Democracies and academies have, historically, risen together. Ancient Athens, where formal democracy first flowered, was also where, after the injustice of the execution of Socrates, Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum nonetheless bloomed. When the democracy succumbed to the geopolitical dominance of the Macedonian Alexander the Great, the cities’ new leaders shrank the size of the voting citizenry and once again sought the expulsion of philosophers.
In the young American republic, many in the founding generation recognized the importance of education to a democratic citizenry. The remarkable network of liberal arts colleges such as Middlebury, now scattered throughout the country and most densely in the Northeast, reflects that generation’s expectation that sacred groves of higher learning can improve and anchor a healthy democratic culture. Abraham Lincoln renewed that national commitment when he signed the 1862 Morrill Act, which gave us the land-grant public universities throughout the country.
But what does it take to preserve those sacred groves? How can colleges and universities meet their responsibility to nourish the intellectual life of a democracy generally? In a democracy, where freedom of association and speech are core rights and should be rigorously defended, the ethics of protesting should be defined by a commitment to embody in the protest itself the very norms that sustain democracies.
Democracies are necessarily contentious but can survive only if they can channel contestation into peaceful forms of behavior. Hence the importance of the first rule of protest — that it be nonviolent.
Second, protest on a college campus should have the goal of making a college the best it can be. The supreme academic aspiration is to defeat bad arguments with better ones. Rather than shouting down Murray, the protesters should have read his work and figured out how to critique it. There’s lots of room for that....Imagine how powerful a protest would be when one after another protester calmly and civilly puts a question to the speaker that reveals the holes in his argument.
Finally, to protect the sacred groves of academe, and the wellsprings of contentious but peaceful and intellectually rigorous debate in a democracy, those of us committed to the academy should step up to defend our campuses as places where two things are both true: Free speech is protected, and members of a campus community recognize their responsibility to prove themselves trustworthy to one another. Proving ourselves trustworthy means that it is wrong to fling insults and to swear at one another, even in cases where those things don’t add up to a legally prohibited threat or harassment. It also means that it is better to pursue argument with the other side than disdainful mockery of its views and to argue on the merits rather than make ad hominem attacks. This goes for both left and right.
Our civic culture is badly debilitated. Colleges and universities need to replenish their capacity to defend the intellectual life of democracies....At Middlebury last week, Murray and his hosts were also trying, simply, to keep school open. In this moment, they, too, were heroes.---Danielle Allen, Washington Post.
Danielle Allen taught the single most inspiring course I took as a PhD student. The course looked at funeral orations (Pericles, Plato, Lincoln) and has influenced these Digressions in innumerable ways. She has taught me to appreciate the significance of civic, patriotic rhetoric* and the ways in which sacred spaces can be carved out of otherwise mundane activities. I admire her scholarship and -- how partial are our affections -- we share a love of dogs. In addition, I have been pleased to see that in recent years she has established herself as a wise, public commentator.
Even so, it takes a bit of imagination and a shared willingness to indulge in useful fantasy to treat the alcohol and drug fueled club med, party atmosphere to be found "at the remarkable network of liberal arts colleges...now scattered throughout the country and most densely in the Northeast" as sacred groves (unless one is thinking of Orphic mysteries). A reformation of our badly debilitated civic culture cannot be founded on such quicksand. If one of the tasks of "colleges and universities" is to defend the intellectual life of democracies, it will require sturdier reflections than the ones offered by Prof. Allen in the Washington Post.
Before I address Allen's underlying arguments and vision, two important preliminary remarks.
I condemn the violence directed at professor Allison Stanger. I warmly recommend anybody to read her chilling account of what she experienced. (I would have also condemned violence directed at others at this event!)
The analogy between the Little Rock Nine and Murray that Allen deploys is based on flawed analogical reasoning. While both involve mob threats, the Little Rock nine were manifestly innocent and being discriminated against with the power of state government arrayed against them; none of these characterizations apply to Murray. All mobs are bad, but they are not bad in the same way. In what follows I do not mention the Little Rock Nine again.
In her piece, Allen attributes four not entirely complementary functions to universities:
they have a "responsibility to nourish the intellectual life of a democracy;"
to "improve and anchor a healthy democratic culture;"
to "defeat bad arguments with better ones;"
to "defend the intellectual life of democracies."
In what follows, I assume charitably, and for the sake of argument, that Allen does not think this list exhaustive (given that other important functions are absent: research, imparting knowledge, and teaching various skills and, perhaps, virtues are so evidently absent in her piece.) It looks as if she thinks that defeating bad arguments with better ones is the means by which the intellectual life of democracies is defended, improved, and nourished (etc.). Now, as a trained analytical philosopher this pleases my vanity because it makes my guild the intellectual guardians of democracy.
Even if we take Allen's position at face value it presupposes that the better arguments will turn out to support democracy and its intellectual life. That is to be wished, but by no means self evident. Even if the better arguments support ideal democracy, it is by no means obvious they support our present imperfect democracy.
The previous paragraph matters because if we assume that universities will simply deliver the politically right results we will be delusional about what might happen. As I suggested yesterday, our current crisis in liberal democracy is, in part, a failure of liberal education. Moments of crisis ought to encourage us to rethink the nature and content of higher education. Professor Allen supplies the natural example of this in her argument (but misunderstands it here); the Morril act of 1862 (in the midst of the civil war!), was part of Lincoln's larger redefinition of the nature of the American state and the nature of its aims and obligations not the least the role of higher education in it. (See also my two most recent pieces on Lincoln, here, and here, and my older one here.)
A focus on argument is also a rather reductive interpretation of intellectual life. There are many other skills (e.g., ability to deploy analogical reasoning, decoding of cultural meaning, an ability to scrutinize one's own tacit assumptions, ability to read and convey complex texts, the ability to distinguish propaganda from, say, civic religion, etc.) that matter to it in a democracy. To be sure, skill at applying an argument may be helpful in other cognitive skills, but they can't be reduced to argument (even if we stretch what we mean by 'argument' rather broadly). To put the underlying point in pithy terms: good argument does not entail good judgment. It is also simply false that the supreme academic aspiration is to defeat bad arguments with better ones (here are some rivals: to find truth, to be the first to make a discovery, to contribute to human flourishing, etc.)
Interestingly enough, rather than focusing on the cultivation of sound judgment, Allen focuses on trustworthiness ("to prove themselves trustworthy to one another.") Anybody familiar with my beloved analytic philosophy knows that being good at argument does not entail trustworthiness. (In fact, it raises anew Aristofanes' suggestion that argument supports sophistry.) It's also a peculiar to turn this into the central virtue of democracy and higher education's contribution to democracy. While it is no doubt true that mutual trust or trustworthiness facilitates healthy democracies and its existence is, in turn, facilitated by healthy democracies. And it is also undeniable that all education involves complex, trusting commitments. But trust is fundamentally built on perhaps necessary 'leaps' unsupported by full evidence (even if rational). Trusting relationships are paradigmatically asymmetrical--the language of 'trustees' and 'trustors"+ do not indicate equals (which is why (recall my reading of Hazony) trusting in steadfast God is so important to the ancient Hebrews)--and so, fundamentally, a-democratic (as distinct from undemocratic).
Perhaps, Allen wishes to promote higher education as the place where trustworthy citizens are cultivated who can be authoritative, intellectual leaders inside the academy and in larger society. But there is a two-fold problem here: first, trustworthy citizens may well embrace an impoverished intellectual life defined by promoting practices and virtues appropriate to a nation of book-keepers. It is especially peculiar that Allen wishes to cast aspersions on disdainful mockery. Not to put too fine point on it but the intellectual life of democracies thrives on mockery, satire, and ad hominem attacks. (I have added satire for good measure.) To eliminate mockery, satire, and ad hominem attacks is to ban Aristofanes, the tragic poets, and Plato from Athens. (Maybe only dour Thucydides would be left.) There is some truth in the old saw that dictators fear the comedians most. Second, authority is -- as Hannah Arendt teaches -- intended to generate a form of obedience not conversation nor rational persuasion (recall also) it is, thus, anti-intellectual and anti-democratic at once.
An impatient reader may wish to interject that surely we wish to defend true freedom of speech at universities. And, surely, shouting down a speaker is inimical to reasoned debate and thus free speech. But there are a whole bunch of other rules that are presupposed in making serious, intellectual life possible: and Murray does not play by those rules. Here it is important to reflect briefly on the Bell Curve--a book I have taught in my philosophy of social science courses a decade ago (I contextualized it with selection of papers from Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve, I warmly recommend Glymour's contribution.) In order to make my point I quote the closing paragraph of the most thorough and searching investigation of the methods deployed in the book (recall). I have in mind Goldberger and Manski's review:
A serious scientific book should be the culmination of a program of research that has been subjected to external scientific scrutiny, revised appropriately in the light of that scrutiny, and iteratively honed into a well-reasoned and credible final form. In this paradigm, research that purports to be scientific would first be reviewed on its scientific merits. Only if that review is passed successfully would society at large be concerned with the research.
HM and their publishers have done a disservice by circumventing peer review. The Bell Curve was sprung full blown without external external scientific scrutiny, but with beautifully orchestrated initial publicity. A vast stream of reactions in the general media followed immediately (e.g., New York Times Magazine, October 9, 1994; Newsweek, October 24, 1994; Time, October 24, 1994; The New Republic, October 31, 1994). Through essays like ours, a process of scientific review is now under way. But, given the process to date, peer review of The Bell Curve is now an exercise in damage control rather than prevention. (776)
While one can debate Goldberger and Manski's view that works first need to be reviewed on their scientific merits and only then popularized (this undoubtedly would also diminish the intellectual culture of a liberal democracy and also engender a strong status quo bias), it is undeniable that Murray's work is promoted by powerful financial interests that seek to undermine some of the rudiments of a democratic culture (including equal respect for all citizens) and have no respect for the integrity of scientific conduct. Now that we live in the age of resurgent white nationalism we can also see that the consequences of this circumvention of ordinary rules is not a trivial matter. The damage control will be harder and harder as smart white nationalists will bait would be critics into an expanding cycle of debates that are designed to make their views respectable and worth considering.** And, in fact, Allen's suggestion that the protesters should have read his work and figured out how to critique it plays into this undermining process that only requires ever more resources in damage control. There is really no reason why universities that are to be entrusted with fostering a vibrant democratic culture should support this way of attention and agenda setting. (That is, giving folk like Murray any public attention at all is by now probably a tactical and strategic mistake.***)
In addition, there is an ongoing, concerted public campaign to discredit America's universities in outlets whose whole financial model seems to rely on not just making fun of liberal politicians (that's fine by my lights) but also producing (nostalgia fueled) outrage against higher education, which facilitates a political program of budget cuts of higher education and a skeptical attitude toward climate science and (in an earlier age) insulate the tobacco industry from its responsibility from the lung cancer epidemic (etc. [the list of etc. is long]). Allen addresses these facts only obliquely ("It also means that it is better to pursue argument with the other side than disdainful mockery of its views and to argue on the merits rather than make ad hominem attacks. This goes for both left and right.")
We urgently need to rethink what the nature and ethic of the academy is going to be in ethno-nationalist democracies. Its history of embrace of racial quotas, racialized science, and eugenics in an earlier ethno-nationalist-democratic age does not inspire confidence. While I share with Professor Allen a distaste for and distrust of the terrifying mob, if we are to re-imagine the goal of making a college the best it can be with humanity and clarity this requires a frank acknowledgment of the dangers that accompany the calls for civility (recall my piece; indebted to Leigh Johnson & Ed Kazarian). After all, we learn from the tradition of political thought that "uncivil conduct and speech" (I am quoting from Amy Olberding's excellent essay), if not the mob, is not the cause but itself a symptom of disorder.
That is to say, I agree with Allen that our civic culture is badly debilitated. What I do not believe is that we will replenish it by understanding universities in terms of free speech.++ If we wish to keep school open, we must always be willing to consider closing the doors to some folk.*** As Plato teaches in the Republic, academies are not public fora but they are structured by entry requirements and requirements of the curriculum. Thus, university speech is not at all free in the sense of the legal doctrine of free speech (although there are important connections). Rather, there are many subtle, different obligations and expectations on, say, the corporate stance of the university, the speech of professors in the seminar room (as opposed, say, to offering expert testimony to Congress), noisy student activists, creative student activists-artists, and students in the class room. Each university community needs to re-negotiate and re-articulate these expectations with each other. One could do little better than to start reflection on these issues with Jacob T. Levy's essay (recall; see also my responses here and here.)
*For example, it is by no means a historical truth that "Democracies and academies have, historically, risen together." Academies turn out to flourish in dictatorships, absolute monarchies, and theocratic states just fine. Plenty of democracies are unwilling to fund flourishing academies. (Even the history of Athens does not quite support Allen's position.)
+I am indebted to this SEP article for the terminology.
**At Dailynous, Paul L. Franco has a very useful comment in which he claims that such character are "not interested in “securing uptake” in the sense of generating beliefs in their audience." I share the spirit of his remarks, but I actually think that they are trying to generate beliefs in at least part of the audience (which is why they present themselves in pseudo-scientific garb and as reasonable).
***To be sure, I do not advocate banishing Charles Murray from college campuses.
++Almost certainly our celebrity culture and for-profit media are, in part, constitutive of the fact that our "civic culture is badly debilitated!" So, freedom of speech is, in part, the problem here. How to address the problem without making matters worse is unclear.