Food and food ingredients from genetically engineered (GE) plants were introduced into our food supply in the 1990s. The agricultural chemical industry developed GE crops with the promise of significantly higher crop yields. While crop yields may in fact be on the rise, the contribution of GE technology is a matter of considerable debate. Some groups attribute the increase in yields to improvements in conventional agriculture (Union of Concerned Scientists 2009). Any benefits provided by GE technology have been overshadowed by the increased use of toxic pesticides and proliferation of herbicide-resistant weeds.
All of us have the right to know if our food has been genetically engineered (GE). Unfortunately, the U.S. government does not require labeling of GE foods or ingredients to enable shoppers to make informed decisions. However, more than 60 other nations, including France, Germany, Japan, Australia, Russia, China and the United Kingdom, do require GE labeling (Center for Food Safety, 2013a)!
Which foods are made from GE plants?
Most GE plants (corn, canola, soybean, and cotton) are typically used to make ingredients that are then used in other food products. Such ingredients include cornstarch in soups and sauces, corn syrup as a general purpose sweetener, and cottonseed oil, canola oil, and soybean oil in mayonnaise, salad dressings, cereals, breads, and snack foods.
Reasons to avoid eating genetically engineered ingredients:
Scientists have not determined whether GE food poses risks to human health.
Few safety studies: The federal government requires strict safety evaluations before new drugs go on the market but does not mandate similar safety studies for genetically engineered crops. The government does not require that GE food be tested for carcinogenicity, harm to fetuses, or risks over the long term to animals or humans. Few such studies have been conducted by independent scientific institutions.
Superweeds and more toxic pesticides: Genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant crops helped to create “superweeds,” pest plants that have mutated to survive herbicides. More than 61 million acres of American farmland are infested with Roundup-resistant weeds (Farm Industry News 2013). A 2012 survey conducted by the marketing research group Stratus Agri Marketing found that nearly half of American farmers reported finding superweeds in their fields (Stratus Agri Marketing 2013). To control these hardy plants, many farmers have resorted to older, more toxic herbicides like dicamba, and 2,4-D. Both dicamba and 2,4-D are known to cause reproductive problems and birth defects and pose increased risks of cancer.
Increased pesticide use: Herbicide resistance has led to more, not less, herbicide use. According to estimates published in 2012 by Charles M. Benbrook, research professor at the Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources at Washington State University, herbicide-tolerant crops that stimulated superweed growth caused farmers to use 527 million pounds more herbicide between 1996 and 2011 than would have been the case if those farmers had planted only non-GE crops (Benbrook 2012).
Cross-contamination: According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), a non-profit group that records the global status of biotech crops, almost 70 million hectares of GE crops were planted in the U.S. in 2012 (ISAAA 2012), up from 64 million hectares in 2009 (ISAAA 2009). As GE crops proliferate, many organic farmers must struggle to prevent cross-contamination of their crops by GE seed or pollen spread by wind, insects, floods, and machinery. Unintended GE contamination has become a major issue for organic growers hoping to sell their crops in places that strictly regulate or ban GE foods. It has been estimated that potential lost income for farmers growing organic corn may total $90 million annually (Union of Concerned Scientists 2001).
Until Congress or state governments enact mandatory labeling of GE ingredients in food, how can American shoppers avoid food with GE ingredients?
Buy organic: National and state organic certification rules do not allow GE foods to be labeled “organic.” When you buy organic, you buy food free not only of synthetic pesticides but also GE ingredients:
Buy food certified as “Non-GMO Project Verified:” The non-profit organization Non-GMO Project operates a detailed, voluntary certification process so that food producers can test and verify that, to the best of their knowledge, they have avoided using GE ingredients in their products. The Non-GMO Project is the only organization offering independent verification for GMO products in the U.S. and Canada (Non-GMO Project 2014). GMO stands for “genetically modified organism,” a term interchangeable with “genetically engineered” or “GE.”:
Use EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Avoiding GE Food to find foods made without ingredients likely to be genetically engineered. Eating only organic and certified GE-free food is not an option for some people. EWG’s Shopper’s Guide to Avoiding GE Food helps consumers find products made without ingredients that are likely to be genetically engineered and decide which products are most important to buy organic or certified GE-free.
Estimates indicate that more than 75% of food in supermarkets is genetically engineered or contains GE ingredients (Center for Food Safety 2013b). In order to avoid GE ingredients, look for the 4 most common GE foods and ingredients:
Field corn and corn-derived ingredients: The U.S. is the world’s largest corn producer. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, American farmers planted more corn last year than any other crop, covering 95 million acres (USDA 2013a). Some 90% of corn grown in the U.S. is GE (USDA 2013b). Most of the crop is field corn cultivated for animal feed, but about 12% is processed into corn flour, high fructose corn syrup, corn starch, masa, corn meal, and corn oil that end up in foods consumed by people (EPA 2013). Consumers should assume that those ingredients in processed food are GE. Less than 1% of the American corn crop is sweet corn, also known as table corn (Iowa State University 2011).
Soybeans and soybean-derived ingredients: Soybeans are the second most planted American crop, covering more than 76 million acres last year (USDA 2013a). About 93% of soybeans grown in the U.S. have been genetically engineered (USDA 2013b). Soybean-based products and soybean-derived ingredients are common on supermarket shelves. Consumers should assume that products whose labels disclose the presence of soy proteins, soybean oil, soy milk, soy flour, soy sauce, tofu, or soy lecithin have been made with GE ingredients, unless they are certified organic or GE-free.
Sugar: About 55% of sugar produced in the U.S. comes from sugar beets, 95% of which have been genetically engineered (USDA 2013c). If a product label does not specify that it has been made with “pure cane” sugar, it most probably contains GE beet sugar.
Vegetable oils: Consumers should assume that vegetable oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil and corn oil are GE. About 90% of American oilseed production is soybeans, which are almost entirely GE (USDA 2013b). The remaining 10% of oilseed crops are cottonseed, sunflower seed, canola, rapeseed, and peanut. Canola and cottonseed oil primarily come from GE varieties. More than 90% of corn oil is derived from GE corn.
Foods that may be or become GE:
Papaya: According to the Hawaiian Papaya Industry Association, more than 75% of Hawaiian papaya is GE to resist the ringspot virus (Hawaiian Papaya Industry Association 2013).
Zucchini and yellow summer squash: A few varieties of squash are GE. Without adequate labeling, concerned consumers can’t spot GE varieties. If you want to be sure, opt for organic varieties.
Sweet corn: Most sweet corn sold in supermarkets and farm stands is not grown from GE seeds, but a few varieties are, so it’s best to buy organic sweet corn.
Salmon, flax, plums, potato, radicchio, rice, tomato and wheat: Many other GE foods could be coming soon to a grocery store near you. These have either been approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration or are being considered for approval: salmon, flax, plums, potato, radicchio, rice, tomato and wheat (FDA 2014).
The FDA is considering a producer’s application for GE AquAdvantage salmon: Normal salmon produce growth hormones only in summer months. These fish produce them year-round and grow at twice the normal rate. If the FDA approves AquAdvantage salmon, it will be the first GE animal available in American supermarkets.
Apples: The FDA faces two other controversial decisions: whether to approve apples genetically modified to not to turn brown when sliced, peeled, or bruised and new varieties of corn and soybean genetically modified to resist the toxic herbicide 2,4-D (USDA 2013e, 2013f).
References:
Benbrook, C. (2009) Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the U.S.: the first thirteen years. Available: http://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/GE13YearsReport.pdf Accessed January 6, 2014.
Benbrook, C. (2012) Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the U.S. – the first sixteen years. Environmental Sciences Europe 2012, 24:24
Center for Food Safety (2013a) International Labeling Laws. Available:http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/international-labeling-laws# Accessed January 7, 2014.
Center for Food Safety (2013b) About Genetically Engineered Foods. Available:http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/311/ge-foods/about-ge-foods Accessed January 7, 2014.
Environmental Protection Agency (2013) Major Crops Grown in the United States. Available:http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/cropmajor.html Accessed December 3, 2013.
Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) 2014 Shopper’s Guide to Avoiding Genetically Engineered Food. (Source: www.ewg.org › Research). 02/19/14.
Farm Industry News (2013) Glyphosate-resistant weed problem extends to more species, more farms. Available: http://farmindustrynews.com/herbicides/glyphosate-resistant-weed-problem-extends-more-species-more-farms Accessed December 8, 2013.
Food and Drug Administration (2014). Completed Consultations on Bioengineered Foods. Available:http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?rpt=bioListing&displayAll=false&page=1Accessed January 9, 2014.
Hawaiian Papaya Industry Association (2013) Hawaii Grown Papayas: The Rainbow Papaya Story. Available:http://www.hawaiipapaya.com/rainbow.html Accessed November 25, 2013.
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) (2009) Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2009 – The First Fourteen Years, 1996 to 2009. Available:http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/41/executivesummary/default.asp Accessed January 7, 2014.
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) (2012) Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2012. Available:http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/44/executivesummary/default.asp Accessed January 7, 2014.
Iowa State University (2011) Corn Production: Common Corn Questions and Answers. Available:http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/corn/corn-qna.html Accessed January 7, 2014.
Non-GMO Project (2014) The “Non-GMO Project Verified” Seal. Available:http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/understanding-our-seal/ Accessed January 7, 2014.
Stratus Agri Marketing (2013) Glyphosate Resistant Weeds – Intensifying. Available:http://www.stratusresearch.com/blog07.htm Accessed January 7, 2014
Union of Concerned Scientists (2001) Union of Concerned Scientists Comments to the Environmental Protection Agency on the renewal of BT-Crop Registration. Docket OPP-00678B. Available:http://web.peacelink.it/tematiche/ecologia/bt_renewal_ucs.pdf Accessed January 6, 2014.
Union of Concerned Scientists (2009) Genetic Engineering has Failed to Significantly Boost U.S. Crop Yields Despite Biotech Industry Claims. Available: http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/ge-fails-to-increase-yields-0219.html Accessed January 7, 2014.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013a) National Statistics by Subject. Available:http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/index.php Accessed December 3, 2013.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013b) Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the U.S. Available:http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us.aspx#.Up5PL40h0jU Accessed December 3, 2013.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013c) US sugar production. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/sugar-sweeteners/background.aspx#.UpN_gI0h0jU Accessed November 25, 2013
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013d) Organic 101: Can GMOs be used in organic products. Available:http://blogs.usda.gov/2013/05/17/organic-101-can-gmos-be-used-in-organic-products/ Accessed December 8, 2013.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013e) Dow AgroSciences Petitions (09-233-01p, 09-349-01p, and 11-234-01p) for Determinations of Nonregulated Status for 2,4-D-Resistant Corn and Soybean Varieties. Draft Environmental Impact Statement—2013. Available: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/24d_deis.pdfAccessed January 9, 2014.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013ef) Okanagan Specialty Fruits, Inc.; Availability of Plant Pest Risk Assessment and Environmental Assessment for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Apples Genetically Engineered To Resist Browning. [Docket No. APHIS–2012–0025] Federal Register 78:251 (December 31, 2013) p 79658. Available: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/fedregister/USDA_20131104.pdf Accessed January 9, 2014.