Not proofread: Created page with "<section begin="s1"/>George Errington, bishop of Plymouth, his friend since boyhood, was appointed, with the title of archbishop of Trebizond. Two years later Manning was appo..."
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<noinclude><pagequality level="1" user="Slowking4" /><div class="pagetext">{{rh|{{x-larger| }}|{{x-larger|{{uc|WISHART—WISLICENUS}}}}|{{x-larger|753}}}}<!-- replace "Foo" and "Bar" with the header from the page, delete and input page numbers as appropriate -->
</noinclude><section begin="s1"/>George Errington, bishop of Plymouth, his friend since boyhood,
was appointed, with the title of archbishop of Trebizond. Two
years later Manning was appointed provost of Westminster
and he established in Bayswater his community of the " Oblates of St Charles."
All Wiseman's later years were darkened by
Errington's conscientious but implacable hostility to JManning,
and to himself in so far as he was supposed to be acting under
Manning's influence. The story of the estrangement, which was
largely a matter of temperament, is fully told in Ward's biography.
Ultimately, in July 1860, Errington was deprived by the pope
of his coadjutor ship with right of succession, and he retired to
Prior Park, near Bath, where he died in 1SS6. In the summer
of 1S58 Wiseman paid a visit to Ireland, where, as a cardinal of
Irish race, he was received with enthusiasm.
His speeches,
sermons and lectures, delivered during his tour, v/ere printed in a
volume of 400 pages, and show an extraordinary power of rising
to the occasion and of speaking with sympathy and tact. Wiseman
was able to use considerable influence with English politicians,
partly because in his day English CathoUcs were wavering
in their historical allegiance to the Liberal party. As the director
of votes thus doubtful, he was in a position to secure concessions
that bettered the position of Catholics in regard to poor schools,
reformatories and workhouses, and in the status of their army
chaplains. In 1S63, addressing the Catholic Congress at Malines,
he stated that since 1S30 the number of priests in England had
increased from 434 to 1242, and of convents of women from 16
to 162, while there were 55 religious houses of men in 1S63 and
none in 1S30. The last two years of his life were troubled by
illness and by controversies in which he found himself, under
Manning's influence, compelled to adopt a policy less liberal than
that which had been his in earlier years. Thus he had to condemn
the .Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom,
with which he had shown some sympathy in its inception
in 1857; and to forbid Cathohc parents to send their sons to
0.ford or Cambridge, though at an earlier date he had hoped
(with Newman) that at Oxford at least a college or haU might
be assigned to them. But in other respects his last years were
cheered by marks of general regard and admiration, in which
non-Catholics joined; and after his death (i6th February 1S65)
there was an extraordinary demonstration of popular respect as
his body was taken from St JIary's, Moorfields, to the cemetery
at Kensal Green, where it was intended that it should rest only
until a more fitting place could be found in a Roman Catholic
cathedral church of Westminster. On the 30th of January 1907
the body was removed with great ceremony from Kensal Green
and reburied in the crypt of the new cathedral, where it lies
beneath a Gothic altar tomb, with a recumbent effigy of the
archbishop in full pontifical.
Wiseman was undoubtedly an eminent Englishman, and one of
the most learned men of his time.
He was the friend and correspondent
of many foreigners of distinction, among whom may be
named Dollinger, Lamennais, Montalembert and Napoleon III. As
a writer he was apt to be turgid and prolix, and there was a somewhat
un-English element of ostentation in his manner.
But his
accomplishments and ability were such as would have secured for
him influence and prominence in any age of the Church; and
besides being highly gifted intellectually and morally, he was
marked by those specially human qualities which command the
interest of all students of life and character.
He combined with
the principles known as Ultramontane no little liberality of view
in matters ecclesiastical. He insisted on a poetical interpretation
of the Church's liturgy; and while strenuously maintaining her
Divine commission to teach faith and morals, he regarded the
Church as in other respects a learner; and he advocated a policy
of conciliation with the world, and an alliance with the best tendencies
of contemporary thought.
It was, in his judgment, quite in accordance
with the genius of the Catholic Church that she should continuously
assimilate all that is worthy in the civilization around.
See the biography by Wilfrid Ward, The Life and Times 0} Cardinal
Wiseman (2 vols., 1897; fifth and cheaper edition, 1900).
(A. W. Hu.)
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<section begin="s2"/>'''WISHART, GEORGE''' {c. 1513-1346), Scottish reformer, born
about 1513, belonged to a younger branch of the Wisharts of
Pitariow. His early life has been the subject of many conjectures;
but apparently he graduated M.A ., probably at King's College,
Aberdeen, and taught as a schoolmaster at Montrose. Accused
of heresy in 1538, he fled to England, where a similar charge was
brought against him at Bristol in the followng year.
In 1539
or 1540 he started for Germany and Switzerland, and returning
to England became a member of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
In 1543 he went to Scotland in the train of a Scottish
embassy which had come to London to consider the treaty of
marriage between Prince Edward and the infant queen of Scots.
There has been much controversy whether he was the Wishart
who in April 1544 approached the English government with a
proposal for getting rid of Cardinal Beaton. Roman Catholic
historians such as Bellesheim, and Anglicans like Canon Dixon,
have accepted the identification, while Froude does not dispute
it and Dr Gairdner avoids committing himself {Letters and Papers
of Henry VIII. vol. xix. pt. i., Introd. pp . xxvii-xxviii). There
was another George Wishart, bailie of Dundee, who allied himself
with Beaton's murderers; and Sir John Wishart (d. 1576),
afterwards a Scottish judge, has also claims to the doubtful
distinction.
Sir John was certainly a friend of Creighton, laird
of Branston, who was deeply implicated in the plot, but Creighton
also befriended the reformer during his evangelical labours in
IMidlothian. The case against the reformer is not proven and is
not probable.
His career as a preacher began in iS44, and the story has been
told in glowing colours by his disciple John Knox. He went
from place to place in peril of his life denouncing the errors of
Rome and the abuses in the church at Montrose, Dundee, Ayr,
in Kyle, at Perth, Edinburgh, Leith, Haddington and elsewhere.
At Ormiston, in December 1545, he was seized by the earl of
Bothwell, and transferred by order of the privy council to Edinburgh
castle on January ig, 1346. Thence he was handed over
to Cardinal Beaton, who had him burnt at St Andrews on
March 1.
Foxe and Knox attribute to him a prophecy of the
death of the Carduial, who was assassinated on May 29 following,
partly at any rate in revenge for Wishart's death.
Knox's Hist.; Reg. PC. Scotland; Foxe's Acts and Momimenls;
Hay Fleming's Martyrs and Confessors of St Andrews; Cramond's
Truth about Wishart (1898); and Diet, of Nat. Biogr. vol. Ixii. (24S-251,
253-254).
(A. F P.)
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<section begin="s3"/>'''WISHAW''', a municipal and police burgh of Lanarkshire,
Scotland. Pop. (igoi) 20,873. It occupies the face of a hill a
short distance south of the South Calder arid about 2 m. N . of the
Clyde, IS m. E.S E. of Glasgow by the Caledonian railway. It
owes its importance to the development of the coal and iron
industry, and was created a police burgh in 1855 It was extended
to include the villages of Cambusnethan and Craigneuk
in 1874. The chief public buildings are the town-hall, Victoria hall, the public library and the parish hall, and there is also a public park.
<section end="s3"/>
<section begin="s4"/>'''WISLICENUS, JOHANNES''' (1835-1902), German chemist,
was born on the 24th of June 1835 at Klein-Eichstedt, in Thuringia. In 1853 he entered Halle University, but in a few months emigrated to America with his father
For a time he acted as assistant to Professor E. N . Horsford at Harvard, and in 185s was appointed lecturer at the Mechanics' Institute in New York. Returning to Europe in 1856, he continued his studies at Zurich University, where nine years later he became professor of chemistry. This post he held till 1872. He then succeeded A. F. L. Strecker in the chair of chemistry at Würzburg, and in 1885, on the death of A. W. H. Kolbe, was appointed to the same professorship at Leipzig, where he died on the 6th of December 1902. As an original investigator he devoted himself almost e.exclusively to organic chemistry, and especially to stereo chemistry. His work on the lactic acids cleared up many difficulties concerning the combination of acid and alcoholic properties in oxy-acids in general, and resulted in the discovery of two substances differing in physical properties though possessing a structure of proved chemical identity. To this phenomenon, then noticed for the first time, he gave the name of " geometrical isomerism." So far back as 1869, before the publication of the doctrine of J. H. van't Hoff and J A. Le Bel, he expressed the opinion that the ordinary constitutional formulae did not afford an adequate explanation of certain carbon compounds, and<section end="s4"/><noinclude><references/></div></noinclude>