There are increasing reports in the media of the potential for a SUPER EL NINO next winter, one reminiscent of the some of the great ones, like 1997 and 1982.
During the last two years we have been in a neutral (or La Nada) situation with the tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST) and winds being near normal. But a strong El Nino, in which the waters of the tropical Pacific warm substantially, could bring significant changes to U.S. weather, including:
The movement of the jet stream southward into California, bringing the potential for heavy precipitation next winter.
Poor snow pack and less major storms in the Northwest
Warmer temperatures over the northern tier of the U.S.
And a major El Nino would warm the entire planet, and could result in record global temperatures that would heat up global warming concerns.
So what is the chance of a major El Nino and its effects? Let's check the evidence.
But first what is this El Nino animal in the first place? The image below shows conditions over the tropical Pacific during normal and El Nino years. In normal years, the easterly trade winds are fairly strong, pushing warm surface water towards the western Pacific, where is is much deeper. Big tropical thunderstorms hang out over the warmest waters. During El Nino years, the easterlies weaken or even turn to westerlies and the warm water surges towards the east (think of water sloshing in your bathtub!). The SSTs in the central and eastern Pacific warm and the big thunderstorms shift east. This is important, since the big thunderstorms have a global impact, perturbing the flow of large portions of the earth's atmosphere.
Here are the latest sea surface temperaturse in the tropical Pacific. Big warming going during the last few months, so that temperatures are now above normal.
NOAA has an array of buoys in the tropical Pacific monitoring underwater temperatures. Here are the subsurface temperature anomalies (differences from normal) under the Pacific for the last two months. Queue the JAWS music. Warm warmer is surging eastward in the upper few hundred meters of the tropical Pacific. These are large anomalies.
The U.S. and other countries have a range of statistical and numerical models we use to predict the evolution of the tropical Pacific and the potential for El Ninos. Let me show you a few. First, the U.S. Climate Forecast System (CFS) Version 2. This system runs many simulation (an ensemble)...that is why there are so many lines, with the dashed line being the average of them. This figure shows you the predicted SST temperature anomalies into the future. All predict warming and the average warm anomaly is around 1.5C by late fall. This is at least a moderate El Nino.
And here are the predictions from many different prediction models. They are going for warming and El Nino conditions, but perhaps not as strong.
And now the "let's be careful" part of this blog. It is very early to be predicting a major El Nino for next winter. There is a well-known issue called the spring forecast barrier for El Nino/La Nina. That is,
or skill for predicting the next winter is substantially less before roughly July 1. This is illustrated by a figure produced by UW JISAO scientist Todd Mitchel shown below. It shows the correlation of SST temperature in the tropical Pacific with upcoming monthly temperatures. Yellow and reds are high correlations. You see April? Very little correlation with subsequent months in contrast to July or August..
There is something else. You ever hear of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation? This is a cyclic phenomenon of the Pacific ocean that has a great impact on sea surface temperatures and other parameters. A graph is shown below. We were in the warm phase from roughly 1976 to roughly 2005 and now appear to be in a cool phase. The strongest El Ninos like to be in the warm phase, which is not where we are now. So perhaps we should be careful about predicting super El Ninos.
Anyway, it does look we will be in at least a weak El Nino next winter, but stay tuned for more details and more confident forecasts during mid-summer.
We'll see.