Not proofread: Created page with "<section begin="s1"/>striking campanile. The theatre and the railway station are also fine buildings. The streets are wide and regular, and there are several broad squares. A..."
New page
<noinclude><pagequality level="1" user="Slowking4" /><div class="pagetext">{{rh|{{x-larger| }}|{{x-larger|{{uc|SARAVIA, A.{{—}}SARAWAK}}}}|{{x-larger|207}}}}<!-- replace "Foo" and "Bar" with the header from the page, delete and input page numbers as appropriate -->
</noinclude><section begin="s1"/>striking campanile. The theatre and the railway station are
also fine buildings. The streets are wide and regular, and there
are several broad squares. A new fine-art gallery was erected
in 1884 by the painter Bogolubov, who bequeathed to the city
his collection of modern pictures and objects of art. A school
of drawing and the public library are in the same building,
the Radishchev Museum.
Agriculture and gardening support a section of the population.
The cultivation of the sunflower deserves special mention. Of the
manufacturing establishments the distilleries rank first in im ortance;
next come the liqueur factories, flour-mills, oil-works, rail)way
workshops and tobacco-factories. The city has a trade not only
in corn, oil, hides, tallow, woollen cloth, wool, fruits and various raw
produce exported from Samara, but also in salt from the Crimea and
Astrakhan, in iron from the Urals and in wooden wares from the
upper Volga governments. Saratov also supplies south-eastern
Russia with manufactured articles and grocery wares imported from
central Russia. The shallowness of the Volga opposite the town
and the immense shoals along its right bank are, however, a great
drawback to its usefulness as a river-port.
The town of Saratov was founded at the end of the 16th century,
on the left bank of the Volga, some 7 m. above the present site, to
which it was removed about 1605. The place it now occupies
(Sary-tau or Yellow Mountain) has been inhabited from remote
antiquity. Although founded for the maintenance of order in the
Volga region, Saratov was several times pillaged in the 17th and 18th
centuries. The peasant leader Stenka Razin took it, and his followers
kept it until 1671; the insurgent Cossacks of the Don pillaged it in
1708 and the rebel Pugachev in 1774.
<section end="s1"/>
<section begin="s2"/>'''SARAVIA, ADRIAN''' (1531-1613), theologian, was born at
Hesdin, Pas-de-Calais, of a Spanish father and Flemish mother,
both Protestants. He entered the ministry at Antwerp, had a
hand in the Walloon Confession and gathered a Walloon congregation
in Brussels. He migrated to the Channel Islands early
in the reign of Elizabeth; and, after a. period as schoolmaster,
officiated (1564-1566) at St Peter's, Guernsey, then under
Presbyterian discipline. Subsequently he held the mastership
of the grammar school at Southampton, and in 1 582 was professor
of divinity and minister of the reformed church at Leiden.
From Leiden he wrote (9 June 1 58 5) to Lord Burghley advising
the assumption of the protectorate of the Low Countries by
Elizabeth. He became domiciled in England in 15871-1588, leaving
Holland on the discovery of his complicity in a political plot,
and was appointed (1 588) rector of Tattenhall, Staffordshire. His
first work, De diversis gradibus ministrorum Evangelii (1590;
in English, 1592, and reprinted), was an argument for episcopacy,
which led to a controversy with Theodore Beza, and gained him
incorporation (9 June 1590) as D.D. at Oxford, and a prebend
at Gloucester (22 Oct. 1591). On 6th December 1595 he
was admitted to a canonry at Canterbury (which he resigned in
1602), and in the same year to the vicarage of Lewisham, Kent,
where he became an intimate friend of Richard Hooker, his near
neighbour, whom he absolved on his deathbed. He was made
prebendary of Worcester (1601) and of Westminster (5 July
1601). In 1604, or early in 1605, he presented to James I. his
Latin treatise on the Eucharist, which remained in the Royal
Library unprinted, till in 1885 it was published (with translation
and introduction) by Archdeacon G. A. Denison. In 1607 he was
nominated one of the translators of the Authorised Version of
1611, his part being Genesis to end of Kings On the 23rd of
March 1610 he exchanged Lewisham for the rectory of Great
Chart, Kent. He died at Canterbury on the 15th of January
1612, and was buried in the cathedral on the 19th of January.
See the particulars collected in Denison's “ Notice of the Author ”
prefixed to De sacfa eucharislia. (A. GO. *)
<section end="s2"/>
<section begin="s3"/>'''SARAVIA''', a town of the province of Negros Occidental,
island of Negros, Philippine Islands, on the N.W. coast and the
coast road, 16 m. N.N.E. of Bacolod, the capital. Pop. (1903)
13,13 2. The town is in a rich sugar-producing region, and sugar
culture is the only important industry. The language is Panay Visayan.
<section end="s3"/>
<section begin="s4"/>'''SARAWAK''', a state situated in the north-west of Borneo; area, 55,000 sq. m.; pop. about 500,600. The coast line extends
from Tanjong Datu, a prominent cape in 2° 3' N., northwards to
the mouth of the river Lawas 5° 10' N. and II 5° 30' W., the Whole
length of the coast line being about 440 m. in a straight line;
but a tract, 80 m. in length, of Brunei territory still remains
between the mouths of the Baram and Limbang rivers. The
frontier of the southern portion of Sarawak is formed by the
Serang, Kelingkang and Batang Lupar ranges of mountains.
The inland or eastern boundary is formed by the broken range of
mountains which constitutes the principal watershed of the island.
Of these the highest peaks are: Batu Puteh (5400 ft.), Tebang
(10,000 ft.), Batu Bulan (7000 ft.), Ubat Siko (4900 ft.), Bela Lawing
(7000 ft.) and Batu Leihun (6000 ft.), from w ich the Rejang and
Baram rivers, on the Sarawak side, and the Koti and Balungun rivers,
on the Dutch side, take their rise. North of Sarawak is the Pamabo
mountain range (8000 ft.), whence flow the rivers Limbang and Trusan,
and the mountains Batu Lawei (8000 ft.) and Lawas (6000 ft.).
The interior is mountainous, the greatest elevations being Mount
Mulu (9000 ft.), of limestone formation, Batu Lawei (8000 ft.),
Pamabo (8000 ft.), Kalulong, Dulit, Poeh and Penrisam. The
Rejang is the largest river, the Baram ranking second, the Batang
Lupar third and the Limbang fourth. The Rejang is navigable for
small steamers for about 160 m., the Baram for about 100 m., but
there is a formidable bar at the mouth of the Baram. The chief
town of Sarawak, Kuching, with a population of about 30,000, is
situated on the Sarawak river 20 m. from its mouth, and can be
reached by steamers of a thousand tons.
The fauna is rich. The most important mammals are the maias,
or orang utan, the gibbon, the proboscis, semnopithecus and macacus
monkeys; lemurs, cats, otters, bears, porcupines, wild pigs, wild
cattle, deer and pangolin. Bats, shrews, rats and squirrels are included
among the smaller mammals, while sharks, porpoises and
dugongs are found along the coast. Of birds, Sarawak has over five
hundred species; fish and reptiles are abundant; the jungle swarms
with insect life, and is rich in many varieties of fern and orchid.
The mineral wealth gives promise of considerable development.
The Borneo Company for some years have successfully worked gold
from the quartz reefs at Bau, on the Sarawak river, by the cyanide
process, as well as antimony and cinnabar. Antimony occurs in
pockets in various localities, notably at Sariki, in the Rejang district,
and at Burok Buang and Telapak, in the Baram district and in the
river Atun. Cinnabar has also been found in small quantities at
Long Liman and in the streams about the base of Mount Mulu.
Sapphires of good quality, but too small to be of commercial value,
are found in large numbers in the mountain streams of the interior.
Coal is worked at Sadong and Brooketon, and shipped to Singapore.
The great coal-field of Selantik, along the Kelingkang range in the
Batang Lupar district, is being developed. Indications of coal seams
have also been found in the river Mukah; at Pela us in the Rejang;
at Similajau and Tutau and on Mount Dulit, in the Baram district.
Timber is one of the most valuable products, but with the exception
of bilian (iron wood) from the river Rejang, little is exported.
The most important timbers are bilian, merebo, rasak, kruin, tapang,
kranji, benaga, bintangor, gerunggang, medang, meranti and kapor.
Except near the banks of the rivers, which have been cleared by-the
natives for farming purposes, the whole country is thickly clothed
with timber. The industrial establishments also comprise sago mills,
brick-works, cyanide-works and saw-mills.
In $04 the total trade of Sarawak (Foreign and Coastwise)
reache a value of $16,466,241 as compared with $4,564,200 in 1890.
The remarkable increase in trade is shown by the following table:-
1900. 1904.
Gold . . $84,370 $1,819,200
Pepper . 125,442 2,611,478
Sago Hour. . 75,026 830,319
Rubber . 35,181 351,735
Gutta . . 78,829 637,348
Gambier 20,060 173,500
The revenue increased from $457,596 in 1894 to $1,321,879 in
1904; and the expenditure increased in the same period from
$486,533 to $1,225,384. The Public Debt of Sarawak on the 1st of
January 1905 was $25,000.
The population of the state, in addition to a small number
of Europeans, government officials and others, a few natives of
British India, and a large number of Chinese traders and pepper
planters, consists of semi-civilized Malays in the towns and
villages of the coast districts and of a number of wild tribes of
Indonesian affinities in the interior. Of these the most important
are the Dyaks, Milanaus, Kayans, Kenyahs, Kadayans and
Muruts. No census has ever been taken. “ Without the Chinaman,
” said the Raja(Pall M all Gazette, 19th September 1883),
“ we could do nothing. When not allowed to form secret
societies he is easily governed, and this he is forbidden to do on
pain of death.” The Milanaus, who live in the northern districts,
have adopted the Malay-dress, and in many cases have become
Mahommedans; they are a contented and laborious people.
Slavery has been abolished, except among certain of the in1an§
tribes among whom' it still obtains in a very mild form:
<section end="s4"/><noinclude>{{smallrefs}}</div></noinclude>