While we can all witness the development of much user-oriented hardware, the evolution of software is less visible, with only usually changes in the user interface being noted. But, just as with hardware, software can develop rapidly. Often, alongside established technologies such as EDI, new mainly web-based concepts are being created. Categorized integrative information technologies into three groups: computerized productions systems (such as MRP, MRPII, and (enterprise resource planning)) which integrate manufacturing activities, especially joint production planning, tracking, scheduling, and ordering from suppliers; Enterprise Resource-based Planning. Software packages providing a suite of systems online payment for school to manage and co-ordinate operational processes across a wide range of internal business activities. Integrated information systems, which create the possibility of transmitting and sharing information within the organization, both horizontally and vertically; and finally integrated electronic data interchange (such as EDI) which allows the sending and automation of electronic documents flow within and between organizations, as well as to and from customers and suppliers, providing vertical integration. Software applications began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s as companies started to integrate their internal operations with the main purpose of serving their customers.
This marked the introduction of the earliest types of material requirements planning (MRP I) systems. In the 1970s and 1980s, increasing competition between Japan and the USA resulted in the development of just in time implementations, and marked the main period of growth in electronic document interchange (EDI) applications, with the main goal of coordinating repeatable tasks between two partners. From the 1990s the growth in Internet usage and in the technologies based on it, gave organizations the chance to further reduce the costs of communication. It was at this stage that concepts such as e-business and e-commerce were introduced. It was widely assumed that web-based technologies would improve such areas as supply chain effectiveness. Companies started to redesign their internal processes, to improve effectiveness, and overcome functional barriers). Applications to coordinate cooperation between partners were created, and planning capabilities were added. However, in most cases, cooperation only extended as far as linear relationships between two partners.
Developments from 2000 onwards were characterized by a growing integration between organizations and linkages by means of inter-organizational processes, which in turn were supported by Internet-based information technology and software applications. ERP systems were initially developed to improve inter-organizational performance and cooperation between different functions and divisions within company, but later on the core ERP functions were extended by front-office applications, such as customer relationship management modules. while the back office was supported by supply chain management (SCM) solutions implemented as ERP modules or separately. As a result, consolidated so-called enterprise systems were creating; examples of such integrated solutions of school online payment are the kind of applications offered by SAP, Oracle, or PeopleSoft. The extension of ERP creates opportunities to increase cooperation with suppliers (SCM systems) and customers (CRM). However this traditional ERP-based approach is currently being challenged by the new concept of web services. Distinct from earlier solutions built around ERP, the new systems will likely be based on Internet-oriented web-based enterprise systems, which will link not only internal but also inter-organizational processes and will be accessed through the Internet.
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