westsemiteblues:
tikkunolamorgtfo:
unlimitedgoats:
jas0nwaterfalls:
imhere4thedrinks:
jas0nwaterfalls:
aijah-badu:
But listen to me though.
boy if this aint the dumbest most try hard post ive ever seen in my gotdamn life… you gotta search long and hard to find this kind of stupid
you do not have to shit on someone elses struggle to legitimize yours.
Yeah this was a reach. All facts, but she coulda went a different route.
no, its not all facts.
idk how the hell she managed to limit the holocaust to 4 fucking years
i could have sworn it started in 1933
How do people come out of pocket so confidently with the anti-antisemitism?? What kind of uninspired oppression olympics bullshit??
Okay, I have had it up to fucking with here the
misconception that oppression and violence against Jews is somehow limited to
the holocaust. Here’s a timeline of antisemitism from ancient times up to the
immediate aftermath of WWII (highlights in bold):
586 BCE
Babylon destroyed the temple in Jerusalem, and
captured Judea and 10,000 Jewish families.
175 BCE-165 BCE
The Deuterocanonical First and Second Books
of the Maccabees record that Antiochus Epiphanes attempts
to erect a statue of Zeus in Jerusalem. The festival of Hanukkah commemorates the uprising of
the Maccabees against
this attempt.
2nd century BCE
Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worship
a pig, a golden calf, a head, etc. Josephus collects and denies the rumours.[1][2]
19 CE
Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Expulsion is reported by the Roman
historical writers Suetonius,
Josephus, and Cassius Dio.
37–41
Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria
(Egypt), as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus.
50
Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to hold
meetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudius
later expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius (“Lives of the
Twelve Caesars”, Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2.
66–73
Great Jewish Revolt against
the Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath of
victory, as there is “no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own
God.” (Philostratus, Vita
Apollonii)[citation needed]. The events of this period were recorded in
detail by the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic to
the Roman view and was written in Rome under Roman protection; hence it is
considered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt as
being led by “tyrants,” to the detriment of the city, and of Titus as
having “moderation” in his escalation of the Siege of Jerusalem.
1st century
Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt,
including the first recorded case of blood libel. Juvenal writes
anti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picks
apart contemporary and old antisemitic myths in his work Against Apion.
Late 1st–early 2nd
century
Tacitus writes
anti-Jewish polemic in his Histories.
He reports on several old myths of ancient antisemitism (including that of the
donkey’s head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews
“regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies” is his
analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism
and the polytheism common
throughout the Roman world.
115–117
Thousands of Jews are
killed during civil
unrest in Egypt, Cyprus,
and Cyrenaica, as recounted
by Cassius Dio, History
of Rome, Eusebius, Historia
Ecclesiastica, and papyrii.
c. 119
Roman emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, making
Judaism de facto illegal.
c. 132–135
Crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt.
According to Cassius Dio 580,000 Jews are killed. Hadrian orders the expulsion
of Jews from Judea, which is merged with Galilee to form the province Syria Palaestina.
Although large Jewish populations remain in Samaria and Galilee, with Tiberias as the headquarters of exiled
Jewish patriarchs, this is the
start of the Jewish diaspora.
Hadrian constructs a pagan temple
to Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem,
buildsAelia Capitolina among
ruins of Jerusalem.
167
Earliest known
accusation of Jewish
deicide (the notion that
Jews were held responsible for the death of Jesus) made in a
sermon On the Passover attributed to Melito of Sardis.
306
The Synod of Elvira bans
intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also
forbidden.
315–337
Constantine I enacts
various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves
or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed.
Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed
to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple’s
destruction.
325
First Ecumenical
Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates
the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: "It was … declared
improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy
festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of
these wretched men are necessarily blinded…. Let us, then, have nothing in
common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. … avoiding all contact
with that evil way. … who, after having compassed the death of the Lord,
being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an
unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. … a people
so utterly depraved. … Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in
order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and
the murderers of our Lord. …
no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews.“[5][6]
361–363
Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate,
allows the Jews to return to “holy Jerusalem which you have for many years
longed to see rebuilt” and to rebuild the Temple.
386
John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies Adversus Judaeos (lit:
Against the Judaizers). See also: Christianity
and antisemitism.
388
A Christian mob
incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders
punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian
expense. Ambrose of Milan insists
in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the
emperor’s presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case
was dropped. Theodosius complies.
399
The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls
Judaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silver
collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.
415
Jews are accused
of ritual murder during Purim.[7] Christians in Antioch confiscate synagogue.
Bishop Cyril
of Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels the
Jews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes is
stoned almost to death for protesting.
418
The first record of
Jews being forced to
convert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to
accept Christianity upon conquering the island. Synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon capital
of Minorca, burnt.
419
The monk Barsauma (Not the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for
the next three years destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine.
429
The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders
all funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury.
439 January 31
The Codex Theodosianus,
the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from
holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive
offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The
anti-Jewish statutes apply to the Samaritans. The Code is
also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.
451
Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of
Persia’s decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish
leaders, including the Exilarch Mar
Nuna.
465
Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy
from participating in Jewish feasts.
519
Ravenna,
Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders
the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
529–559
Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis.
New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the
status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish
civil rights restricted: “they shall enjoy no honors”. The principle
of Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established:
the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in
internal Jewish matters. The use of the Hebrew language in
worship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael (“Hear,
O Israel, the Lord is one”), sometimes considered the most important
prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are converted
by force, their synagogues turned into churches.
535
The First Council of
Clermont (of Gaul) prohibits Jews from holding public office.
538
The Third Council of Orléans (of Gaul) forbids Jews to employ
Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited
from appearing in the streets during Easter: “their appearance is an insult to
Christianity”. A Merovingian king Childebert approves
the measure.
576
Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a
choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles.
589
The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews from
chanting psalms while burying
their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The
third Council
of Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from holding positions of
authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage. Reccared also
rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians.
590
Pope Gregory I defends
the Jews against forced conversion.
610–620
Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewish
edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the
first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.
614
Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding
military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.
615
Italy. The
earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish
Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a
Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555.
629 March 21
Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into
Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon
his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a
good deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt.
Frankish King Dagobert I,
encouraged by Byzantine
Emperor Heraclius,
expels all Jews from the kingdom.
632
The first case of officially sanctioned forced
baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates
the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced
conversions.
681
The Twelfth Council of Toledo, Spain orders burning of the Talmud and
other “heretic” books.
682
Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28
anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the “utter extirpation of the pest of the
Jews” and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest,
who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be
spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.
692
Quinisext Council in
Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public
baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.
694
17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had
conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give
all land, serfs and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He
declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from
their homes and raised as Christians.
717
Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document
that specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Muslim rule. However,
academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much
later date.
722
Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly
converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream
Byzantine Christianity.
807
Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders
all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with
Christians to wear a blue one.
820
Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons,
declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete
segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to
attack “Jewish insolence”, but fails to convince the Emperor.
850
al-Mutawakkil made
a decree ordering Dhimmi,
Jews and Christians, wear garments to distinguish them from Muslims, their
places of worship destroyed, demonic effigies nailed to the door, and that they
be allowed little involvement government or official matters.
898–929
French king Charles the Simple confiscates
Jewish-owned property in Narbonne and
donates it to the Church.
1008–1013
Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (“the
Mad”) issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All
Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden “golden calf” around
their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of
both groups had to wear black hats.
1012
One of the first known
persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy
Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.
1013
During the fall of the city, Sulayman’s troops
looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews.
Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to
the city in 1013.Siege of Cordoba
1016
The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between
conversion and expulsion.
1026
Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The
French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by (Muslim) Caliph
Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.
1032
Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and
decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
1033
Following their conquest of the city from the
Maghrawa tribe, the forces of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrated
a massacre of Jews in Fez, known as the Fez massacre.
1050
Council of Narbonne,
France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.
1066 December 30
Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal
palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred
most of the Jewish population of the city. “More than 1,500 Jewish
families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day.”
1078
Council of Girona decrees
Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as
Christians.
1090
The Jewish community of Granada, which had
recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of
Jewish culture in Spain to end.
1096
The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass
through several Central European cities. The third,
unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish
communities, most notably in the Rhineland,
under the slogan: “Why fight Christ’s enemies abroad when they are
living among us?” Eimicho’s host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and
kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews
commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly
convert them; see German Crusade, 1096. Attempts by the local
bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.
1107
Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin ordered all Moroccan
Jews to convert or leave.
1143
150 Jews were killed
in Ham, France.
1144 March 20
(Passover)
The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of
murder by Jews in Norwich, England.
1148–1212
The rule of the Almohads in al-Andalus. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity or
Islam were allowed to live in Granada.
One of the refugees was Maimonides who settled in Fez and later in Fustat near Cairo.
1165
Forced mass conversions in Yemen
1171
In Blois,
France 31 Jews were burned at the stake for blood libel.
1179
The Third Lateran Council, Canon 26: Jews are
forbidden to be plaintiffs or witnesses against Christians in the Courts. Jews
are forbidden to withhold inheritance from descendants who had accepted
Christianity.
1180
Philip Augustus of France after four
months in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom for
their release.
1181
Philip Augustus annuls all loans made by Jews
to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates
all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.
1189
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa orders priests not
to preach against Jews.
1189
A Jewish deputation
attending coronation of Richard the Lionheart was attacked by the
crowd. Pogroms in London followed and spread around England.
1190 February 6
All the Jews of Norwich, England found in
their houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle.
1190 March 16
500 Jews of York were
massacred after a six day siege by departing Crusaders, backed by a number of people
indebted to Jewish money-lenders.
1190
Saladdin takes over Jerusalem from Crusaders and
lifts the ban for Jews to live there.
1198
Philip Augustus readmits Jews to Paris, only
after another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure funds
for himself. August: Saladdin’s nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons all
the Jews and forcibly converts them.
13th century
Germany. Appearance
of Judensau: obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews,
ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its popularity lasted for over 600
years.
1209
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, humiliated and forced to
swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.
1215
The Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: “Jews
and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall
be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the
character of their dress.“ The Fourth Lateran Council also noted that the
Jews’ own law required the wearing of identifying symbols. Pope Innocent III also reiterated papal
injunctions against forcible conversions, and added: “No Christian shall
do the Jews any personal injury…or deprive them of their possessions…or
disturb them during the celebration of their festivals…or extort money from
them by threatening to exhume their dead.”[12]
1222
Council of Oxford: Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton forbids Jews from building
new synagogues, owning serfs, or mixing with Christians.
1223
Louis VIII of France prohibits his
officials from recording debts owed to Jews, reversing his father’s policy of
seeking such debts.
1229
Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, heir of Raymond VI, also
forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.
1232
Forced mass conversions in Marrakesh.
1235
The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accused
of ritual murder. To investigate the blood libel, Emperor Frederick II held a special conference of
Jewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned about
Jewish ritual practice. Letters inviting prominent individuals to the
conference still survive. At the conference, the converts stated unequivocally
that Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals. In
1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 Pope Innocent IV, the Emperor’s enemy, also
denounced accusations of the ritual murder of Christian children by
Jews. In 1272, the papal repudiation of the blood libel was repeated by Pope Gregory X, who also ruled that thereafter
any such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless it
is confirmed by another Jew. Unfortunately, these proclamations from the
highest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christian
majority and the libels continued.
1236
Crusaders attack
Jewish communities of Anjou and Poitou and
attempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) were
slaughtered.
1240
Duke Jean le Roux expels Jews from Brittany.
1240
Disputation of Paris. Pope Gregory IX puts Talmud on
trial on the charges that it contains blasphemy against Jesus and Mary and attacks on the Church.
1241
In England, first of a series of royal levies
against Jewish finances, which forced the Jews to sell their debts to non-Jews
at cut prices.
1242
24 cart-loads of hand-written Talmudic
manuscripts burned in the streets of Paris.
1242
James I of Aragon orders Jews to listen to
conversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to enter
synagogues uninvited.
1244
Pope Innocent IV orders Louis IX of France to burn all Talmud
copies.
1250
Saragossa:
death of a choirboy Saint Dominguito del Val prompts ritual murder accusation. His sainthood
was revoked in the 20th century but reportedly a chapel dedicated to him still
exists in the Cathedral of Saragossa.
1253
Henry III of England introduces harsh
anti-Jewish laws.
1254
Louis IX expels the
Jews from France, their property and synagogues confiscated. Most move to Germany and
further east, however, after a couple of years, some were readmitted back.
1255
Henry III of England sells his rights to the
Jews (regarded as royal “chattels”) to his brother Richard for 5,000
marks.
c. 1260
Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa
Contra Gentiles, a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those who
reject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as “deliberately
defiant” rather than “invincibly ignorant”.
1263
The Disputation of Barcelona. During
the Middle Ages, there were numerous ordered disputations between Christians
and Jews.They were not free and authentic debates (like
modern ones), but were mere attempts by Christians to force conversion on
the Jews. They were connected with burnings of the talmud at the stake and violence against
Jews. The Disputation of Barcelona was unique, in that it
was the only occasion on which the Jewish representative was allowed to speak
freely.
1264
Pope Clement IV assigns Talmud censorship
committee.
1264
Simon de
Montfort inspires massacre of Jews in London.
1267
In a special session, the Vienna city
council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a
cone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This
distinctive dress is an addition to Yellow badge. Jews were already forced to
wear. Christians are not permitted to attend Jewish ceremonies.
1267
Synod of Breslau orders
Jews to live in a segregated quarter.
1275
King Edward I of England passes the Statute of the Jewry forcing Jews over the
age of seven to wear an identifying yellow badge, and making usury illegal, in order
to seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and their
property goes to the Crown. In 1280 he orders Jews to be present as Dominicans preach conversion. In 1287 he
arrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities pay ransom of
12,000 pounds.
1276
Massacre in Fez to
kill all Jews stopped by intervention of the Emir
1278
The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory
attendance of Jews at conversion sermons.
1279
Synod of Ofen: Christians are forbidden to
sell or rent real estate to or from Jews.
1282
John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all
London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on
Christians.
1283
Philip III of France causes mass migration
of Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities.
1285
Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68
Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.
1287
A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish
men, women and children after a ritual murder accusation.
1289
Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou.
1290 July 18
Edict of Expulsion: Edward I expels all Jews from England,
allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property became
the Crown’s. Official reason: continued practice of usury.
1291
Philip the Fair publishes an ordinance
prohibiting the Jews to settle in France.
1298
During the civil war between Adolph of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, German
knight Rintfleisch claims to have received a
mission from heaven to exterminate “the accursed race of the Jews”.
Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish
communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among
146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (20 April),
Würzburg (24 July), Nuremberg (1 August).
1305
Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish
property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx.
100,000). His successor Louis X of France allows French Jews to
return in 1315.
1320
Shepherds’ Crusade attacks the Jews of 120
localities in southwest France.
1321
King Henry II of Castile forces Jews to
wear Yellow badge.
1321
Jews in central France accused
of ordering lepers to poison wells. After massacre
of est. 5,000 Jews, King Philip V admits they were innocent.
1322
King Charles IV expels Jews from France.
1333
Forced mass conversions in Baghdad
1336
Persecutions against Jews in Franconia and Alsace led
by lawless German bands, the Armleder under the highwayman Arnold von Uissigheim
1348
European Jews are
blamed for the plague in the Black Death persecutions. Charge laid to the Jews that they
poisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria. More
than 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communities
have been expelled and settle down in Poland. Strasbourg massacre.
1349
Basel: 600 Jews burned at the stake, 140
children forcibly baptized, the remaining city’s Jews expelled. The city
synagogue is turned into a church and the Jewish cemetery is destroyed. Erfurt massacre (1349).
1359
Charles V of France allows Jews to return
for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. The
period is later extended beyond the 20 years.
1370
Charles V of France allows Jews to return
for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. The
period is later extended beyond the 20 years.
The Brussels massacre, an anti-Semitic episode
in Brussels in
1370 in connection with an alleged host desecration at
the Brussels synagogue, occurs. This is the end of the Jewish community in
Brussels.
1386
Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor,
expels the Jews from the Swabian League and Strasbourg and confiscates their property.
1389
18 March, a Jewish boy
is accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approximately 3,000
of Prague’s Jews, destroys the city’s synagogue and Jewish
cemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews for
going outside during Holy Week.
1391
Violence incited by the Archdeacon of Ecija, Ferrand Martinez, results in the destruction of
the Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spreads
throughout Spain and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca. Thousands
of Jews are murdered or forced to accept baptism.
1394
3 November, Charles VI of France expels all Jews from
France.
1399
Jews are subject to Blood libel attacks in Posen.
1411
Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain as
an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer.
1413
Disputation of Tortosa,
Spain, staged by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, is followed by
forced mass conversions.
1420
All Jews are expelled
from Lyons.
1421
Persecutions of Jews in Vienna,
known as Wiener Gesera (Vienna Edict), confiscation of their
possessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burned
at stake. Expulsion of Jews from Austria.
1422
Pope Martin V issues a Bull reminding
Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and
warns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the
following year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by fraud.
1434
Council of Basel,
Sessio XIX: Jews are forbidden to obtain academic degrees and to act as agents
in the conclusion of contracts between Christians.
1435
Massacre and forced
conversion of Majorcan Jews.
1438
Establishment of mellahs (ghettos)
in Morocco.
1447
Casimir IV renews all the rights of Jews
of Poland and makes his charter one of the most liberal in
Europe. He revokes it in 1454 at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew.
1449
The Statute of Toledo introduces the rule
of purity of blood discriminating Conversos. Pope Nicholas V condemns it.
1458
The city council of Erfurt,
Germany votes to expel the Jews.
1463
Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishment
of the Inquisition to investigate heresy among the Marranos.
1465
The Moroccan revolt against the Marinid dynasty, accusations
against one Jewish Vizier lead to a massacre of the entire
Jewish population of Fes.
1473–1474
Massacres of Marranos of Valladolid, Cordova, Segovia, Ciudad Real, Spain.
1475
A student of the preacher Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan Bernardine of Feltre, accuses the Jews in
murdering an infant, Simon. The entire community is
arrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In
1588, Pope Sixtus V confirmed Simon’s cultus.
Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victims
for almost 500 years. In 1965, Pope Paul VI declared the episode a fraud,
and decanonized Simon’s sainthood.
1481
The Spanish Inquisition is instituted. The Inquisition was originally intended in
large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam.
This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the
royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews
and Muslims to convert or leave Spain.
1487–1504
Bishop Gennady exposes the heresy of Zhidovstvuyushchiye (Judaizers)
in Eastern Orthodoxy of Muscovy.
1490
Tomás de Torquemada burns 6,000 volumes of
Jewish mansucripts in Salamanca.
1491
The blood libel in La Guardia, Spain, where the alleged
victim Holy Child of La Guardia became
revered as a saint.
1492 March 31
Ferdinand II and Isabella issue General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain:
approx. 200,000. Some return to the Land of Israel. As many localities and entire
countries expel their Jewish citizens (after robbing them), and others deny
them entrance, the legend of the Wandering Jew, a condemned
harbinger of calamity, gains popularity.
1492 October 24
Jews of Mecklenburg, Germany are accused of stabbing a consecrated
wafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is still
called the Judenberg. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy.
1493 January 12
Roughly 37,000 Jews are expelled from Sicily.
1496
Forced conversion and expulsion of Jews
from Portugal. This included many who fled Spain four
years earlier.
1498
Prince Alexander of Lithuania forces
most of the Jews to forfeit their property or convert. The main motivation is
to cancel the debts the nobles owe to the Jews. Within a short time trade
grinds to a halt and the Prince invites the Jews back in.
1505
Ten České Budějovice Jews are tortured
and executed after being accused of killing a Christian girl; later, on his
deathbed, a shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.
1506 April 19
A marrano expresses
his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal.
The crowd, led by Dominican monks, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and
slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and
join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days.
1509 August 19
A converted Jew Johannes Pfefferkorn receives authority
of Maximilian I,
Holy Roman Emperor to destroy the Talmud and other Jewish
religious books, except the Hebrew Bible, in Frankfurt.
1510 July 19
Forty Jews are
executed in Brandenburg, Germany for
allegedly desecrating the host; remainder expelled.
23 November. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed.
38 Jews burned at the stake in Berlin.
1511 June 6
Eight Roman Catholic
converts from Judaism burned at the stake for allegedly reverting.
1516
The first
European ghetto is established, on one of the islands in Venice.
1519
Martin Luther leads Protestant Reformation and challenges the
doctrine of Servitus Judaeorum "…
to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us”. 21
February. All Jews expelled from Ratisbon/Regensburg.
1520
Pope Leo X allows the Jews to print the Talmud in Venice
1527 June 16
Jews are ordered to leave Florence,
but the edict is soon rescinded.
1528
Three judaizers are
burned at the stake in Mexico City’s first auto da fe.
1535
After Spanish troops
capture Tunis all the local Jews are sold into slavery.
1543
In his pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies Martin
Luther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct group
either by religious conversion or
by expulsion:
“…set fire to their synagogues or
schools…”
“…their houses also be razed and
destroyed…”
“…their prayer books and Talmudic
writings… be taken from them…”
“…their rabbis be forbidden to teach
henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb…”
“…safe-conduct on the highways be
abolished completely for the Jews…”
“…usury be prohibited to them, and that
all cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them…” and
“Such money should now be used in … the following [way]… Whenever a
Jew is sincerely converted, he should be handed [certain amount]…”
“…young, strong Jews and Jewesses
[should]… earn their bread in the sweat of their brow…”
“If we wish to wash our hands of the
Jews’ blasphemy and not share in their guilt, we have to part company with
them. They must be driven from our country” and “we must
drive them out like mad dogs.”
Luther got the Jews
expelled from Saxony in 1537, and in the 1540s he drove them from many German
towns; he tried unsuccessfully to get the elector to
expel them from Brandenburg in 1543. His followers continued to agitate against
the Jews there: they sacked the Berlin synagogue in 1572 and the following year
finally got their way, the Jews being banned from the entire country.
1540
All Jews are banished from Prague.
1546
Martin Luther’s
sermon Admonition against the Jews contains accusations of
ritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes no
obligation to protect the Jews.
1547
Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russia
and refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they
“bring about great evil” (quoting his response to request by Polish
king Sigismund II).
1550
Dr. Joseph Hacohen is chased out of Genoa for
practicing medicine; soon all Jews are expelled.
1553
Pope Julius III forbids Talmud printing
and orders burning of any copy found. Rome’s Inquisitor-General, Cardinal
Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) has Talmud publicly burnt in
Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy.
About 12,000 copies were destroyed.
1554
Cornelio da
Montalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted to
Judaism, is burned alive in Rome.
1555
In Papal Bull Cum nimis absurdum, Pope Paul IV writes:
“It appears utterly absurd and impermissible that the Jews, whom God has
condemned to eternal slavery for their guilt, should enjoy our Christian
love.” He renews anti-Jewish legislation and installs a locked nightly
ghetto in Rome. The Bull also forces Jewish males to wear a yellow hat, females – yellow kerchief. Owning real estate or
practicing medicine on Christians is forbidden. It also limits Jewish
communities to only one synagogue.
1557
Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.
1558
Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph Paul
More enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection
of Pope Paul IV and tries to preach a
conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are
expelled from Recanati.
1559
Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that
it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.
1563 February
Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania,
Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around
300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river.
1564
Brest-Litovsk: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax
collector is accused of killing the family’s Christian servant for ritual purposes.
He is tortured and executed in line with the law. King Sigismund II of Poland forbids future
charges of ritual murder, calling them groundless.
1565
Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.
1566
Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope
Paul IV. In 1569 he expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome,
Ancona, and Avignon from the Papal States, thus ensuring that they remain
city-dwellers.
1567
Jews are reauthorised to live in France
1586
Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of the
Talmud.
1590
Jewish quarter of Mikulov (Nikolsburg)
burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage. King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion
of Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by local
authorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.
1593 February 25
Pope Clement VIII confirms the Papal bull
of Paul III that expels Jews from Papal states except ghettos in Rome and
Ancona and issues Caeca et obdurata (“Blind
Obstinacy”): “All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews,
their monopolies and deceit…Then as now Jews have to be reminded
intermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since they
left Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moral
doctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve to be exposed to criticism in
whatever country they happen to live.”
1603
Frei Diogo da
Assumpcão, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, burned alive
in Lisbon.
1608
The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone
descended from Jews to the fifth generation, a restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three years
later Pope Paul V applies the rule throughout the Church, but
his successor revokes it.
1612
The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allow
Jews to live in Hamburg on the condition there is no
public worship.
1614
Vincent Fettmilch, who
called himself the “new Haman of the Jews”, leads a raid
on Frankfurt synagogue that turned into an attack which
destroyed the whole community.
1615
King Louis XIII of France decrees that all Jews
must leave the country within one month on pain of death.
1615
The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz,
“non-violently” forced the Jews from Worms.
1619
Shah Abbasi of the Persian Sufi Dynasty
increases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practice
Islam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret.
1624
Ghetto established in Ferrara, Italy.
1632
King Ladislaus IV of Poland forbids antisemitic print-outs.
1648–1655
The Ukrainian Cossacks led
by Bohdan Chmielnicki massacre
about 100,000 Jews and similar number of Polish nobles,
300 Jewish communities destroyed.
1655
Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews to England.
1664 May
Jews of Lemberg (now Lvov)
ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuit
seminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restore
order, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed.
1670
Jews expelled
from Vienna.
1678
Forced mass conversions in Yemen.
1711
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes
his Entdecktes Judenthum (“Judaism Unmasked”), a
work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative
influence on modern antisemitic polemics.
1712
Blood libel in Sandomierz and expulsion of the town’s Jews.
1727
Edict of Catherine I of Russia: “The Jews… who
are found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at once
beyond the frontiers of Russia.”
1734
1736: The Haidamaks,
paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.
1742 December
Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion
of all the Jews out of Russian Empire. Her resolution to the Senate’s appeal
regarding harm to the trade: “I don’t desire any profits from the enemies
of Christ”. One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her own
personal physician and the head of army’s medical dept.
1744
Frederick II The Great (a
“heroic genius”, according to Hitler) limits Breslau to
ten “protected” Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they
will “transform it into complete Jerusalem”. He encourages this
practice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues Revidiertes
General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft:
“protected” Jews had an alternative to “either abstain from
marriage or leave Berlin” (Simon Dubnow).
1744 December
Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders:
“… no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy of
Bohemia” by the end of Feb. 1745. In December 1748 she reverses her
position, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. This
extortion was known as malke-geld (queen’s money). In 1752 she
introduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son.
1762
Rhode Island refuses to grant
Jews Aaron Lopez and Isaac Eliezer citizenship stating
“no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to
this colony.”
1768
Haidamaks massacre
the Jews of Uman,
Poland.
1775
Pope Pius VI issues a severe Editto
sopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted
restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed.
1782
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishes
most of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records
and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded “quintessence of
foolishness and nonsense”. Moses Mendelssohn writes: “Such a
tolerance… is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution”.
1790 May 20
Eleazer Solomon is quartered for the alleged
murder of a Christian girl in Grodno.
1790–1792
Destruction of most of the Jewish communities
of Morocco.
1791
Catherine II of Russia confines Jews to
the Pale of Settlement and
imposes them with double taxes.
1805
Massacre of Jews
in Algeria.
1815
Pope Pius VII reestablishes the ghetto in
Rome after the defeat of Napoleon.
1819
A series of anti-Jewish
riots in Germany that spread to several neighboring
countries: Denmark, Latvia and Bohemia known
as Hep-Hep riots, from the derogatory rallying
cry against the Jews in Germany.
1827 August 26
Compulsory military service for the Jews of
Russia: Jewish boys under 18 years of age, known as the Cantonists,
were placed in preparatory military training establishments for 25 years.
Cantonists were encouraged and sometimes forced to baptize.
1835
Oppressive constitution for the Jews issued by
Czar Nicholas I of Russia.
1840
The Damascus affair: false accusations cause
arrests and atrocities, culminating in the seizure of sixty-three Jewish
children and attacks on Jewish communities throughout the Middle East.
1844
Karl Marx praises Bruno Bauer’s essays containing demands that the Jews abandon
Judaism, and publishes his work On the Jewish Question: “What is the
worldly cult of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly god? Money… Money
is the jealous God of Israel, besides which no other god may exist… The god
of the Jews has been secularized and has become the god of this world”,
“In the final analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation
of mankind from Judaism.“ This probably led to the antisemitic
feeling within communism.
1853
Blood libels in Saratov and
throughout Russia.
1858
Edgardo Mortara, a six-year-old Jewish boy whom
a maid had baptised during an illness, is taken from his parents in Bologna,
an episode which aroused universal indignation in liberal circles.
1862
During the American Civil War General Grant issues General Order № 11 (1862),
ordering all Jews out of his military district, suspecting them of
pro-Confederate sympathy. President Lincoln directs him to rescind the order.
Polish Jews are given equal rights. Old privileges forbidding Jews to settle
in some Polish cities are abolished.
1871
Speech of Pope Pius IX in regard to Jews: "of
these dogs, there are too many of them at present in Rome, and we hear them
howling in the streets, and they are disturbing us in all places.”
1878
Adolf Stoecker, German antisemitic preacher and
politician, founds the Christian Social
Party, which marks the beginning of the political antisemitic
movement in Germany.
1879
Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian
and politician, justifies the antisemitic campaigns in Germany, bringing
antisemitism into learned circles.
1879
Wilhelm Marr coins the term Anti-Semitism to distinguish himself from
religious Anti-Judaism.
1881–1884
Pogroms sweep
southern Russia, propelling mass Jewish emigration from the Pale of Settlement: about 2 million
Russian Jews emigrated in period 1880–1924, many of them to the United States
(until the National Origins Quota of 1924and Immigration Act of 1924 largely
halted immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe and Russia). The Russian
word “pogrom” becomes international.
1882
The Tiszaeszlár blood libel in Hungary arouses
public opinion throughout Europe.
1882
First International
Anti-Jewish Congress convenes at Dresden, Germany.
1882 May
A series of
“temporary laws” by Tsar Alexander III of Russia (the May Laws),
which adopted a systematic policy of discrimination, with the object of
removing the Jews from their economic and public positions, in order to
“cause one-third of the Jews to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism and
one-third to starve” (according to a remark attributed to Konstantin Pobedonostsev)
1887
Russia introduces
measures to limit Jews access to education, known as the quota.
1891
Blood libel in Xanten, Germany.
1891
Expulsion of 20,000 Jews from Moscow, Russia. The Congress of the United States eases
immigration restrictions for Jews from the Russian Empire.
1892
Justinas Bonaventure Pranaitis writes The Talmud Unmasked an antisemitic and
misleading inaccurate anti-Talmudic work.
1893
Karl Lueger establishes antisemitic Christian
Social Party and becomes the Mayor of Vienna in
1897.
1894
The Dreyfus Affair, a controversy centred on the question of the
guilt or innocence of army captain Alfred
Dreyfus, who had been
convicted of treason for allegedly selling military secrets
to the Germans in December 1894, takes place in France. At first the public
supported the conviction; it was willing to believe in the guilt of Dreyfus,
who was Jewish. Much of the early publicity surrounding the case came from
anti-Semitic groups, to whom Dreyfus symbolized the supposed disloyalty of
French Jews.
1895
A. C. Cuza organizes the Alliance Anti-semitique
Universelle in Bucharest, Romania.
1895 January 5
Captain Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorably
discharged in France.
1899
Houston Stewart Chamberlain, racist and
antisemitic author, publishes his Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts which
later became a basis of National-Socialist ideology.
1899
The Hilsner affair, a series of anti-semitic trials
following an accusation of blood libel against Leopold Hilsner,
a Jewish inhabitant of the village ofPolná in Bohemia in
1899 and 1900, takes place.
1903
The Kishinev pogrom: 49 Jews murdered.
1903
The first publication of The Protocols of
the Elders of Zion hoax in
St. Petersburg, Russia (by Pavel Krushevan).
1905
Violent pogrom in Dnipropetrovsk.
1909
Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmonds
refer to “this new antisemitism, masquerading as patriotism,
which was first propagated at Berlin by the court chaplain Stöcker, with the connivance of
Bismarck." Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that "the
ideology behind the new anti-Semitism [in Germany] was more racist than
religious."
1911
The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev.
1909
Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmonds
refer to "this new antisemitism, masquerading as patriotism,
which was first propagated at Berlin by the court chaplain Stöcker, with the connivance of
Bismarck." Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that "the
ideology behind the new anti-Semitism [in Germany] was more racist than
religious."
1911
The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev.
1915
The World War I prompts expulsion of 250,000 Jews from
Western Russia.
The Leo Frank trial
and lynching in Atlanta, Georgia turns the spotlight on
antisemitism in the United States and leads to the founding of the Anti-Defamation League.
1917–1921
Attacked for being
revolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, unpatriotic pacifists or
warmongers, religious zealots or godless atheists, capitalist exploiters or
bourgeois profiteers, masses of Jewish civilians (by various estimates 70,000
to 250,000, the number of orphans exceeded 300,000) were murdered in pogroms in
the course of Russian Civil War.
1919–1922
Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party)
attacks Bund and Zionist
parties for "Jewish cultural particularism”. In April 1920, the
All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka led
by Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included many
anti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for
“counter-revolutionary… collusion in the interests of Anglo-French
bourgeoisie… to restore the Palestine state." Hebrew language is banned, Judaism is
suppressed, along with other religions.
1920
The Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 of
old Yishuv.
The idea that
the Bolshevik revolution was
a Jewish conspiracy for
the world domination sparks worldwide interest in The
Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In a single year, five editions are sold
out in England alone. In the US Henry Fordprints 500,000 copies and begins a series of
antisemitic articles in The Dearborn Independent newspaper.
1921 May 1–4
Jaffa riots in Palestine.
1921–1925
Outbreak of
antisemitism in USA,
led by Ku Klux Klan.
1924
The National Origins Quota of 1924 and Immigration Act of 1924 largely
halted immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe and Russia; many later saw
these governmental policies as having antisemitic undertones, as a great many
of these immigrants coming from Russia and Eastern Europe were Jews (the
"outbreak of antisemitism” mentioned in the above entry may have also
played a part in the passage of these acts).
1925
Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
1929 August 23
The ancient Jewish
community of Hebron is destroyed in the Hebron massacre.
1933–1941
Persecution of Jews in
Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but
also as human beings. During this time antisemitism reached its all-time high.
·Law
against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities
·Law
for the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service (ban on professions)
·The Reich Flight Tax is used to expropriate
funds from Jewish emigrees.
1934
2,000 of Afghani Jews expelled from their towns and forced to live
in the wilderness.
1934
The first appearance of The Franklin Prophecy on the pages
of William Dudley Pelley’s
pro-Nazi weekly magazine Liberation. According to the US Congress report:
“The Franklin "Prophecy” is a classic antisemitic
canard that falsely claims that American statesman Benjamin Franklin made anti-Jewish
statements during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It
has found widening acceptance in Muslim and Arab media, where it has been used
to criticize Israel and Jews…“
1935
Nuremberg Laws introduced. Jewish rights
rescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law for
the Protection of German Blood and German Honor:
·Marriages
between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
·Sexual
relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred
blood are forbidden.
·Jews
will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as
domestic servants.
·Jews
are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. On
the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.
1938
Anschluss, pogroms in Vienna,
anti-Jewish legislation, deportations to Nazi concentration camps.
·Decree authorizing
local authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days
·Decree empowering the
justice Ministry to void wills offending the "sound judgment of the
people”
·Decree providing for
compulsory sale of Jewish real estate
·Decree providing for
liquidation of Jewish real estate agencies, brokerage agencies, and marriage
agencies catering to non-Jews
·Directive providing
for concentration of Jews in houses
1938
Father Charles E. Coughlin, Roman Catholic priest,
starts antisemitic weekly radio broadcasts in the United States.
1938 November 9–10
Kristallnacht (Night of The Broken Glass). In one night
most German synagogues and hundreds of Jewish-owned German businesses are
destroyed. Almost 100 Jews are killed, and 10,000 are sent to concentration
camps.
1938 November 17
Racial legislation against Jews is introduced
in Italy. Anti Jewish economic legislation in Hungary.
1938 July 6–15
Evian Conference: 31 countries refuse to accept
Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany (with exception of Dominican Republic). Most find temporary refuge
in Poland. See also Bermuda Conference.
1939
The “Voyage of
the damned”: S.S. St. Louis, carrying 907 Jewish
refugees from Germany, is turned back by Canada, Cuba and
the US. Nearly all aboard
perished.
1939 February
The Congress of the United States rejects
the Wagner-Rogers Bill, an
effort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from Nazi
Germany.
1939–1945
The Holocaust. About 6 million Jews,
including about 1 million children, systematically killed by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers.
1941
The Farhud pogrom
in Baghdad results in 200 Jews dead, 2,000 wounded.
1946 July 4
The Kielce pogrom. 37 (+2) Jews were massacred and
80 wounded out of about 200 who returned home after World War II. There were also killed 2
non-Jewish Poles.
1946
Nikita Khrushchev, then the first secretary
of Communist party of Ukraine,
closes many synagogues (the number declines from 450 to 60) and prevents Jewish
refugees from returning to their homes.
Oppression of Jews was not a one-off thing that happened in Germany. It has been going on for centuries upon centuries. Look, slavery and anti-blackness are reprehensible. Antisemitism is reprehensible. They have both been going on for a long time. Oppression is not a fucking contest.
Familiarize yourself with this before coming out your mouth with, “But Ashkenazi Jews are white.”