Faster networking
Not so long ago, configuring a couple of computers so they could talk to each other meant buying expensive hardware, hooking it up to a serial port, or, if you were lucky, Ethernet. But you couldn't just cable them together, oh no.
You needed a router, or was it a hub, or a switch? See what we mean? Those days are long gone, and for that we're all very grateful. That doesn't mean networking is completely free from problems, of course. But at least most of us can set one up and connect to it, and be reasonably confident that it'll still be there in the morning.
While for most of us networking means radio signals rather than cables, there are some occasions when that old Ethernet cable comes in handy; so while the bulk of what we're about to reveal to you will refer to Wi-Fi, we haven't forgotten Ethernet – nor its younger, flashier, sibling, Powerline.
These days you're just as likely to want to connect a smartphone, tablet, games console or TV to your network, so we cover that, too. Who knew networking could be so much fun?
Faster networking
Most of us only ever give a thought to our Wi-Fi network when something goes wrong. That something might be a sudden drop-off in signal strength, a reduction in speed, or an inability to connect to the network altogether.
Each of those problems can either be caused by the device you're using, or by the network itself. You can easily check for the former by testing with different devices. It's worth noting, however, that just because you can connect to your Wi-Fi network with one device and not another, this doesn't mean there's a problem with the device.
It could just be that, say, your iPad is more capable than your Android phone when it comes to hooking up to a Wi-Fi network with a less-than-perfect signal.
Nevertheless, given that you can't do much about the device's inherent wireless ability, you need to optimise your network.
Set-up
Most modem/routers consist of a box with one port on the back that connects to your cable or phone line – usually labelled 'WAN' – and around four other ports that look the same, but that are labelled 'LAN' and designed to allow you to connect devices to the router using an Ethernet cable.
Some (though not all) routers also have external antennae that give you a bit of flexibility in how they're positioned. The degree to which adjusting the antennae affects the signal's strength depends on the router. If your router has internal antennae, it may use a technology called 'beamforming' that increases the power of the signal in the direction of connected devices.
Setting up the modem/router is as simple as plugging it into a mains power outlet and then connecting the supplied cable to your cable or phone line. In most cases, the SSID (Wi-Fi network name) and default password for the router will be on a sticky label on its underside.
If not it should have been supplied to you separately. Once you have the SSID and password, click on the Wi-Fi symbol in the Windows system tray or a Mac's menu bar and select the SSID from the menu. If it's not there, select Join Other Network and type in the SSID.
Type in the default password, and you should be connected in a few seconds. The procedure on an mobile device is similar; just select Wi-Fi from the Settings app. Unless you have an Apple router (which is configured using AirPort Utility) you'll probably have been supplied with an internal IP address for the router, usually in the form 192.168.x.x, along with a username and password.
Type that into the address bar in your browser and log in. Settings screens for routers vary, but somewhere there will be a W-Fi network menu. Select it and change the default SSID and password to something that's memorable to you.
Also, change the admin username and password for the router settings. It's worth taking time to familiarise yourself with the options available.
Router location
Whether we have cable broadband or DSL, most of us have one box that doubles as a modem and router. Its location will be dictated by the location of your phone or cable point, and so you'll be limited in how far you can move it.
Nevertheless, you should, as far as possible, place it well off the floor – either wall-mounted or on a desk or shelf, and as far from the corner of the room as possible. Wireless routers broadcast omni-directionally, and the closer you place yours to an obstacle like a brick wall, the more you'll restrict its signal.
Ideally, you'd have it floating in mid-air just below the ceiling in the room that is closest to the centre of the house! Place it as close to that point as you're able. If your telephone or cable point is in the living room and your study is at the other end of the house, you might have to extend the range of your network or create a new one that has a wired connection to the router – we'll discuss both of these options later.
Surroundings
As we've said, wireless signals are obstructed by walls and other obstacles. Try and keep the area immediately around the router clear of sofas, bookcases, and anything else that might block the signal. If your telephone or cable point is close to the ground in the corner of a room, buy yourself a longer cable and give yourself more flexibility in where you can position the router.
If that's not possible, consider buying a separate wireless router and connecting it to the modem/router with an Ethernet cable. Finally, wireless signals tend to be stronger below the router than above it, so when placing the router, the higher the better.
If you plan to use the same one upstairs and downstairs, consider placing the modem/router upstairs, if possible.
Check the signal
Both Windows and OS X have tools that allow you to monitor wireless performance. In Windows, click the wireless icon in the notification area, bottom right. A list of networks will appear, with a number of bars representing its strength – the more the better.
On the Mac the tool is hidden away in the System/Library/CoreServices directory. You'll need to use Go To Folder (Command+Shift+G) in the Finder's Go menu to access the directory. The tool is called Wireless Diagnostics. When you've found it, launch it, click the Window menu and select Utilities (Command+2). Click the Performance tab.
Depending on which version you're using, you'll see one or two graphs; both display the signal-to-noise ratio of the wireless signal. You can monitor the effect of any changes you make to router location.
Your aim should be to maximise the difference between signal strength and noise, but focusing on reducing noise. Why? Because most of the time, your wireless network is a direct conduit to your internet connection, and it's the internet connection that acts as a bottleneck, not the signal strength of your wireless network.
An unacceptably high level of noise, on the other hand, can lead to dropped packets, poor performance and dropped connections.
Channel hopping: avoiding interference
Wireless routers broadcast data on a specific channel. In reality, however, data overlaps five adjacent channels. Lots of devices in close proximity, all using the same channels on the 20MHz spectrum, can cause interference.
With only a dozen channels available, options for switching are limited (you'd need to switch a device on channel 6 to channel 11 to benefit). A 40MHz network has channels that are twice as wide but occupy a huge chunk of the spectrum on a 2.4GHz network, and so don't really solve the problem.
A 5GHz network uses channels much further along the spectrum, well away from the channels used on 2.4GHz, and so by putting those devices that support 5GHz at that end of the spectrum, you keep the 2.4GHz channels free for those devices that need them.
Wi-Fi tinkering tips
1. Switching channels
If having scanned local networks you decide to change the channel on your router, don't just move it to the next seemingly available channel. On a 2.4GHz network, routers operate on five channels on narrow band and seven channels on wide band.
They do a pretty good job of sorting themselves out and using the channels efficiently. Changing your router from, say, channel 5 to 6 may do more harm than good. Instead, jump several channels, to 11, or 14 if your router supports it, to avoid the five channels currently in use altogether.
2. Channel width
Modern routers typically default to 40MHz or wide band – which uses seven channels – rather than the five used by 20MHz. However, if there are lots of routers in your neighbourhood using 40MHz, it can cause congestion.
In this case, according to ISP Zen Internet, switching to the 20MHz band can improve the performance of your network by reducing interference.
3. Wi-Fi Explorer
If, having followed our optimisation suggestions, you're still having trouble with your Wi-Fi signal dropping out, it might be down to congestion or conflicts with other devices nearby using the same channel on a different network. There are several tools that allow you to scan networks close by and see which spectrum and channels they use.
Among the best are Wi-Fi Explorer for the Mac and inSSIDer for Windows. They allow you to identify conflicts and signal overlaps.
Extending Wi-Fi
There are several ways in which you can extend a wireless network. The simplest – and potentially most effective – is to move your router. If it's positioned in the corner of a room at one end of the house, near the floor, move it higher and towards the middle of the house.
If this isn't possible because your router is also your DSL or cable modem and needs to be close to a telephone or cable point, consider buying a separate router, and, ideally, connecting it to the modem/router by Ethernet. Equally, if your modem/router is more than a couple of years old, the chances are that it uses an older Wi-Fi standard than many of your devices.
If you have an 802.11b or g router and have Macs and iOS devices that support 802.11g (or even 802.11ac), then upgrading your router, while not extending the range of your network significantly, will give you higher data throughput at the outer limits of the Wi-Fi signal.
If you choose this route, you'll need to set your new router to 'bridge mode'. This effectively switches off its DHCP server and stops it handing out IP addresses, turning it into purely a wireless access point. That prevents it from conflicting with the router in your modem/router.
Antennae upgrade
Another option for extending your network is to upgrade the antennae. If your router has external antennae, you can replace them with high-gain antennae such as those made by Hawking, Edimax and D-Link. Alternatively, you can even create your own parabolic reflector that attaches to the antennae and bounces the signal towards where your devices are located.
The final option is a wireless repeater or extender that sits at the outer edge of your Wi-Fi network and re-broadcasts the signal, allowing it to travel further. There are a couple of problems, however.
Firstly, Wi-Fi signals are omni-directional, meaning that the re-broadcast signal from the repeater will not only extend your network, but will also be transmitted back towards your router, potentially interfering with the signal and degrading it.
This is a particular problem on the 2.4GHz channel. Also, to be effective, a repeater should be situated close to the router, which somewhat defeats the object. Finally, a wireless distribution system (WDS) – used by routers to link to each other wirelessly – doubles the number of 'hops' required to send and receive data and, because the repeater must use half of its data capacity to connect to the router and the other half to connect to devices, its throughput is significantly reduced.
If you can't move your modem/router, the best option is a new router set to bridge mode, and connected by Ethernet.
Powerline networking
Powerline networking uses the mains power cables in your house or office to carry data. It's a very effective way of installing a wired network without having to install Cat 5 cable, with all the disruption and expense that entails.
At its simplest, a powerline network consists of one adapter plugged into a power socket with an Ethernet cable running from it to a LAN port on your modem/router. Another adapter is plugged in to a power socket close to your computer, printer or other device that needs a wired connection, and an Ethernet cable runs from it to your computer or device.
Equipment is usually bought initially in the form of a kit that includes two adapters and two cables, and is then supplemented with the purchase of additional adapters as and when they're needed. While data can be transmitted anywhere within your home or office, it's secure because it's physically prevented from straying next door, in the same way as you can't accidentally use your neighbour's electricity supply to run your kettle.
In addition, there are no issues with signal strength falling off the further you move from the router, and noise is minimal (though in older properties with ancient wiring, you might have a problem).
Power up
Powerline adapters come in various shapes and sizes and are differentiated in two ways. The first is data throughput. Early powerline adapters were limited to data transfer rates measured in mere tens of megabits per second.
Nowadays, most adaptors have throughputs of 200Mbits/sec or 500Mbits/sec. The second way in which powerline adapters differ is in their physical features. One of the biggest limitations of a powerline network is that it occupies one power outlet for every adapter.
If you're short of sockets, that can be a problem. Some adapters now have passthrough sockets so that you don't lose the power outlet and can plug a lamp, TV or whatever into the powerline adapter. Most adapters have one Ethernet port, but there are some on the market with up to four sockets, which might be useful if you have, say, a computer and printer close to one another; you can connect both to the same adapter.
Finally, most powerline adapters have the plug physically connected to the adapter. But some multi-port adapters take the form of a small box into which you connect a power lead.
These are bulkier, but come with the advantage that they won't block a neighbouring plug socket in a power strip (though you shouldn't really plug a powerline adapter into a multi-point strip, since those multiple sockets can introduce noise and degrade the signal).
Well-known brands of adapters include Belkin, D-Link, devolo and Netgear.
Roaming network: Internet access in your shed
A roaming network sees two or more wireless routers connected by cable to provide wireless access from different locations.
You could, for example, hook up two AirPort Extremes, connecting the WAN port of the 'secondary' router to a LAN port on the 'primary' one. Then place one router upstairs and one downstairs, and have a strong Wi-Fi signal on both floors.
In addition to using Cat 5 Ethernet cable to connect the access points, you can connect them to a powerline network. Here, you'd connect a LAN port on your main router (the one directly connected to the internet) to a power outlet with a powerline adapter, and connect the WAN port on another router elsewhere in the house to another power outlet.
You can even set up a wireless network in a garage or shed at the end of the garden – so long as it has mains power – and connect to your modem/router in the house.
You'll need to set all but the main modem/router to bridge mode, and all routers should have different SSIDs but use the same security type. They should be on different channels, so in AirPort Utility, set channel to Automatic.
All routers should be set to 'Connect Using: DHCP' in the Internet tab. Also, select 'Create a Wireless Network' in Network mode in the Wireless tab, and in the Network tab set Router mode to 'DHCP and NAT' for the main access point and 'Off (Bridge Mode)' for the others.
Choosing a router
This is the point in the feature at which we're supposed to take you step-by-step through all the things you should consider when buying a new wireless router. And we will, but before we do that, let's be clear: if you're a Mac user with an iPad, iPhone, or iPod touch and those are the only devices you're going to connect to a wireless router, there's really only one game in town: AirPort Extreme.
OK, two games in town: if you want the extra features, consider a Time Capsule too. The reasons are many. Firstly, when hooking up wireless devices, sticking to one vendor is generally a good idea (WDS implementation varies between vendors).
And while we can't guarantee that the original manufacturer of the wireless chip inside the latest AirPort Extreme is maximum throughput of 1,300Mbps, and while you won't get anything like that – particularly if you're connecting g and n devices – its support for 80MHz wideband means that when you do eventually acquire ac devices, they'll have plenty of bandwidth.
AirPort Extreme also supports beamforming, the technology that ensures the wireless signal is strongest exactly where you need it. And it looks kinda pretty too. If you can't stretch to an AirPort Extreme, the same as the one in your Mac or iOS device, we can be pretty damn sure that Apple has tested it exhaustively for compatibility with (at the very least) its current product line-up.
Secondly, AirPort Extreme supports the latest 802.11ac standard, meaning that, while you might not have any 802.11ac devices currently, it's future-proofed. 802.11ac has a theoretical consider AirPort Express. It's 802.11n compliant, and operates on both 5GHz and 2.4GHz.
Plug its WAN port into a LAN port on your modem/router, or connect it using powerline networking, and you can use it to surf the internet from places your modem/router won't reach, or to upgrade an 802.11g router to 802.11n.
Outside the Apple universe, there are numerous things to consider. If you want a wireless router purely to connect a laptop and a couple of other devices to the internet, forget about data throughput.
Your internet connection is the bottleneck there, and upgrading your wireless network won't help. What might assist matters is a dual-band router; if you have devices that support 802.11n, look for a router that supports the n standard.
Separating 2.4GHz and 5GHz devices reduces interference and improves the performance of your network. But avoid routers that support only 5GHz – unless you know you'll never have to connect a 2.4GHz device.
For flexibility, a router with four Ethernet (preferably gigabit rather than 100 Base-T) ports will allow you to connect devices directly with Ethernet cables. This might be more important than you think. If, for example, you have a Virgin Media TiVo box and want to use the Virgin Media Anywhere iOS app to control it, the box must be connected to your network by cable.
Similarly, if you have a set-top box, smart TV, or games console that doesn't have built-in wireless capability, or supports only b or g, you may be better off hooking it up to your network directly (assuming it has an Ethernet port) rather than buying a separate Wi-Fi adaptor.
Talking of ports, some routers, like AirPort Extreme, have a USB socket. This is good. You can either hook up a printer and make it accessible to Macs and PCs on the network, or attach a hard drive and share its files over the network.
We'd recommend a dedicated NAS box, not least for the extra features it offers, if you plan to share files on a network, but a USB hard drive attached to a router is great for occasional use.
The ability to create a guest network is a pretty clever feature, too. Did we mention that AirPort Extreme can do that? A guest network allows you to give visitors to your home or office wireless access to the internet, without letting them roam freely over the rest of your network.
Support for WPA2 security should be a given, but double-check to make sure. And a decent router should also have a WPS (Wi-Fi protected set-up) button to allow you to connect compatible devices without too much fiddling.
Internal or external antennae? Excellent question, glad you asked: most routers now come with the antennae hidden away inside the case. That, of course, makes them more aesthetically appealing – a not-insignificant consideration, given what we've already said about placement.
Routers with external antennae, however, do have a couple of advantages. The first is that you can adjust an antenna to improve the signal, though in reality this is likely to make little difference. The second is that you can replace the antennae with third-party versions; these might allow you to place them away from the router, say, higher up, and improve the signal.
That's an additional expense, however, and again, not likely to improve matters a great deal, so don't fixate on getting a router with its antennae on the outside.
Don't ignore travel routers. If your purpose in buying a router is to create a bridged wireless network or to act as an access point to an internet connection rather than to connect multiple devices using Ethernet, it might be worth considering a travel router.
For obvious reasons, these boxes are smaller than regular routers, and typically have fewer Ethernet ports and smaller antennae. But they're very capable and have the advantage that they can be taken with you, so if you find yourself in a hotel room with wired internet access you can create your own in-room wireless network.
Dual band: for when one band just isn't enough
A dual-band router is one that supports both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. When Wi-Fi emerged in the late 1990s, there were two standards: 802.11a, which used 5GHz and 802.11b, which operated on 2.4GHz.
Hardware manufacturers preferred 802.11b because the 2.4GHz spectrum was unlicensed in most countries, and because it had a longer range. Despite the fact that the 2.4GHz spectrum was becoming rapidly congested and Wi-Fi networks had to compete for space with Bluetooth and even microwave ovens, the next Wi-Fi standard, 802.11g, also used that spectrum.
It wasn't until 802.11n was ratified in 2009 that Wi-Fi hardware supported 5GHz. Now 802.11n and the more recent 802.11ac support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz, meaning you can use older kit that only supports 802.11b or g on 2.4GHz and new devices on 5GHz. If you Option-click the Airport icon in your Mac's menu bar, you'll see a list of specifications, including the Wi-Fi standard (PHY mode) and frequency used.
Modern routers support both frequencies simultaneously and have multiple antennae, so by ensuring that your 5GHz-capable devices run on that spectrum, you can free up bandwidth for those devices that'll only run on 2.4GHz.
Apple's Airport Utility automatically connects to 5GHz-capable devices on that spectrum by default, but you can give the 5GHz network on an AirPort Extreme or Time Capsule a different name, so that when you connect a device to it, you can choose whether you connect to the 2.4GHz or 5GHz network.
The need for speed
Every router has a port labelled 'WAN', which stands for Wide Area Network. It's the port used to plug into your phone line or cable socket to connect it to the internet.
For all our attempts to maximise the performance of your network, if all you do with it is connect to the internet (rather than, say, stream video around the house or mirror an iPad over AirPlay), it's that connection that will be the bottleneck.
While 802.11n has a theoretical maximum throughput of 450Mbps (that's megabits; equivalent to 37.5 megabytes/sec) your internet connection is likely to have a maximum data rate of somewhere between 2Mbps and 120Mbps.
Most of us have connections at the bottom end of that range, and like Wi-Fi, the real-world figure is much lower than the theoretical maximum.
You can check the actual speed of your internet connection by heading to SpeedTest and running the test there; it's a good way of discovering how close to your ISP's advertised rate you're actually getting. It compiles results from users' tests and from those puts together league tables of ISPs. So if you're not happy with yours, you can look at which ISPs are delivering data throughput that more closely resembles their advertised rate.
It's worth doing the test at different times of day to see how the rate varies. Your internet connection is, in reality, 'shared' with your neighbours. That is to say, that if lots of people in your street use, for example, a BT or Virgin Media connection, you'll be effectively sharing bandwidth with them. That's known as contention.
Contention ratio – the degree to which bandwidth is shared – varies from ISP to ISP. But it it's likely that your internet connection will slow significantly at peak times, such as the evening, when your neighbours are also online.
There's another factor that affects your internet speed: traffic shaping or management. Most ISPs use some form of management to limit the effect the most bandwidth-hungry users have on their network. Virgin Media, for example, throttles users' connections at peak times if they exceed a certain figure for downloads during a specified period. It also limits the speed of traffic to and from newsgroups and peer-topeer networks during peak times, but claims that this only affects five per cent of its customers.
Other ISPs place limits on how much you can download in a month (which should be stated in your contract) or, like Virgin, limit speeds for some users during peak times.
Security: Deter snoopers
The only way to connect to a wired network is to physically plug your device into a router or data socket with Cat 5 cable. That makes it inherently secure; it's unlikely that someone would break into your house to access your network.
Wireless networking has no such inherent protection, so you should take steps to make it as secure as possible. The most obvious is to use a robust password, but which system should you use? Of the three options likely to be available on your router, WPA2 offers the best protection. WPA is the next best option, and compatible with more devices, but avoid WEP.
Choose a password that's easy to remember but difficult to guess, and use as many different characters as possible. Change the SSID from its default. You could also prevent the SSID from being broadcast, thus making it invisible to opportunists in your neighbourhood. That, however, means that you'll have to type it in manually every time you want to connect a new device.
In AirPort Utility 6, the SSID and password are set in the Wireless tab. Clicking 'Wireless Options' on that page allows you to select 'Create hidden network', which hides the SSID. You should also change the default username and IP address for your router's admin access.
For additional security, switch off any options in your router's settings that allow your network to be accessed from elsewhere on the internet, such as Remote Access or Remote Management, unless you really need them. This includes disabling UPnP. If you do need access remotely, make sure it's set to HTTPS. In AirPort Utility, switch off Back to My Mac, unless you know you will use it.
Finally, once you've finished making security changes, make sure you log out of the admin area properly.
Do
Change the default SSID and password, and the admin username and password on the router your ISP gives you.
Position your router as close to the centre of your house and as far away from walls as possible.
Use Powerline networking to extend your network.
Check your broadband speed on speedtest.net.
Don't
Put the router on the floor behind the sofa.
Leave your network unsecured; use WPA2 and a sensible password.
Plug your Powerline adapter into a multi-point power strip.
Change anything other than username and password in your router's settings unless you know exactly what you're doing.
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