The bruising race between Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump and his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton is coming to an end and as the Election Day nears, one question keeps popping up: If we were to break down the American election system, how much of it would be in line with the true essence of democracy?
Trump and Clinton have spared no efforts to win more votes. Racism, sexism, wild accusations and legal scandals have all been part of the political roller coaster that has been this election cycle so far.
On one side, there was Donald Trump, who claimed to be the “outsider” who was going to take America out of the hands of its “stupid” leaders.
A real estate mogul who knocked out all of his primary opponents and won the Republican Party’s nomination by making racist remarks that even attracted the Ku Klux Klan.
“The fact that Trump paints himself as anti-establishment – and in some respects that is true—but let’s remember that he is not running as some impoverished blue-collar worker who earns minimum wage and barely gets by,” says Mark Glenn, an Idaho-based author and political analyst.
“He is a multi-billionaire and he only became a multi-billionaire as a result of his knowing how the system works and his cooperating with that system,” Glenn says. “The very same people who he is denouncing now as insiders.”
On the other hand, there was Hillary Clinton, a former first lady and a veteran politician who knew the game very well and acted providentially from the get-go.
The race between the two was so lively that American allies across the globe started to shake in their boots, thinking about the uncertain prospects of their deep relations with Washington.
Glenn believes that Trump is preferred by the wealthy, because Clinton’s rhetoric against traditional US adversaries such as Russia only risks more wars and that would endanger their wealth.
However, when it comes to the US presidential elections the process that leads to a candidate’s election has gotten less attention.
According to the US government’s website, the popular vote “does not determine the winner” on Tuesday. Rather, it is the candidate with the “majority of electoral votes” who will win the top job.
The Electoral College was established after “the nation’s founders saw it as a compromise between electing the President by a popular vote among citizens and electing the President in Congress,” the government’s website notes.
This means that, at the end of the day, the winner of the election is chosen by 538 electors who are doled out across different states based on each state’s representation in Congress. To win, a candidate needs to get at least 270 votes.
Almost all of the states, except for Maine and Nebraska, use the “winner-take-all” basis, which means the candidate with the most votes gets the most number of electors.
There is one major flaw to this plan though: sometimes the candidate with the most popular vote would still lose the race to the candidate with the most electoral vote.
For example, former US president George W. Bush was able to defeat his Democratic rival Al Gore to the White House in 2000, using that very flaw. He was over 500,000 votes behind but had secured 271 electoral votes, compared to Gore’s 266.
Glenn says the US political system is “the most sophisticated form of repression that has existed in history.”
“There is no democracy in America, it is an oligarchy in the sense that the rich and the powerful basically control the system and perpetuate the means by which they maintain that power,” he says.
In the seaside cafes of Beirut, the whole thing looks "like a bad joke." To persecuted journalists in Burundi, it amounts to "a total loss of dignity." The government-scripted press of Beijing diagnoses "an empire moving downhill." And the spin doctors of the Kremlin see cause for pure and unambiguous delight.
The US presidential election - America's quadrennial chance to showcase for the world how democracy works in the most powerful nation on Earth - has become instead an object lesson in everything that ails a country long seen as a beacon of freedom and hope.
Debates devoid of issues and deep in the gutter of personal insult. Interference from foreign intelligence services. Endless leaked emails, and FBI investigations that could extend long beyond Tuesday.
Americans may cringe watching their own election at close range. But the world's reaction has been, in a sense, even more poignant and foreboding.
Long-standing allies have been left to wonder whether the essential American character has changed, and whether the United States can be relied on when it counts.People in small and distant countries who count on the United States to stand up for democratic values have been astonished to see the essential components - a free press, the rule of law, respect for the outcome of elections - trammelled.
Adversaries have looked on with glee, surprised at how easily the country that casts itself as the greatest can be knocked off kilter.
And even though the campaign still has days to go - with the outcome very much in doubt - the damage to American moral standing may already be done.
"I heard the election is being controlled by Russia. Is it true?" asked Anas al-Abed, 27, a Beirut cafe worker who said he has been following the campaign closely ever since he read that the Republican nominee, Donald Trump, had bragged about assaulting women.
"America always spoke to Arab countries as if they had so much to learn," he said. "And now we see their own democracy involves choosing between a woman from a dynasty and a man who says the system is manipulated. If that's democracy, then we don't want it."
This is not the first time that America's international reputation has been dealt a grievous blow. In recent years, the Iraq War brought global perceptions of the United States tumbling, only to be revived by the election of President Barack Obama - who remains broadly popular overseas.
But political analysts worldwide said that never before have they seen a presidential campaign do so much to directly undermine America's core credibility.
"It's very shocking and disturbing to see this happening on such a scale in the richest country on Earth," said Koichi Nakano, a political-science professor at Sophia University in Tokyo.
It is not, of course, happening in a vacuum. Democracies from Southeast Asia to Western Europe are under pressure from within as populism and xenophobia surge. Autocrats from Moscow to the Middle East, meanwhile, are feeling emboldened.
"It isn't just about this election," said Jacob Parakilas, deputy head of the US and Americas program at the London-based think tank Chatham House. "It fits into a broader framework of rising nationalism and the destruction of existing political norms."
But with the breakdown of those norms happening so vividly in America - a nation that proselytises the virtues of democracy more aggressively than any other - the global swing toward less free and open societies could accelerate no matter who wins Tuesday.
"This campaign makes the implicit argument that the US. model of liberal democracy isn't what it's cracked up to be," Parakilas said.
America's top diplomat has acknowledged as much. Speaking to students in London on Monday, Secretary of State John Kerry called the campaign "downright embarrassing" and said that it has already damaged American influence.
Thanks to the election, he said, he is greeted with skeptical looks - or worse - when he sits down "with some foreign minister in another country or with the president or prime minister of another country and you say, 'Hey, we really want you to move more authoritatively towards democracy.' "
In the state-controlled media of America's nondemocratic rivals and adversaries, the campaign has only exposed what they long knew the country to be - a declining and morally bankrupt power.
"We are seeing the failure of US democracy," wrote Zhang Zhixin, an expert on American politics at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations.
The message is not only that America is floundering but also that China, prosperous and stable, is growing strong in its place.
With Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte promising to "separate" from the United States and realign with China's "ideological flow," Communist Party-approved writers seem to see an opening for more shifts in China's favor.
A recent piece in Xinhua, the state-controlled news wire, cited work by Li Wen, an academic at the Chinese Academy for Social Sciences, who argued that instability in the United States shows the "twisted mentality of an empire moving downhill."
In Russia, the campaign has not exactly reshaped perceptions of the United States. But it has reshaped Russians' perception of what their country is capable of doing to the United States.
Russian observers barely hide their joy at the notion that Americans think that Moscow has the power to affect the outcome of a US presidential election.
"When we hear that we are sitting here in Moscow and interfering in America's life, that makes us all happy," said Gleb Pavlovsky, a political consultant who served at the Kremlin between 1996 and 2011. "We don't need to do anything; we can just sit here and organise elections in the United States."
Like most Russians, Pavlovsky is unwilling to acknowledge the US administration's accusation that Kremlin-sponsored hackers have been meddling in the campaign.
But in a country where people feel the United States has overplayed its hand as the world's sole superpower, American officials' consternation over Russia's suspected role is seen as payback - and a possible political advantage.
"The feeling is that the chaos, the turbulence that all this is causing in the American electoral process is good for Russia," said Alexei Venediktov, editor in chief of Ekho Moskvy radio. "Whoever wins will have to deal with domestic upheaval and internal problems, rather than paying attention to Russia, and that is a good thing."
To US allies, however, it is potentially disastrous. Trump has struck fear into the hearts of European leaders with suggestions that he may not come to the aid of fellow NATO members if they are attacked. Several have broken with protocol - which calls for strict neutrality - and denounced the Republican nominee, while praising his Democratic opponent, Hillary Clinton.
But Europe is confronting its own backlash against international cooperation.
Across the continent, anti-immigration politicians who want to pull their nations out of the European Union have exulted in Trump's success.
"Until about a year ago, when I would meet American counterparts, they'd ask, 'What is happening in Europe?' " said Marietje Schaake, a member of the European Parliament. She listed far-right leaders and parties that no longer seem so alien in America.
"We're seeing a shared challenge arising: challenges to the open economy and open democracies," she said.
Among some American allies, the US campaign has even been a strange source of comfort because their own politics no longer look so bad.
Israel, known for its bare-knuckles brand of political jousting and for corruption cases that have snared presidents and prime ministers, has been unusually fixated on this year's race.
"Our politicians are perhaps not as crooked or corrupt as yours," said Jonathan Rynhold, a political scientist at Israel's Bar-Ilan University. "Ours are fairly mild by comparison."
In India, too, the effect of such an ugly contest has been surprisingly validating.
"For many middle-class Indians, the US is a model for democracy. But watching the election campaign there now makes Indians feel slightly superior," said Shiv Visvanathan, a government professor at O.P. Jindal Global University.
It has also been deeply disquieting.
"How can such a trigger-happy nation be part of the great nuclear club, and take global decisions?" he asked.
Many in the Arab world are asking similar questions and are particularly unnerved by the rise of Trump, said H.A. Hellyer, a political analyst and author of a book on the 2011 Egyptian uprising.
"The fact he's a genuine contender has damaged American standing almost everywhere - not least within the Arab world and the wider region," Hellyer said. "His discourse, which has attacked Muslims . . . is not marginal. It is now mainstream, and that's deeply troubling."
The worry has also been especially acute in Mexico, where opinions toward Trump are overwhelmingly negative - no surprise given that his signature issue is building a border wall. He also launched his campaign by calling Mexican migrants "rapists."
Mexicans accustomed to feeling indifferent toward the US presidential campaign have found themselves actively rooting for Trump to lose.
"For the first time there is a distinction: There's an American good guy and an American bad guy," said Ilán Semo, history professor at the Iberoamerican University in Mexico City. "It was never like this in Mexico."
The angst over Trump is so deeply felt that the peso plunges every time his poll numbers rise, and there could be an immediate recession in Mexico if he comes to power, said Jonathan Heath, an economist in Mexico City.
Anxiety about the presidential contest extends far south of any potential future border wall.
Latin America has been shifting back toward the political centre in recent years after a long period dominated by left-wing populism. But the new crop of pro-business leaders has found that no one in the presidential race is willing to stick up for the principles of free trade and open markets that the United States has been pushing in the region for years.
Political whiplash is happening in Africa, too. For many on the continent, Obama's election had been a triumph, evidence that American democracy could be a model of liberalism and tolerance.
Now, eight years later, Trump's threats to jail his political opponents mimics the behaviour of some of the continent's own less-than-democratic leaders.
Among them is President Pierre Nkurunziza of the small central African nation of Burundi. He was sworn in for a third term last August, and exiled activists have been lobbying the United States to help halt the extrajudicial killings and repression that have characterised his new term.
The campaign, however, has offered little cause for optimism in a country such as Burundi, far from America's geopolitical priorities but in dire need of help from a superpower.
Elvis Banyankiye, a 28-year-old Burundian who is now studying in France, said he had once hoped the Americans would do more to pressure his government to stop human rights violations. Watching America's presidential campaign stagger from one new low to the next, his expectations sank.
"The US has been a model for how to conduct elections. We used to see tolerance in the debates," he said. "We are losing confidence in that."
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