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in 1 83 1. It possesses a library and a cabinet of specimens. It
has published the Boston Journal of Natural History (8vo, 1837-
1863), Memoirs (4*0, 1866, &c.) and Proceedings (1841, &c). The
Lyceum of Natural History, New York, was incorporated in 1818
and has published Annals from 1823 (1824, &c.) and Proceedings
(1870, &c). In 1875 the name was changed to New York Academy of
Sciences. A number of American naturalists and geologists, having
held meetings in various cities between 1840 and 1847, resolved
themselves at their Boston congress in the latter year into the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, which was
incorporated in 1874. Its object is " by periodical and migratory
meetings to promote intercourse between American scientists." It
has published Proceedings (1849, &c). The National Academy of
Sciences was incorporated at Washington in 1863 with a view to
making the knowledge of specialists available for the service of
government. There are two classes of members, those in mathe-
matics and physics and those in natural history. It has issued
Annuals (Cambridge, 1865, &c.) and Reports, as well as Memoirs
(1866, &c). The Academies of Sciences at San Francisco (1853), St
Louis (1856, incorporated 1857), and Chicago (1857, incorporated
1865) deserve special mention.
Among the remaining societies of a general scientific character are —
Albany Inst. (1829), Trans. (1830-1893), Proc. (1873-1882). Ann
Arbor, Mich. Ac. of Sc. (1894). Baltimore, Maryland Acad, of Sc,
Trans. (1901). Boston, Col. Soc of Mass. (1892), Trans. Brooklyn
Inst, of Arts and Sc. Buffalo, Soc. of Nat. Sc. (1861), Bull.
Cincinnati, Soc. of Nat. Hist. (1870), Journal (1878, &c); Cin.
Museum Assoc. (1881). Cleveland, Acad, of Nat. Sc. (1852),
Annals and Proc; The Cleveland Society [Archaeol. Inst, of
America] (1893). Columbus, Ohio State Acad, of Sc. (1891), Publ.
Des Moines, Iowa Acad. 0] Sc. (i8*Sj), Proc; Hartford, Sc. Soc
(1806); formerly Hartford Soc. of Nat. Sc. (1885), Bull. (1902,
&c.). Indianapolis, Indiana Acad, of Sc. (1885), Proc. (1891, &c).
Ithaca, Amer. Phil. Assoc. (1902). Lincoln, Nebraska Acad, of
Sc. (1891), Publ. Los Angeles, South California Acad, of Sc.
(1891), Bull. Madison, Wisconsin Acad, of Sc. Arts and Letters,
Trans. (1870, &c). Milwaukee, Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. (1857),
Bull. {Minneapolis, Minnesota Acad, of Sc, Bull. (1873, &c).
Minneapolis Acad, of Fine Arts (1883), Bull. (1905). New Orleans,
Atkenie Louicianais (1876), Comptes Rendus. New York, Amer.
Inst, of the City of New York (1829), Journal (1834), Trans.
(1841, &c); Amer. Inst, for Sc. Research (1904), Proc. and
Journal. Portland (Maine), Soc. of Nat. Hist. (1850), Proc.
(1862, &c.). Poughkeepsie, Vassar, Brothers' Inst. (1874), Proc.
(1874, &c., 1876, &c.). Rochester Acad, of Nat. Sc. (1881) Trans.
Salem (Mass.), Essex County Nat. Hist. Soc. (1833; now
merged in the Essex Institute) published the American Naturalist
(1867-1868), afterwards issued by the Peabody Acad, of Science, as
well as Proc. (1856, &c.) and Bulletin (1869, &c). San Francisco,
Tech. Soc. of the Pacific Coast (1884), Trans, in Journal of
the Assoc, of Engineering Societies. Santa Barbara Society of Natural
History (1876), Bull. (1887). Sioux City, Acad, of Sc. and
Letters (1887), Proc. (1903, &c). Topeka, Kansas Acad, of Science
(1868), Trans. Washington, Phil. Soc. of Washington (1871), Bull.
(1874, &c). Wilkes-Barre, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. (1858),
Proc. and Coll. (1858, &c.).
France. — The Institut de France (see Academies), which includes
five separate academies, stands at the head of all French societies.
The Societe Philotechnique, founded in 1795 and recognized as of
public usefulness by a decree of nth May 1861, had for its object
the encouragement and study of literature, science and the fine
arts; literary organ was an Annuaire (1840, &c). The Societe d'En-
couragement pour V Industrie Nationale was founded in 1801 for the
amelioration of all branches of French industry, and was recog-
nized by the state in 1824; Bulletin. The Acadimie Nationale,
Agricole, Manufacturiere, Commerciale was founded by the due de
Montmorency in 1830, and offers prizes and medals, and brings
out a Bulletin (1830, &c). The Association Francaise pour I'Avance-
ment des Sciences (1872), founded on the model of the British Asso-
ciation, holds migratory meetings and publishes Comptes rendus.
With it has been amalgamated the Association Scientifique de France,
founded by Le Verrier in 1864.
The departmental societies are very numerous and active. The
chief are the following: Abbeville, Soc. d' Emulation (1797), Mem.
(1833, &c). Agen, Soc. d'Agr., Sc. et Arts (1784), Recueil (1800, &c,).
Aix, Acad, des Sc, &c (1829), based on Soc. des Amis de la Sc.
(1765), Mem. (1819, &c). Alais, Soc Sc. et Litt. (1868), Bull. (1868,
&c.). Amiens, Acad., based on Soc. Litt. (1750), Mem. (1835, &c.) ;
Soc. Linneenne (1838), Mem. (1866, Sec.). Angers, Soc. Acad, de
Maine-et-Loire (1857), Mem. (1857, &c); Soc. d'Agr., fife (1799),
Mem. (1831, &c.) ; Soc. Linn, de M.-et-L. (1852), Annates (1853, &c).
Angoulfime, Soc. d'Agr., fife, de la Charente (1803), Annates (1819,
&cj. Annecy, Soc. Florimontane (1851), Annates (1851, &c.) and
Rev. Savoisienne (1851). Apt, Soc. Litt., Sc. et Art. (1863), Annates
(1865, &c). Arras, Acad. (1737), Mem. (1818, &c.) and other publica-
tions. Autun, Soc. Eduenne (1836), Mem. (1872, &c.) and other
publications. Auxerre, Soc.desSc (1847), Butt. (1847, &c). Avignon,
Acad.de Vaucluse (formerly the Lycie d'Agr., fife, 1801), Mem. (1804),
Documents and Cartulaires. Bar-le-Duc, Soc. des^Lettres, &c. (1870),
Mem. (1871, &c.). Bayeux, Soc. des Sc, Arts et B.-Lett. (1841),
Mim. (1842, &c). Beauvais, Soc. Acad. (18.47), Mem. (1847, &c),
Comptes Rendus (1882, &c). Belfort, Soc. d'Emulation (1872), Bull.
(1872). Besancon, Acad, des Sc, fife (1752; suppressed in 1793;
re-established 1805), Proc. -verb. (1754, &c), Mem. (1838, &c);
Soc. d'Emulation (1840), Mem. (184.1, &c). Beziers, Soc. Arch., Sc,
&c. (1834), Bull. (1836, &c). Blois, Soc. des Sc. et Lettres de Loir-
et-Cher (1832), Mem. (1833, &c). Bordeaux, Acad. (1712 ; suppressed
1793; re-established 1816), Acles (1839, &c); Soc. Linn. (1818),
Bull. (1826-1829) and Actes (1830, &c); Soc. des Sc. (1850),
Mim. (1855, &c). Boulogne, Soc. Acad. (1864), Mim. (i86a, &c).
Bourg, Soc. d'Emulation (1755), Journal (1817-1868) and Annates
(1868, &c). Bourges, Soc. Hist., fife, du Cher (1849), Mim. (1857,
&c). Brive la Gaillarde, Soc. Sc, Hist, et Archeol. (1878), Bull.
(1879, &c). Caen, Acad. (1652), Rec. (1731-1816), Mem. (1825);
Soc. Linn. (1823), Mem. (1824, &c), and Bull. (1855, &c); Assoc
Normande (1831) , Annuaire (1835, &c). Cahors, Soc. des Etudes Litt.,
Sc. et Artistiques (1872), Bull. (1873, &c). Cambrai, Soc. d'Emulation
(1804), Mim. (1808, &c). Cannes, Soc. des Sc. (1868), Mim. (i860,
&c). Carcassonne, Soc. d'Etudes, fife (1889), Bull. (1890, &c).
Chambery, Acad. (1819), Mim. (1825, &c). Chateaudun, Soc.
Dunoise (1864), Bull. (1864, &c). Cherbourg, Soc. Acad. (1755),
Mim. (1833, &c); Soc. Nat. (1851), Mem. (1852, Sic). Clermont-
Ferrand, Acad. (1747), Annates (1828, &c.) and Bull. (1881, &c).
Dijon, Acad. (1725; suppressed 1793; re-established 1800), Mem.
(1769, &c). Douai, Soc. d'Agr., fife, du Nord (1799), Mem.
(1826, &c). Draguinan, Soc. d'Etudes Sc. (1855), Bull. (1856, &c).
Dunkirk, Soc Dunkerquoise (1851), Mim. (1853, &c). Epinal, Soc.
d'Emulation (1825), Journal (1825-1827), Siances (1828-1830),
Annates (1828, &c). Evreux, Soc. Libre d'Agr., fife (1798), Re-
cueil. Gap, Soc. d'Etudes (1881), Bull. (1882, &c). Grenoble, Acad.
Delphinale (1789), based on Soc. Litt. (1772), Bull. (1836, &c).
Havre, Soc. d'Etudes Diverses (1833), Recueil (1834, &c). Laon, Soc.
Acad. (1850), Bull. (1852, &c). La Roche, Soc d'Emulation (1854),
Annuaire (1855, &c). La Rochelle, Acad. (1732; suppressed 1791;
reconstituted in 1803 as Lycie Rochelais and in 1853 under its former
name), Annates (1854, &£•)• Le Havre, Soc. des Sc et Arts (1868),
Bull. (1868, &c). Le Mans, Soc. d'Agr., fife, de la Sarthe (founded in
1 761; reorganized on several occasions, and finally in 1839), Bull.
(1833, &c). Le Puy, Soc. d'Agr., Sc, &c (1819), Annates (1826, &c.)
and Bull. (1836, &c). Lille, Soc. des Sc, fife (founded 1802 as Soc.
d' Amateurs), Mim. (1802, &c.) ; Soc. d'Etudes, Bull. (1899). Limoges,
Soc. d'Agr., Sc, 6rc, de la Haute-Vienne (1759), Bull. (1822, &c.)»
Lons-le-Saunier, Soc. d'Emulation (1817), Mini. (1818, &c). Lyons,
Acad. (1724), Mem. (1854, &c.) ; Soc. d'Agr., Hist. Nat.,&c. (1761),
Comptes rend. (1806, &c.j and Mim. (1838, &c); Soc. Linn. (1822),
Annates (1836, &c). Macon, Acad. (1805) , Comptes rend. (1806-1847)
and Annales (1851, &c.). Marseilles, Acad. (1726; in 1766 called Soc.
des Sciences; suppressed in 1793; reorganized in 1799, and finally
in 1802), Recueil (1727-1786) and Mim. (1803, &c). Meaux, Soc.
Libre d'Agr., Sc, fife (1798; reorganized in 1820), Publ. (1833, &c).
Mende, Soc. d'Agr., fife, de la Lozere (1819), Mim. (1827, &c.) and
Bull. (1850, &c). Montauban, Acad. (1730), Recueil (17*12-1750 and
1869, &c). Montbcliard, Soc. d'Em. (1850), Mim. (1852, &c).
Montpellier, Acad, (iounded in 1706 as Soc. Royale; suppressed in
1793; finally reorganized in 1846), Mim. (1847, &c.) ; Soc d'Horti-
cult., fife, de VHerault (i860}, A\nnales (i860, &c). Moulins, Soc.
d'Em. (1846), Bull. (1846, &c). Nancy, Acad, de Stanislas (1750),
Mem. (1754, &c); Soc. des Sc (1873), founded on Soc. des Sc. Nat.
de Strasbourg (1828), Mim. (1830, &c.) and Bull. (1866, &c); Soc.
d'archiol.,&c. (1848) Mim. (1849, Sue), Journal (1852, &c). Nantes,
Soc Acad, de la Loire-Inf. (1848), founded in 1798 as Institut De-
partmental, Annales (1830, &c). Nevers, Soc. Nivernaise (1851), Bull.
(1851, &c.). Nice, Soc. des Lettres, fife (1861), Annales (1865, &c).
Nlmes, Acad. (1682,, Mim. (1805); Soc. d'Etude des Sc.Nat. (1871),
Bull. (1873, &c). Niort.'Soe de Statist. Sc, fife, des Deux-Sevres(i836),
Mim. (1836, &c.) and Bull. (1852, &c). Orleans, Acad, de Sainte-
Croix v l863), Led. et Mem. (1865, &c); Soc. d'Agr., Sc, fife (1809),
Bull. (1810-1813), Ann. (1818-1837), and Mem. (1837, &c). Pau, Soc.
des Sc, Lettres, fife. (1841), Bull. (1841, &c). Perigueux, Soc. d'Agr.,
Sc, fife, de la Dordogne (1820), Annales (i8ao, &c). Perpignan, Soc.
Agr., fife et Litt. (1833), Bull. (1834, &c). Poitiers, Soc. d'Agr.,
Belles-Letlres, fife (1789), Bull. (1818, &c). Privas, Soc. des Sc. Nat. et Hist. (1861), Bull. (1861, &c). Reims, Acad. Nat. (1841), Siances (1844, &c). Rochefort, Soc. de Giog. Lettres, Sc. et Arts (1878), Bull. (1879, Sic). Rodez, Soc. des Lettres, Sc, fife, de I'Aveyron (1836), Mim. (1838, &c.) and Prods-Verb. (1864, &c). Rouen, Acad. (1744). Prieis Analyt. (1744, &c.) ; Soc. Libre d' Emulation, fife (1790), Bull. (1797, &c); Soc. des Amis des Sc. Nat. (1864), Bull. (1865, &c). Saint-Brieuc, Soc. d'Em., Bull, et Mim. (1861, Sic.). Saint- Die, Soc. Philomatique (1875), Bull. (1876, &c). Saint-Etienne, Soc. d'Agr., fife, de la Loire (1822), Annales (1857). Saint-Lo, Soc. d'Agr., fife (1833), Mem., fife (1837, &c). Saint-Quentin, Soc. Acad. (1825), Mem. (1830, &c). Semur, Soc des Sc. Hist, et Nat. (1842), Bull, (1864, Sic). Soissons, Soc. Arch., Hist, et Sc. (1846), Mim. (1847, &c). Tarbes, Soc. Acad, des Hautes-Pyrinies (1853), Bull. (1854, &c). Toulon, Soc. Acad, du Var (181 1), Mim. (1832, &c). Toulouse, Acad, (founded in 1640; known to 1704 as Soc. des Lanternistes and by other names to 1807, when present title was acquired), Hist, et Mem. (1782-1790) and Mim. (1827, &c); Soc. d'Hist. Nat. (1866), Bull, (1867, &c.) ;Soc. des Sc, (1873), Bull. (1872, &c). Tours, Soc,<noinclude><references /></div></noinclude>