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{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Udine
| official_name = Città di Udine
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Piazza san giacomo.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Piazza San Giacomo
| image_shield = Udine-Stemma.png
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| latd = 46 |latm = 04 |lats = |latNS = N
| longd = 13 |longm = 14 |longs = |longEW = E
| coordinates_type =
| coordinates_display = title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]
| province = [[Province of udine|Udine]] (UD)
| frazioni = see [[udine#Frazioni|list]]
| mayor_party = Democratic Party
| mayor = Furio Honsell
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 56
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 100514
| population_as_of = January 31, 2012
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Udinesi
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 113
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint = [[Hermagoras of Aquileia|Sts. Ermacoras and Fortunatus]]
| day = July 12
| postal_code = 33100
| area_code = 0432
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.udine.it}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Udine''' {{audio|It-Udine.ogg|<small>listen</small>}} ({{lang-fur|Udin}}, {{lang-sl|Videm}}, {{lang-de|Weiden}}, {{lang-la|Utinum}}) is a city and ''[[comune]]'' in northeastern [[Italy]], in the middle of the [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] region, between the [[Adriatic Sea]] and the [[Alps]] (''Alpi Carniche''), less than 40 km from the [[Slovenia]]n border. Its population was 100,514 in 2012, and that of its urban area was 176,000.
==Name==
Udine was first attested in medieval Latin records as ''Udene'' in 983 and as ''Utinum'' around the year 1000. The origin of the name ''Udine'' is unclear. It has been tentatively suggested that the name may be of pre-Roman origin, connected with the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] root *''o{{IPA|u̯}}d<sup>h</sup>-'' 'udder' in the [[Metonymy|metonymic]] sense 'hill'.<ref>Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. 1990. ''Toponomastica italiana: 10000 nomi di città, paesi, frazioni, regioni, contrade, fiumi, monti spiegati nella loro origine e storia.'' Milan: Hoepli, p. 130.</ref><ref name="Snoj">Snoj, Marko. 2009. ''Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen''. Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, p. 454.</ref> The Slovene name ''Videm'' (with final -''m'') is a [[hypercorrection]] of the local Slovene name ''Vidan'' (with final -''n''), based on settlements named ''Videm'' in Slovenia.<ref name="Snoj"/> The Slovene linguist Pavle Merkù has characterized the Slovene form ''Videm'' as an "idiotic 19th-century hypercorrection."<ref>Toporišič, Jože. 2002. "Pavle Merkù o Slovenskem pravopisu 2001." ''Kras'' 54/55: 62–64. Reprinted in: Jože Toporišič. 2011. ''Intervjuji in polemike'', pp. 329–333. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, p. 330.</ref>
== History ==
Udine is the historical capital of [[Friuli]]. The area has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]] age, and was later, most likely, settled by Illyrians.
Based on an old Hungarian legend, [[Attila]] (?–453), the leader of the Huns, built a hill there, when besieging [[Aquileia]], because he needed a winter quarters billet: he instructed his soldiers to bring soil in their helmet and shield, because, the landscape was too flat, without any hill. He established the town there, and built a square-shape tower.<ref name="ref_001">{{Cite book|first=Dénes|last=Lengyel|title=Régi Magyar mondák|publisher=Móra Ferenc|location=Budapest|year=1972|isbn=963-11-2928-4|ref=harv}}</ref>
After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the area increased in importance after the decline of [[Aquileia]] and afterwards of [[Cividale]] also. In 983 AD Udine is mentioned for the first time, with the donation of the ''Utinum'' castle by emperor [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] to the [[Patriarchs of Aquileia]], then the main feudal lords of the region. In 1223, with the foundation of the market, the city became finally the most important in the area for economy and trades, and also became the Patriarch's seat.
[[File:Udine panor.jpg|left|thumb|View of the city, with the Alps in the background.]]
In 1420, it was conquered by the [[Republic of Venice]]. In 1511, it was the seat of a short civil war, which was followed by an earthquake and a plague. Udine remained under Venetian control until 1797, being the second largest city in the state. After the short French domination which ensued, it was part of the Austrian-puppet [[Lombardy-Venetia]] Kingdom, and was included in the newly formed [[unification of Italy|Kingdom of Italy]] in 1866.
During [[World War I]], before the defeat in the [[battle of Caporetto]], Udine became the seat of the Italian High Command and was nicknamed "Capitale della Guerra" ("War Capital"). After the battle, it was occupied by [[Austrians]] in 1918 until after the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]] in 1918. After the war it was made capital of a short-lived province (''Provincia del Friuli'') which included the current provinces of Gorizia, Pordenone and Udine. After 8 September 1943, when Italy surrendered to the Allies in World War II, the city was under direct [[Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral|German administration]], which ceased in April 1945.
== Demographics ==
In 2007, there were 97,880 people residing in Udine itself (whereas the greater area has a population double its size), located in the province of Udine, [[Friuli Venezia Giulia]], of whom 46.9% were male and 53.1% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.36 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 24.27 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Udine residents is 47 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Udine grew by 1.48 percent, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[http://demo.istat.it/bil2002/index.html][http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html] The current birth rate of Udine is 9.13 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
As of 2006, 90.90% of the population was of [[Italian people|Italian]] descent. The largest immigrant group came from other [[Europe]]an nations (particularly those from [[Austria]] and [[Croatia]] ): 5.37%, followed by [[sub-saharan Africa]] (mostly from [[Ghana]]): 1.65%, and [[North African]]: 0.77%.
== Main sights ==
[[File:Udine Italy 2.jpg|right|thumb|Piazza della Libertà, 16th century Loggia di San Giovanni and the Torre dell’Orologio.]]
[[File:Loggia del Lionello.jpg|thumb|Loggia del Lionello.]]
[[File:Udine 0904 Via Mercatovecchio.jpg|thumb|Via Mercatovecchio, the main street in the city center.]]
The old residence of the patriarchs of Aquileia, the ''palazzo Patriarcale'', was erected by [[Giovanni Fontana (sculptor)|Giovanni Fontana]] in 1517 in place of the older one destroyed by an earthquake in 1511. Under the Austrians it was used as a prison. In the cathedral archives was formerly preserved a recension of the [[Visigothic Code|Visigothic code of laws]], called the [[Breviary of Alaric]], in a manuscript known as the ''Codex Utinensis'', which was fortunately printed before it was lost.
In the 1550s, [[Andrea Palladio]] erected some buildings in Udine.
The church of ''Santa Maria della Purità'' has 18th-century frescoes by [[Giambattista Tiepolo]] and his son Domenico.
The church dedicated to St. Mary of the Castle is probably the oldest in Udine, judging from extant fragments dating back to the Lombard era. It lost its parish status in 1263, when it was annexed to the larger parish of Saint'Odorico (now the Cathedral). It has been renovated many times over the centuries: the façade, for example, was entirely rebuilt after the catastrophic earthquake of 1511. Its three naves preserve the suggestive atmosphere of silence and contemplation, which is often found in old churches. The Venetian Governor, Tommaso Lippomano, commissioned the Venetian Gothic [[portico]] with steps and ramps leading down the hill in 1487.
In the principal square (Piazza della Libertà) stands the town hall (''Loggia del Lionello'') built in 1448–1457 in the Venetian-Gothic style opposite a clock tower (Torre dell’Orologio) resembling that of the [[Piazza San Marco]] at [[Venice]]. It was begun in 1448 on a project by [[Nicolò Lionello]], a local goldsmith, and was rebuilt following a fire in 1876. The new design was projected by the architect [[Andrea Scala]].
Opposite the Loggia del Lionello is the Loggia di San Giovanni, a Renaissance structure designed by Bernardino da Morcote. Other noteworthy monuments in the square are the Fountain by [[Giovanni Carrara]], an architect from Bergamo (1542); the Columns bearing the Venetian Lion and the Statue of Justice (1614), the statues of Hercules and Cacus and the Statue of Peace (1819) which was donated to Udine by Emperor [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]] to commemorate the peace [[Treaty of Campoformido]].
[[File:Udin Videm city hall.jpg|Loggia del Lionello by night.|left|thumb]]
The Cathedral of Udine is an imposing edifice whose construction started in 1236, on a Latin cross-shaped plan with three naves and chapels along the sides. The church was consecrated in 1335 as ''Santa Maria Maggiore''. At the beginning of the 18th century a radical transformation project involving both the exterior and the interior was undertaken at the request and expense of the Manin family. The Baroque interior has monumental dimensions and contains many works of art by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo|Tiepolo]], [[Pomponio Amalteo|Amalteo]], and [[Ludovico Dorigny]]. On the ground floor of the bell tower (built from 1441 over the ancient baptistry) is a chapel which is completely adorned with frescoes by [[Vitale da Bologna]] (1349).
The center of Udine is dominated by the [[Udine Castle|Castle]], built by the Venetians from 1517 over a Lombard fortification ruined by an earthquake in 1511. The current Renaissance appearance dates from the intervention of Giovanni da Udine, who finished the works starting from 1547. The castle houses one of the most ancient Parliament Halls of Europe.
== Other points of interest ==
* [[Orto Botanico Friulano]], a [[botanical garden]]
* [[Parco Botanico Friulano "Cormor"]], a park and [[botanical garden]]
* Mentioned in [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s novel [[A Farewell To Arms]]
== Culture ==
Udine has a university, the [[Università degli studi di Udine|University of Udine]]. The archbishop's [[palace]] and the Museo Civico have quite important paintings.
The city has a theater, the Teatro Giovanni da Udine.
Important festivals include the wine-and-food September festival, [[Friuli D.O.C.]], and the biggest European festival of popular [[East Asian cinema]], the [[Far East Film Festival]], in April.
The [[asteroid]] ([[33100 Udine]]) was named in honor of the city.
Along with [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Furlan|Friulian]] is often spoken in Udine, as well as a variant of [[Venetian language|Venetian]] (called Venetin) that is however in decline.
== Economy ==
Udine is important for commerce, with several commercial centers in the hinterland. There are also iron and mechanical industries ([[Danieli]] and ABS are the most important).<br>
With 7,600,000 travelling people every year, Udine's railway station is the most important one in Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Old udine.jpg|Old map.
File:Udine center.JPG|Piazza Libertà.
File:Udine towerdetail.JPG|Udine Tower detail.
File:Udine_Italy.jpg|Loggia del Lionello and its Piazza by day.
<!-- Deleted image removed: File:Udine sat.jpg|Satellite view -->
</gallery>
== Sport ==
The local [[football (soccer)|football]] club is called [[Udinese Calcio]], founded in 1896, and plays in the highest Italian league (''[[Serie A]]''). The local basketball team [[Snaidero Udine]] plays in the second national league, the [[LegaDue]].
== Famous people ==
* [[Afro Basaldella]], painter
* [[Mirko Basaldella]], sculptor
* [[Enzo Bearzot]], national football trainer
* [[Luigi Bertoli]], footballer
* [[Luca Marangone]], trader & billionaire
* [[Gabriele Cassone]], trumpeter
* [[Raimondo D'Aronco]], architect
* [[Giovanni da Udine]], painter (Renaissance)
* [[Giulio Glorioso]], baseball player
* [[Ernesto Lomasti]], mountaineer
* [[Tina Modotti]], photographer
* [[Bruno Pizzul]], sports journalist
* [[Bruno Sacco]], Mercedes-Benz designer
* [[Luigi Pio Tessitori]], Indologist, Linguist
* [[Paolo Veneto]], philosopher ("calculator", 14th century)
* [[Dino Zoff]], footballer and football trainer
* [[José Bragato]], cellist and composer
* [[Janni Sabucco]], writer, poet & monsignor
* [[Dore Michelut]], Italian-Canadian writer
* [[Alessandro Zanni]], rugby union player
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Udine is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]], Argentina
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Dilijan]], Armenia
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Villach]], Austria
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], Canada
*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Medellín, Antioquia|Medellìn]], Colombia
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Vienne (Isère)|Vienne]], France
||
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Esslingen am Neckar]], Germany
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Schiedam]], Netherlands
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Maribor]], Slovenia
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albacete]], Spain
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Norrköping]], Sweden
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Neath Port Talbot]], United Kingdom<ref name="Neath Port Talbot twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.npt.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1988|title=Neath Port Talbot Twin Towns|accessdate=2013-08-22|work=Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council}}</ref>
|}
== See also ==
[[Giovanni Martini da Udine]], a High Renaissance architect who worked in Rome and pupil of [[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]].
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*{{Citation |publisher = Karl Baedeker |publication-place = Leipzig |edition=14th |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL16015532M/Northern_Italy |title = Northern Italy |publication-date = 1913 |chapterurl=http://www.archive.org/stream/northernitalyi00karl#page/422/mode/2up |chapter= Udine }}
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.comune.udine.it Udine homepage]
* [http://www.italia.it/en/discover-italy/friuli-venezia-giulia/udine.html#box_1Udine]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/artsandculture/9017512/Udine-Italy-a-cultural-guide.html Sunday Telegraph reportage]
* [http://www.udinecity.com Udine portal]
* [http://www.uniud.it University of Udine]
* [http://udine3d.uniud.it Udine in 3D]
* [http://www.sommarti.com/udinese.html The soccer song Fuarce Udin]
* [http://www.udineis.org Udine International School]
* [http://www.udine20.it Udine20 (Udine Events)]
* [http://www.friulinnovazione.it Friuli Innovazione Centre of research and technology transfer]
*{{cite web |title=Lo Stato Veneto da terra diviso nelle sue provincie, seconda parte che comprede porzioni del Dogado del Trevisano del Friuli e dell' Istria |author=Giovanni Maria Cassini |year=1791 |publisher=Calcografia camerale |location=Rome |url=http://maps.bpl.org/id/14614 }} (Map of Udine region).
<BR>
{{Province of Udine}}
[[Category:Udine| ]]
[[Category:983 establishments]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Udine]]
{{usedwps}}