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{{Bdm}}{{distinguish|Seal, Kent}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|static_image = [[File:Deal seafront.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption= Deal
|official_name= Deal
|latitude= 51.2226
|longitude= 1.4006
|label_position= top
| population = 30,085
| population_ref = (2011 census)
|shire_district= [[Dover (district)|Dover]]
|shire_county = [[Kent]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Dover (UK Parliament constituency)|Dover]]
|post_town= DEAL|postcode_district = CT14
|postcode_area= CT |dial_code= 01304
|os_grid_reference= TR375525
|london_distance= 83.9mi
}}
'''Deal''' is a town in [[Kent]], [[England]] which lies on the [[English Channel]], eight miles north-east of [[Dover, England|Dover]] and eight miles south of [[Ramsgate]]. It is a former fishing, mining and garrison town. Close to Deal is [[Walmer]], a possible location for [[Julius Caesar]]'s [[Caesar's invasions of Britain|first arrival]] in [[Great Britain|Britain]].
Deal became a 'limb port' of the [[Cinque Ports]] in 1278 and grew into the busiest [[port]] in England; today it is a [[seaside resort]], its quaint streets and houses the only reminder of its history. In 1968, Middle Street was the first [[Conservation Area (United Kingdom)|Conservation Area]] in Kent.<ref>[http://www.dover.gov.uk/conservation/conservation_areas/deal_middle_street.aspx Deal Middle Street, Article 4(2) Direction]
</ref>
The coast of [[France]] is approximately twenty-five miles from the town and is visible on clear days.
The [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] [[Deal Castle]], commissioned by King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], has a [[rose]] floor plan.
==History==
Mentioned as a village in the [[Domesday Book]] Deal developed into a port by the end of the 13th century. [[Sandown Castle, Kent|Sandown]], [[Deal Castle|Deal]] and [[Walmer Castle|Walmer]] castles were constructed around the town by Henry VIII to protect against foreign naval attack. In 1861 Royal Marines Depot was established in the town.
===Maritime history===
The proximity of Deal's shoreline to the notorious [[Goodwin Sands]] has made its coastal waters a source of both shelter and danger through the history of sea travel in British waters. [[The Downs]], the water between the town and the sands, provides a naturally sheltered [[anchor]]age. This allowed the town to become a significant shipping and [[military port]] in past centuries despite the absence of a [[harbour]], with transit of goods and people from ship to shore conducted using smaller [[Ship's tender|tender]] craft. Deal was, for example, visited by [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] and was the first English soil on which James Cook set foot in 1771 on returning from [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage to Australia]]. The anchorage is still used today by international and regional [[shipping]], though on a scale far smaller than at other times in the past (some historical accounts report hundreds of ships being visible from the beach).
By the time Dickens came to Deal it had been largely forgotten how the government of 1784, under Prime Minister [[William Pitt the Younger]] (who was staying at nearby [[Walmer Castle]], and was later to be appointed [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] in 1792), ensured that the Deal boats were all set ablaze, suspecting some of the Deal [[lugger]]s of being engaged in smuggling. Pitt had awaited an opportunity that January, when the boats were all 'hoved up' on the beach on account of bad weather, to send a regiment of soldiers to smash and burn them. A naval [[Cutter (ship)|cutter]] was positioned offshore to prevent any of the boatmen escaping.
The boatmen's ancestors had the right, under charter, freely to import goods in return for their services as [[Cinque Ports|Cinque Port]] men in providing what had been long recognised as the sole naval defence of the realm. These men continued to risk their lives and their boats, in saving the lives of shipwreck victims.
The irrepressible spirit of the Deal boatmen remained undaunted by these events throughout the [[Napoleonic Wars]], and they continued to assert their hard-earned right to trade.
From these activities news of the events unfolding in France would reach England quickly and regularly, with about 400 men making a living off Deal beach at that time. The war only made the boatmen’s efforts more profitable, so that afterwards the Government immediately turned a part of its naval [[blockade]] into a coastal blockade, which lasted from 1818 to 1831.
Deal had a naval shipyard which provided Deal with much of its trade. On the site of the yard there is now a building originally used as a semaphore tower, and later used as a coastguard house, then as a [[Deal Timeball|timeball tower]], which it remains today, and as a museum. Besides this and the [[Deal Maritime Museum]], there is no museum of the town's history yet, though a campaign to start one is ongoing - Deal's history is told at [[Dover Museum]] instead.
===Royal Marines===
The first home of the [[Royal Marines]] in Kent was established at [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]] in 1755. Because of its proximity to the continent and the fact that it possessed a thriving naval dockyard, Deal has been closely associated with the corps ever since its foundation. Records from the old Navy yard at Deal exist from 1658 and show that Marines from Chatham and Woolwich were on duty in Deal, and quartered in the town, until the Deal depot was established in 1861.
Deal Barracks has become known over its long history as the Royal Marine School of Music, the barracks at [[Walmer]] consisting of the North, East and South (or Cavalry) barracks, and all were constructed shortly after the outbreak of the [[French revolution]].
Part of the South barracks was used from 1815 as the quarters for the 'blockade men', drafted against a threat of local smuggling. The South barracks became a coastguard station thereafter, and this duty continued until 1840.
It was the East barracks which accommodated the School of Music, until the [[Royal Naval School of Music]] was formed at [[Plymouth]] in 1903, but which moved to Deal in 1930, replacing the original depot band formed in 1891. Thus the institution became known as the Royal Marine School of Music in 1950.
During 1940, at St. Margaret's Bay, close to Deal, the [[Royal Marines Siege Regiment]] came into being and manned cross-channel guns for most of the remainder of the war.
On 29 October, a [[Home Security]] Report detailed in the RAF's Campaign Diary was made:
"Army Stations 29thU October 1940
Deal: At 1640 hours three HE bombs were dropped in the barracks, the casualties being 1 Officer and 7 other ranks killed, 6 Officers and 6 other ranks wounded."
These casualties are buried in the [[Hamilton Road Cemetery, Deal, Kent.]]
In 2005, the Old Gymnasium (in the Barracks) was renovated and it won the Building Renovation category in the [[Kent Design Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2005 |title=Top design award for converted rail shed |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/newsarchive.aspx?articleid=23955 |website =www.kentonline.co.uk |accessdate=16 January 2014 }}</ref>
===IRA Bombing===
At approximately 8:20 am on 22 September 1989, the Royal Marines School of Music [[Deal barracks bombing|was bombed]] by the [[Provisional IRA|IRA]], resulting in the deaths of 11 bandsmen, and injuries to 22 other marines. The memorial garden is situated in the grounds of the old barracks where the bomb went off. This was built in remembrance of the 11 that died and was then restored after an arson attack a number of years ago. Every year the families and friends of those that died join together at the garden to pay their respects and lay flowers in a memorial service.
On the evening of 26 March 1996, the Deal populace were privy to a special ceremony, the [[Beating Retreat]], coming from the South barracks, as the [[Royal Marines Band Service]] were commanded to vacate their ancient Kent depot and move to new quarters at [[Portsmouth]]. The Marines every year come up to the [[bandstand]] and put on a display which attracts over 10,000 people.
===Lifeboats===
{{Main|Walmer and Deal lifeboats}}
===Piers===
[[File:Deal Pier.JPG|230x173px|right|thumb|The 1957 Deal Pier]]
The seafront at Deal has been adorned with three separate [[pier]]s in the town's history. The first, built in 1838, was designed by [[John Rennie (railway engineer)|Sir John Rennie]]. After its wooden structure was destroyed in an 1857 gale, it was replaced by an iron pier in 1864. A popular pleasure pier, it survived until the [[Second World War]], when it was struck and severely damaged by a mined Dutch ship, the ''Nora'', in January 1940. This was not the first time the pier had been hit by shipping, with previous impacts in 1873 and 1884 necessitating extensive repairs.
The present pier, designed by Sir W. Halcrow & Partners, was opened on 19 November 1957 by the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]]. Constructed predominantly from [[concrete]]-clad [[steel]], it is 1026 ft (311 m) in length (a notice announces that it is the same length as the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']], but that ship was just 882 feet in length), and ends in a three-tiered pier-head, featuring a cafe, bar, lounge, and fishing decks. The lowest of the three tiers is underwater at all but the lowest part of the tidal range, and has become disused. The pier is a popular [[sport fishing]] venue.
Deal's current pier is the last remaining fully intact leisure pier in [[Kent]] and is a Grade II listed building.<ref>http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPSdeal.html</ref> Its structure was extensively refurbished and repaired in 1997, with work including the replacement of much of the concrete cladding on the pier's main piles. Work began in April 2008 to construct a new pier-head with a modern restaurant, with the restaurant opened in December 2008.<ref>[http://www.dealpier.com/ Deal Pier]</ref>
===Museums===
Deal has several museums; all are related to Deal's maritime history. Both Deal Castle and [[Walmer Castle]] are operated by English Heritage - Deal has a display on the events in the reign of Henry VIII that led to the invasion threat which caused its construction, along with some material on its subsequent history, whereas displays at Walmer concentrate on Walmer's post-Tudor role as the Lord Warden's residence. There is also a ruin of the third Tudor castle, [[Sandown Castle, Kent|Sandown Castle]], in North Deal. The Deal Maritime and Local History Museum has exhibits of boats, smuggler [[galley]]s and [[model ship|model naval ships]]. It also contains extensive histories of the lifeboats as well as local parish registers. The [[Deal Timeball|Timeball Tower Museum]], on the other hand, focuses on the importance of timekeeping for ships, and the role the building it occupies played.
==Notable references==
Diarist [[Samuel Pepys]] recorded several visits to the town, being moved on 30 April 1660 to describe it as "pitiful".<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1660/04/30/index.php The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Monday 30 April 1660]</ref>
Deal was notorious in the 17th century as a location for smugglers, and [[Daniel Defoe]] wrote of the town:
{{cquote|If I had any satire left to write,<br>Could I with suited spleen indite,<br>My verse should blast that fatal town,<br>And drown’d sailors’ widows pull it down;<br>No footsteps of it should appear,<br>And ships no more cast anchor there.<br>The barbarous hated name of Deal shou’d die,<br>Or be a term of infamy;<br>And till that’s done, the town will stand<br>A just reproach to all the land}}
[[William Cobbett]] passing through in September 1823 noted in his book [[Rural Rides]]: {{cquote|Deal is a most villainous place. It is full of filthy-looking people. Great desolation of abomination has been going on here; tremendous barracks, partly pulled down and partly tumbling down, and partly occupied by soldiers. Everything seems upon the perish. I was glad to hurry along through it, and to leave its inns and public-houses to be occupied by the tarred, and trowsered, and blue and buff crew whose very vicinage I always detest.}}
===In fiction===
Dickens, who had visited the town, had Richard Carstone garrisoned here in chapter XLV of ''[[Bleak House]]'', so that Woodcourt and Esther's paths can cross when Woodcourt's ship happens to anchor in the Downs at the same time as Esther and Charley are visiting Richard:
{{cquote|At last we came into the narrow streets of Deal, and very gloomy they were upon a raw misty morning. The long flat beach, with its little irregular houses, wooden and brick, and its litter of capstans, and great boats, and sheds, and bare upright poles with tackle and blocks, and loose gravelly waste places overgrown with grass and weeds, wore as dull an appearance as any place I ever saw.}}
Deal is the setting for local novelist George Chittenden's smuggling saga, which is set in the late 18th century when the town was a haven for criminal gangs smuggling contraband across the English Channel. In Chittenden's debut 'The Boy Who Led Them' a child rises through the ranks to control the biggest smuggling gang on the Kent coast, fighting wars with rival gangs and revenue men at every turn.<ref>http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Boy-Who-Led-Them/dp/184963128X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1389696899&sr=8-1&keywords=the+boy+who+led+them</ref>
In Chittenden's next book 'The Boy Who Felt No Pain' he takes the reader on a journey back to the dangerous coastal town of Deal, fleshing out the back story of main characters from the first novel whilst also raising some interesting new questions. <ref>http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Boy-Who-Felt-Pain/dp/1849634483/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1389697124&sr=8-1&keywords=the+boy+who+felt+no+pain</ref>
In [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Persuasion (novel)|Persuasion]]'', chapter 8, the town is mentioned as the only place where Admiral Croft's wife Sophia Croft was ever ill, as it was the only place she was ever separated from him, whilst he was patrolling the [[North Sea]].
*A renamed Deal served as the setting for the [[William Horwood (novelist)|William Horwood]] book ''[[The Boy With No Shoes]]'' (ISBN 0-7553-1318-6). It is also the setting for part of his earlier novel ''The Stonor Eagles''.
*It is also the (renamed) setting of Frances Fyfield's crime novel ''Undercurrents'' (ISBN 0-7515-3028-X).
*It is also the setting for David Donachie's book ''A Hanging Matter'' (ISBN 0-330-32862-X), a murder and nautical mystery.
* North & South Deal were swapped round in the semi-autobiographical novel ''The Pier'' by [[Rayner Heppenstall]].
*Deal also features briefly in H. G. Wells ''[[The War of the Worlds (novel)|The War of the Worlds]]''.
*Deal is mentioned as the destination for a Marine recruit from Edinburgh in the novel "Guns of Evening" by [[Ronald Bassett]]. "What's Deal?" the recruit replies having never heard of it.
*Deal is the setting for [[Ian Fleming]]'s 1955 [[James Bond]] book [[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]. Villain Hugo Drax has built his Moonraker rocket just outside Deal, where Bond has to go and investigate a murdered undercover operative.
*Characters in the [[Aubrey-Maturin]] novels of [[Patrick O'Brian]] frequently stay in Deal waiting for their ship to be ordered to sea.
* Horatio Hornblower (in `The Commodore`, by C.S. Forester) departs from Deal on his voyage to the Baltic.
==Local media==
===Newspapers===
Deal has one paid for newspaper, the ''[[East Kent Mercury and Dover Mercury|East Kent Mercury]]'' (published by the [[KM Group]]. Free newspapers for the town include the ''Dover Extra'', part of the KM Group; and ''yourdeal'', part of [[KOS Media]]. Free digital only news is provided by [http://snooz.me.pn/about.html SNOOZ].
===Radio===
The local radio station for Deal is [[KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country]]. Deal is also served by the county-wide stations [[Heart Kent|Heart]], [[Gold (radio)|Gold]] and [[BBC Radio Kent]]. Deal Community Radio<ref>[http://dealcommunityradio.com/ Deal Community Radio]</ref> is an online radio station jam-packed with music, interviews and information on upcoming activities at The Astor Community Theatre along with the latest news from around Kent.
==Sport and Leisure==
Deal has a [[Non-League football]] club [[Deal Town F.C.]], which plays at The Charles Sports Ground.
There is a Farmer’s Market on Wednesday which sells local produce, as well as a long-running market on Saturday.
The town has a thriving independent retail sector in the North End of Deal High Street, and a number of chains on the High Street, though there are some retail voids.
The Astor Theatre in Deal offers musical performances, live theatre, exhibitions, movies, classes and clubs, and more.
Deal, used to have two cinemas up until 1981, but these finally closed in the 1984 with the closure of the Cannon Classic in Queen Street and although a small cinema re-appeared in the former Cannon Classic Cinema building, that too closed in 2007. Deal's former bingo hall the Regent another art deco cinema building closed in 2008 and has been sold by the local council to reopen as a branch of Silver Screen Cinemas. As of January 2013, the building remains shuttered.
==Twin towns==
*{{flagicon|France}} - [[Saint-Omer]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} - [[Vlissingen]], [[Netherlands]]
==Notable residents==
Comedian [[Norman Wisdom]], writer [[Simon Raven]], television presenter [[Karl Pilkington]], jazz musician [[Dick Morrissey]], and actors [[William Hartnell]], [[Charles Hawtrey (film actor)|Charles Hawtrey]], and [[Jack Scanlon]] all lived or live in Deal. Notable people born in the town include [[James Arbuthnot]], [[John Hulke]], [[Elizabeth Carter]], [[Clive Metcalfe]], [[John Stanton Fleming Morrison]], and [[Bruce Montague]], playwright [[Gregory Motton]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*Green, Ivan. ''The Book of Deal and Walmer'', Barracuda Books Ltd, 1983, ISBN 0-86023-156-9
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Deal}}
*[http://www.deal.gov.uk/ Deal Town Council]
{{Dover}}
{{Kent}}
[[Category:Seaside resorts in England]]
[[Category:Towns in Kent]]
[[Category:Cinque ports]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Royal Marines Band Service]]
[[Category:Unreferenced Kent-related articles]]
[[Category:coastal settlements in Kent]]
[[Category:Post towns in the CT postcode area]]
[[Category:Beaches of Kent]]{{Usedwps}}