther, E. B., R.L. Cross, and R.A. Wagoner|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1982|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0493/111/5/pdf/i1520-0493-111-5-1080.pdf | month=May|year=1983|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|format=PDF|volume=111|issue=5|accessdate=2006-03-31|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1080:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2|page=1080}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref>
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The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record, killing more than 300,000 people<ref name="faqe9">{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|year=1993|title=Which tropical cyclones have caused the most deaths and most damage?|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E9.html}}</ref> and potentially as many as 1 million<ref name="1970death">{{cite news|author=Lawson|title=South Asia: A history of destruction|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/503139.stm | date=1999-11-02}}</ref> after striking the densely populated [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[Bangladesh]] on 13 November 1970. Its powerful storm surge was responsible for the high death toll.<ref name="faqe9"/> The [[List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons|North Indian cyclone basin]] has historically been the deadliest basin.<ref name="Shultz Epid Reviews 2005">{{cite journal|author=Shultz, James M., Jill Russell and Zelde Espinel|title=Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development|journal=Epidemiologic Reviews|volume=27|issue=1|pages=21–25|url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/1/21|month=July|year=2005|accessdate=2006-12-14|doi=10.1093/epirev/mxi011|pmid=15958424}}</ref><ref name="Deadliest cyclone">{{cite journal|author=Frank, Neil L. and S. A. Husain|title=The Deadliest Tropical Cyclone in History|month=June|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/52/6/pdf/i1520-0477-52-6-438.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=52|issue=6|pages=438–445|accessdate=2006-12-14|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1971)052<0438:TDTCIH>2.0.CO;2|year=1971}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Elsewhere, [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]] killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a [[100-year flood]] that caused 62 dams including the [[Banqiao Dam]] to fail.<ref>Linda J. Anderson-Berry. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html Fifth International Workshop on Tropycal Cyclones: Topic 5.1: Societal Impacts of Tropical Cyclones.] Retrieved on 2008-02-26.</ref> The [[Great Hurricane of 1780]] is the deadliest [[Atlantic hurricane]] on record, killing about 22,000 people in the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name=NHCPastDeadly>{{cite web | author = [[National Hurricane Center]] | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? | title = The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 | accessdate = 2006-03-31|date =1997-04-22|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> A tropical cyclone does need not be particularly strong to cause memorable damage, primarily if the deaths are from rainfall or mudslides. [[Tropical Storm Thelma]] in November 1991 killed thousands in the [[Philippines]],<ref name="JTWCThelma">{{cite web | url = http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/wnp/27w.pdf|title=Typhoon Thelma (27W)|accessdate=2006-03-31|author=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|work=1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110607052624/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/wnp/27w.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-07}}</ref> while in 1982, the unnamed tropical depression that eventually became [[Hurricane Paul (1982)|Hurricane Paul]] killed around 1,000 people in [[Central America]].<ref name="MWR Paul 1982">{{cite journal|author=Gunther, E. B., R.L. Cross, and R.A. Wagoner|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1982|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0493/111/5/pdf/i1520-0493-111-5-1080.pdf | month=May|year=1983|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|format=PDF|volume=111|issue=5|accessdate=2006-03-31|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1080:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2|page=1080}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref>
[[Hurricane Katrina]] is estimated as the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide,<ref name="epi">{{cite web|author=Earth Policy Institute|year=2006|title=Hurricane Damages Sour to New Levels|publisher=United States Department of Commerce|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update58_data.htm}}</ref> causing $81.2 billion in property damage (2008 USD)<ref name="KatrinaTCR">{{cite web|author=Knabb, Richard D., Jamie R. Rhome and Daniel P. Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23–30 August 2005|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=20 December 2005|accessdate=2006-05-30}}</ref> with overall damage estimates exceeding $100 billion (2005 USD).<ref name="epi"/> Katrina killed at least 1,836 people after striking [[Louisiana]] and [[Mississippi]] as a [[tropical cyclone scales|major hurricane]] in August 2005.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> [[Hurricane Andrew]] is the second most destructive tropical cyclone in U.S history, with damages totaling $40.7 billion (2008 USD), and with damage costs at $31.5 billion (2008 USD), [[Hurricane Ike]] is the third most destructive tropical cyclone in U.S history. The [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900]] is the deadliest natural disaster in the United States, killing an estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people in [[Galveston, Texas]].<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml#galveston Galveston Hurricane 1900.] Retrieved on 2008-02-24.</ref> [[Hurricane Mitch]] caused more than 10, 000 fatalities in Latin America. [[Hurricane Iniki]] in 1992 was the most powerful storm to strike [[Hawaii]] in recorded history, hitting [[Kauai]] as a Category 4 hurricane, killing six people, and causing U.S. $3 billion in damage.<ref name="InikiTCR">{{cite web|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | url= http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1992.php#Iniki | title=Hurricane Iniki Natural Disaster Survey Report |author=[[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]| accessdate=2006-03-31}}</ref> Other destructive Eastern [[Pacific hurricane]]s include [[Hurricane Pauline|Pauline]] and [[Hurricane Kenna|Kenna]], both causing severe damage after striking [[Mexico]] as major hurricanes.<ref name="PaulineTCR">{{cite web | last=Lawrence | first=Miles B. | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html | title=Preliminary Report: Hurricane Pauline: 5–10 October 1997 | publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] | date=7 November 1997 | accessdate=2006-03-31}}</ref><ref name="KennaTCR">{{cite web | author = [[James Franklin (meteorologist)|Franklin, James L]]. | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002kenna.shtml | title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kenna: 22–26 October 2002 | publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] | date=26 December 2002 | accessdate=2006-03-31}}</ref> In March 2004, [[Cyclone Gafilo]] struck northeastern [[Madagascar]] as a powerful cyclone, killing 74, affecting more than 200,000, and becoming the worst cyclone to affect the nation for more than 20 years.<ref name="gafilo">{{cite web|author=World Food Programme|year=2004|title=WFP Assists Cyclone And Flood Victims in Madagascar|accessdate=2007-02-24|url=http://www.sidsnet.org/archives/other-newswire/2004/msg00182.html}}</ref>
[[Hurricane Katrina]] is estimated as the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide,<ref name="epi">{{cite web|author=Earth Policy Institute|year=2006|title=Hurricane Damages Sour to New Levels|publisher=United States Department of Commerce|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update58_data.htm}}</ref> causing $81.2 billion in property damage (2008 USD)<ref name="KatrinaTCR">{{cite web|author=Knabb, Richard D., Jamie R. Rhome and Daniel P. Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23–30 August 2005|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|date=20 December 2005|accessdate=2006-05-30}}</ref> with overall damage estimates exceeding $100 billion (2005 USD).<ref name="epi"/> Katrina killed at least 1,836 people after striking [[Louisiana]] and [[Mississippi]] as a [[tropical cyclone scales|major hurricane]] in August 2005.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> [[Hurricane Andrew]] is the second most destructive tropical cyclone in U.S history, with damages totaling $40.7 billion (2008 USD), and with damage costs at $31.5 billion (2008 USD), [[Hurricane Ike]] is the third most destructive tropical cyclone in U.S history. The [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900]] is the deadliest natural disaster in the United States, killing an estimated 6,000 to 12,000 people in [[Galveston, Texas]].<ref>[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml#galveston Galveston Hurricane 1900.] Retrieved on 2008-02-24.</ref> [[Hurricane Mitch]] caused more than 10, 000 fatalities in Latin America. [[Hurricane Iniki]] in 1992 was the most powerful storm to strike [[Hawaii]] in recorded history, hitting [[Kauai]] as a Category 4 hurricane, killing six people, and causing U.S. $3 billion in damage.<ref name="InikiTCR">{{cite web|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | url= http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1992.php#Iniki | title=Hurricane Iniki Natural Disaster Survey Report |author=[[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]| accessdate=2006-03-31}}</ref> Other destructive Eastern [[Pacific hurricane]]s include [[Hurricane Pauline|Pauline]] and [[Hurricane Kenna|Kenna]], both causing severe damage after striking [[Mexico]] as major hurricanes.<ref name="PaulineTCR">{{cite web | last=Lawrence | first=Miles B. | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html | title=Preliminary Report: Hurricane Pauline: 5–10 October 1997 | publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] | date=7 November 1997 | accessdate=2006-03-31}}</ref><ref name="KennaTCR">{{cite web | author = [[James Franklin (meteorologist)|Franklin, James L]]. | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002kenna.shtml | title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kenna: 22–26 October 2002 | publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] | date=26 December 2002 | accessdate=2006-03-31}}</ref> In March 2004, [[Cyclone Gafilo]] struck northeastern [[Madagascar]] as a powerful cyclone, killing 74, affecting more than 200,000, and becoming the worst cyclone to affect the nation for more than 20 years.<ref name="gafilo">{{cite web|author=World Food Programme|year=2004|title=WFP Assists Cyclone And Flood Victims in Madagascar|accessdate=2007-02-24|url=http://www.sidsnet.org/archives/other-newswire/2004/msg00182.html}}</ref>
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The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50–70 year cycle, also known as the [[Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation]]. Nyberg ''et al.'' reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early 18th century and found five periods averaging 3–5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40–60 years, and six other averaging 1.5–2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10–20 years. These periods are associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Throughout, a decadal oscillation related to solar irradiance was responsible for enhancing/dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1–2 per year.<ref name="Nyberg2005">{{cite journal|last=Nyberg|first=J.|coauthors=Winter, A.; Malmgren, B. A.|year=2005|title=Reconstruction of Major Hurricane Activity|journal=Eos Trans. AGU|volume=86|issue=52, Fall Meet. Suppl.|pages=Abstract PP21C–1597|url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm05&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm05%2Ffm05&maxhits=200&=%22PP21C-1597%22|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50–70 year cycle, also known as the [[Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation]]. Nyberg ''et al.'' reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early 18th century and found five periods averaging 3–5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40–60 years, and six other averaging 1.5–2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10–20 years. These periods are associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Throughout, a decadal oscillation related to solar irradiance was responsible for enhancing/dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1–2 per year.<ref name="Nyberg2005">{{cite journal|last=Nyberg|first=J.|coauthors=Winter, A.; Malmgren, B. A.|year=2005|title=Reconstruction of Major Hurricane Activity|journal=Eos Trans. AGU|volume=86|issue=52, Fall Meet. Suppl.|pages=Abstract PP21C–1597|url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm05&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm05%2Ffm05&maxhits=200&=%22PP21C-1597%22|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
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Although more common since 1995, few above-normal hurricane seasons occurred during 1970–94.<ref name="RMS activity">{{cite web|author=[[Risk Management Solutions]]|url=http://www.rms.com/Publications/60HUActivityRates_whitepaper.pdf|format=PDF|title=U.S. and Caribbean Hurricane Activity Rates.|month=March|year=2006|accessdate=2006-11-30}}</ref> Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926–60, including many major New England hurricanes. Twenty-one Atlantic tropical storms formed in [[1933 Atlantic hurricane season|1933]], a record only recently exceeded in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]], which saw 28 storms. Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900–25; however, many intense storms formed during 1870–99. During the [[1887 Atlantic hurricane season|1887 season]], 19 tropical storms formed, of which a record 4 occurred after 1 November and 11 strengthened into hurricanes. Few hurricanes occurred in the 1840s to 1860s; however, many struck in the early 19th century, including a [[1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane|1821 storm]] that made a direct hit on [[New York City]]. Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 4]] in strength.<ref name="Columbia CCSR">{{cite web|author=Center for Climate Systems Research|title=Hurricanes, Sea Level Rise, and New York City|url=http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/information/hurricanes/|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|accessdate=2006-11-29|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070102092224/http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/information/hurricanes/ |archivedate = January 2, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
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Although more common since 1995, few above-normal hurricane seasons occurred during 1970–94.<ref name="RMS activity">{{cite web|author=[[Risk Management Solutions]]|url=http://www.rms.com/Publications/60HUActivityRates_whitepaper.pdf|format=PDF|title=U.S. and Caribbean Hurricane Activity Rates.|month=March|year=2006|accessdate=2006-11-30|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060422191458/http://www.rms.com/Publications/60HUActivityRates_whitepaper.pdf|archivedate=2006-04-22}}</ref> Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926–60, including many major New England hurricanes. Twenty-one Atlantic tropical storms formed in [[1933 Atlantic hurricane season|1933]], a record only recently exceeded in [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]], which saw 28 storms. Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900–25; however, many intense storms formed during 1870–99. During the [[1887 Atlantic hurricane season|1887 season]], 19 tropical storms formed, of which a record 4 occurred after 1 November and 11 strengthened into hurricanes. Few hurricanes occurred in the 1840s to 1860s; however, many struck in the early 19th century, including a [[1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane|1821 storm]] that made a direct hit on [[New York City]]. Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 4]] in strength.<ref name="Columbia CCSR">{{cite web|author=Center for Climate Systems Research|title=Hurricanes, Sea Level Rise, and New York City|url=http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/information/hurricanes/|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|accessdate=2006-11-29|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070102092224/http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/information/hurricanes/ |archivedate = January 2, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin. Before the satellite era began in 1960, tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one, a ship reported a voyage through the storm, or a storm hit land in a populated area.<ref name="BOM TC Guide 1.3"/> The official record, therefore, could miss storms in which no ship experienced gale-force winds, recognized it as a tropical storm (as opposed to a high-latitude extra-tropical cyclone, a tropical wave, or a brief squall), returned to port, and reported the experience.
These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin. Before the satellite era began in 1960, tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one, a ship reported a voyage through the storm, or a storm hit land in a populated area.<ref name="BOM TC Guide 1.3"/> The official record, therefore, could miss storms in which no ship experienced gale-force winds, recognized it as a tropical storm (as opposed to a high-latitude extra-tropical cyclone, a tropical wave, or a brief squall), returned to port, and reported the experience.