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{{About|the full nomenclature of natural persons|individual names distinguishing a person from others with the same surname|given name}}
A person's full nomenclature, also known as a '''personal name''' or '''full name''', refers to a set of names by which an individual may be known, that are or can be recited as a group, with the understanding that they all relate to one person. In some cultures, individuals are known by a single name; in others they may possess a variety of names, some of which are specific to the individual and distinguish that person from other relatives, while others indicate the person's relationship to others, or membership in a family, clan, or other social structure.
In [[Western culture]], nearly all individuals possess at least one ''[[given name]]'' (also known as a ''personal name, first name, forename'', or ''Christian name''), together with a ''[[surname]]'' (also known as a ''family name, last name'', or ''gentile name''), indicating that the person belongs to a family, a tribe, or a clan. Some Western cultures also use (or once did use) [[patronymic]]s or [[matronymic]]s. Similar concepts are present in [[Eastern world|Eastern]] cultures.
However, in less urbanized areas of the world, many people are known by a single name, and are said to be [[mononymous person|mononymous]]. Still other cultures lack the concept of specific, fixed names designating people, either individually or collectively. Certain isolated tribes, such as the [[Machiguenga people|Machiguenga]] of the Amazon, do not use personal names.{{efn-lr|The Machiguenga may have nicknames, but generally refer to each other by how they are related. They may disambiguate with biographical information, such as "sister, the one who slipped in the river".<ref>Snell, Wayne W (1964). Kinship relations in Machiguenga. pp. 17–25</ref><ref>Johnson, Allen W. ''Families of the forest: the Matsigenka Indians of the Peruvian Amazon''. [[University of California Press]], 2003. [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_JXC70OnxEgC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=machigenga+OR+machiguenga+personal+name&source=bl&ots=uYl59Lefdu&sig=UYrrlWd06KxprpMDwnHjEbZbW1U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FUZ4T6DgDpDLrQfuibWbDQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=machigenga%20OR%20machiguenga%20personal%20name&f=false pp. 9–10]. Retrieved from [[Google Books]] on April 1, 2012. ISBN 978-0-520-23242-6.</ref>}}
A person's full name usually identifies that person for legal and administrative purposes, although it may not be the name by which the person is commonly known; some people use only a portion of their full name, or are known by titles, nicknames, or other formal or informal designations. The academic study of names is called [[anthroponymy]].
It is nearly universal for people to have names; the [[United Nations]] [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] declares that a child has the right to a name from birth.<ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm Text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child], Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.</ref>
== Structure ==
Common components of names given at birth include:
* Personal name: The [[given name]] can precede a [[family name]] (as in some European cultures), or it can come after the family name (as in some East Asian cultures), or be used without a family name.
* [[Patronymic]]: A surname based on the given name of the father.
* [[Matronymic]]: A surname based on the given name of the mother.
* [[Family name]]: A name used by all members of a family. In [[Europe]], after the loss of the [[Roman naming conventions|Roman system]], the common use of family names started quite early in some areas ([[France]] in the 13th century, and [[Germany]] in the 16th century), but it often did not happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such as the [[Scandinavia]]n countries, [[Wales]], and some areas of [[Germany]] as well as [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]. The compulsory use of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (but did not require surnames for Jews, who usually used [[patronymic]]s, until 1808). On the other hand, surnames were not compulsory in the Scandinavian countries until the 19th or 20th century (1923) in [[Norway]], and [[Iceland]] still [[Icelandic name|does not use surnames]] for its native inhabitants.
* In many families, single or multiple [[middle name]]s are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, sometimes their maiden names. In some traditions, however, the roles of the first and middle given names are reversed, with the first given name being used to honor a family member and the middle name being used as the usual method to address someone informally. Many [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] families choose a [[saint]]'s name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's [[Confirmation (sacrament)|confirmation]] when they choose a saint's name for themselves. In countries such as [[Brazil]] the middle name is usually the mother's family name. Cultures that use [[patronymics]] or [[matronymics]] will often give middle names to distinguish between two similarly named people: e.g., Einar Karl Stefánsson and Einar Guðmundur Stefánsson. This is especially done in Iceland (as shown in example) where people are known and referred to almost exclusively by their given name/s.
Some people (called '''anonyms''') choose to be [[Anonymity|anonymous]], that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or social ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a [[pseudonym]].
For some people, their name is a single word, known as a [[mononym]]. This can be true from birth, or occur later in life. For example, [[Teller (entertainer)|Teller]], of the magician duo [[Penn and Teller]], was named Raymond Joseph Teller at birth, but changed his name both legally and socially to be simply "Teller". In some official government documents, such as his [[driver's license]], his given name is listed as ''NFN'', an acronym for "no first name".
The [[Inuit]] believe that the [[Soul (spirit)|souls]] of the [[namesake]]s are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (''atiq''), but also by [[kinship]] title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. In [[Judaism]], someone's name is considered intimately connected with his fate, and adding a name (e.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Among [[Ashkenazi Jews]] it is also considered bad luck to take the name of a living ancestor, as the [[Death (personification)#In Judaism|Angel of Death]] may mistake the younger person for his namesake (although there is no such custom among [[Sephardi Jews]]). Jews may also have a Jewish name for intra-community use and use a different name when engaging with the [[goyim|Gentile]] world.
Chinese children are called diminutive or pejorative names to make them appear worthless to evil spirits. They receive a definitive name as they grow up.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} [[Chinese emperor|Chinese]] and [[Japanese emperor]]s receive [[posthumous name]]s.
In some [[Polynesian culture]]s, the name of a deceased chief becomes [[taboo]]. If he is named after a common object or concept, a different word has to be used for it.
Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes [[title]]s) are considered part of the name.
== Feudal names ==
{{Disputed-section|date=February 2013}}
The [[royal family|royalty]], [[nobility]], and [[gentry]] of Europe traditionally have many names, including phrases for the lands that they own. The French developed the method of putting the term by which the person is referred in [[small capital]] letters. It is this habit which transferred to names of the Far East, as seen below. An example is that of Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch Gilbert du Motier, who is known as the <span style="font-variant:small-caps">[[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Marquis de Lafayette]]</span>. Notice that he possessed the lands both of Motier and Lafayette.
Another example is the literary character Don <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Quixote</span>, who is never referred to in literature by the phrase used as the title of the [[musical comedy]] (based upon [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes']] novel), ''[[Man of La Mancha]]''.
The bare place name was used formerly to refer to the person who owned it, rather than the land itself (the word "Gloucester" in "What will Gloucester do?" meant the [[Duke of Gloucester]]). As a development, the bare name of a ship in the [[Royal Navy]] meant its captain (e.g., "Cressy didn't learn from Aboukir") while the name with an article referred to the ship (e.g., "The ''Cressy'' is foundering").
== Naming conventions ==
In contemporary Western societies (except for [[Iceland]], [[Hungary]], sometimes [[Flanders]] (depending on the occasion)), the most common naming convention is that a person must have a [[given name]], which is usually gender-specific, followed by the parents' [[family name]]. In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X's son/daughter"; this is now the case only in [[Iceland]] and was recently re-introduced as an option in the [[Faroe Islands]]. It is legally possible in Finland as people of Icelandic ethnic naming are specifically named in the name law. When people of this name convert to standards of other cultures, the phrase is often condensed into one word, creating last names like Jacobsen (Jacob's Son).
Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles about particular cultures' naming conventions.
{{names in world cultures}}
== Name order ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Family name]] -->
{{original research|section|date=December 2011}}
[[File:MomoiExpoCrop.png|thumb|[[Haruko Momoi]] at the [[Anime Expo]] 2007 in [[Los Angeles]]; her name card features a spelling of [[Japanese name|her name]] ("Halko Momoi") written in Western order; in Japanese her name is {{Nihongo2|桃井はるこ}} ''Momoi Haruko'']]
The order ''personal name - family name'' is commonly known as the '''Western order''' and is usually used in most [[Europe]]an countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe ([[North America|North]] and [[South America|South]] [[Americas|America]], [[North India|North]], [[East India|East]], [[Geography of India|Central]] and [[Western India|West India]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[Philippines]]).
The order ''family name - personal name'' is commonly known as the '''Eastern order''' and is used in [[Hungary]], parts of [[Africa]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}}, [[East Asia]] (for example in [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Malaysian Chinese]], [[Singapore]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Vietnam]]) and [[South India|Southern India]] and NorthEastern part of India. It is common in popular use also in [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Belgium]], because of the influence of the bureaucratic use of putting the family name before the given name.
== Lexical order ==
In Western countries, the ''Eastern order'' is generally used in lists and catalogues, with the family and given names separated with a [[comma]] (e.g. Smith, John). This convention is followed by most Western libraries, as well as on many administrative forms. In Russia this convention is used even more extensively, with the [[Russian Wikipedia]] using it for the names of articles on non-fictional people.
When East Asian names are [[transliteration|transliterated]] into the [[Latin alphabet]], some people prefer to convert them to the Western order, while others leave them in the Eastern order but write the family name in [[letter case|capital letters]]. To avoid confusion, some always write a family name in capital letters, especially when writing for an international audience. This habit is commonly used in the international language [[Esperanto]]. In Hungarian, for example, Japanese or Chinese names, are most frequently used in the Western order (first name-last name), however, they sometimes remain in the same order as those of Hungarians.
Chinese people, except for those traveling or living outside of China, rarely reverse their names to the western naming order (given name, then family name).{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=October 2013}} Western publications usually preserve the Chinese naming order, with the family name first, followed by the given name. In regards to Japanese names, most foreign publications reverse the names of modern individuals, and most Japanese reverse their own names when creating materials for foreign consumption.<ref>Terry, Edith. ''How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle''. [[M.E. Sharpe]], 2002. [http://books.google.com/books?id=EzKBXxnkURkC&pg=PA632&dq=%22Japanese+names%22+surname&hl=en&ei=3GU_TqC1OaLFsQKvq_22AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Japanese%20names%22%20surname&f=false 632]. Retrieved from [[Google Books]] on August 7, 2011. ISBN 0-7656-0356-X, ISBN 9780765603562.</ref> In popular journalism publications, western order is used for Japanese names.<ref name="Saeki">Saeki, Shizuka. "First Name Terms." ''[[Look Japan]]''. June 2001. Volume 47, No. 543. p. 35.</ref>
Japanese names of contemporary individuals and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when individuals who have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for example, ''Koizumi Jun'ichirō'' is known as [[Junichiro Koizumi]] in English, and Puskás Ferenc is known as [[Ferenc Puskás]]. But Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese names of historical figures are usually left in East Asian order; for instance, Máo Zédōng is known as [[Mao Zedong]] in English.
Names of Japanese or Chinese sportspeople generally follow the above conventions. For Japanese examples, see [[Ichiro Suzuki]] instead of ''Suzuki Ichirō'' (although he is widely known simply as "Ichiro" in both Japan and North America), or [[Hidetoshi Nakata]] instead of ''Nakata Hidetoshi''. As for Chinese sportspeople, ''Yáo Míng'' is [[Yao Ming]] and ''Liú Xiáng'' is [[Liu Xiang]] in the West.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
Names of Korean sportspeople may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries, apparently depending on the sport. For example, names of Korean [[football (soccer)|footballers]] and [[Sportsperson|athletes]] are usually left in East Asian order (e.g. [[Ahn Jung-hwan]], [[Hong Myung-bo]], [[Park Ji-Sung]], [[Sohn Kee-chung]], [[Hwang Young-cho]]). [[Baseball]] players' names are usually changed to Western order; for example Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as [[Chan-ho Park]]. [[Golf]]ers' names are also typically switched to Western order; the female golfer Pak Se-ri is known in the West as [[Se Ri Pak]]. Confusion can be avoided by noticing that in all the above cases, the words linked by a hyphen are the given name.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
== Non-human personal names ==
Apart from the [[Linnaean taxonomy]], some humans give individual non-human animals and plants names, usually of endearment.
===Names of pets===
Pet names often reflect the owner's view of the animal, and their expectations they have for their companion.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ISnH9lrVYhYC&pg=PA127 The complete idiot's guide to pet psychic communication], Debbie McGillivray, Eve Adamson, Alpha Books, 2004, ISBN 1-59257-214-6, ISBN 978-1-59257-214-4</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VoxbJ_oF7LAC&pg=PA10 Adopting a Pet For Dummies] Page 10, By Eve Adamson</ref> It has been argued that giving names allows researchers to view their pets as [[ontologically]] different from unnamed [[laboratory animal]]s with which they work.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/a5k7231264jl2j22/ Proper names and the social construction of biography: The negative case of laboratory animals], Mary T. Phillips, Qualitative Sociology, Volume 17, Number 2, SpringerLink</ref>
The name given to a pet may refer to its appearance<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ekn0Zm2jUBgC&pg=PA1 The Best Pet Name Book Ever!], Chapter 1, By Wayne Bryant Eldridge</ref> or personality,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ekn0Zm2jUBgC&pg=PA7 The Best Pet Name Book Ever!], Chapter 2, By Wayne Bryant Eldridge</ref> or be chosen for [[endearment]],<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ekn0Zm2jUBgC&pg=PA23 The Best Pet Name Book Ever!], Chapter 4, By Wayne Bryant Eldridge</ref> or in honor of a favorite [[celebrity]].<ref>[http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/09/28/what-celebrity-would-you-name-your-pet-after/ What celebrity would you name your pet after?], by Margaret Lyons, Sep 28 2009, Entertainment Weekly</ref>
Some pet owners give human names to their pets. This has been shown to reflect the owner having a human-like relationship with the pet.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ekn0Zm2jUBgC&pg=PA13 The Best Pet Name Book Ever!], Chapter 3, By Wayne Bryant Eldridge</ref>
In some cultures, [[pet]]s or sporting [[animal]]s are sometimes given names similar to human names. Other cultures, such as the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Chinese pet names|give animals nonhuman names]], because it would be seen as offensive and disrespectful to the person of the same name.
===Dolphin names for each other===
A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences claims that humans are not the only animals that use personal names. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Wilmington studying [[bottlenose dolphin]]s in Sarasota Bay, Florida, found that the dolphins had names for each other.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/05/09/dolphins.names.reut/index.html |title=Dolphins, like humans, recognize names, May 9, 2006,CNN|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060602074304/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/05/09/dolphins.names.reut/index.html |archivedate=2006-06-02}}</ref> A dolphin chooses its name as an infant.<ref>[http://www.livescience.com/animals/060508_dolphin_names.html Dolphins Name Themselves], By Bjorn Carey, posted: 8 May 2006, livescience.com</ref>
== See also ==
{{multicol}}
* [[Bilingual name]]
* [[Germanic name]]
* [[Given name]], name at birth
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names]]
* [[List of most popular given names]]
* [[Lists of most common surnames]]
* [[Married and maiden names]]
* [[Mononymous person]]
* [[Name generator]]
* [[Name–letter effect]]
* [[Name day|Namesdays]]
* [[Personally identifiable information]]
* [[Posthumous name]]
* [[Temple name]]
* [[Ancient Greek personal names]]{{Multicol-end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist-lr}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
* Matthews, Elaine; Hornblower, Simon; Fraser, Peter Marshall, [http://books.google.com/books?id=SbVJvfu7EzsC&printsec=frontcover ''Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence''], Proceedings of The British Academy (104), Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-726216-3
== External links ==
* [http://www.grcdi.nl/gsb/world%20personal%20name%20formats.html World personal name formats]
* ''[http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/useofnames.html The use of personal names]''
* [http://www.gaminggeeks.org/Resources/KateMonk/ Kate Monk's Onomastikon(Dictionary of Names)]
* [http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/ Lexicon of Greek Personal Names], a Major Research Project of the British Academy, Oxford, contains over 35,000 published Greek names.
{{Personal names}}
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